Transcript:
Intro
okay actually um depending on when you're coming we may even be able to do something with
McGill because they have a conference in July they might want to have you there to do something for their conference
uh yeah I'll touch base with you there's quite a bit of flexibility in the
retreat uh next time I think is the um something like the 10th to the 17th so
it could be either the week before the 10th or the week after the 17th and there's quite a bit of flexibility
there because I do want to have a nice yeah we want to spend some time under
the sky under the stars with you and good for noise yeah I'm hoping Adirondack happens at a good
time for me to come this year uh it was nice to come just for like just to see the location but I want to come and
spend at least a night there well I think that's a good idea I believe it's the 10th of the 17th but I'm not sure
it's actually a good time of year for the perseids this time around so I think so
we've got a very low Moon that's going to be nice you're well ahead and looked yet but we
we talked about it on Tuesday during the global star party yeah I guess I missed that because
you know permanently mute you now for the first time I think it was two
years ago the meteor shower in December is it the Gemini yeah I saw that for the
first time because I wasn't home I was someplace else where it was a little bit warmer and I was amazed at that shower
that is something else to watch it is the sky is so crisp in the winter time
man and the meteors were just incredible I
mean I I was shocked I I mean I wish it was a little bit warmer usually honestly it's cloudy here I mean it's the time of
year where it's mostly cloudy you know here and I had Crystal Clear Skies where
I was at and it was beautiful
well there's Facebook user on Facebook saying hi Kareem and Scott
foreign
I don't know who Facebook user is Genevieve they'll identify themselves
oh it's Chris Larson uh hi Chris
makes me laugh on Facebook I enjoy it
it's always about oh Chris I have coffee I went up and got some before we started
I have a cup of coffee as well a little mug of whole mug and I got my coffee too
right
we're all caffeinated oh yeah
Da Vinci Mission
[Music]
launching in 2029 The Da Vinci Mission named after Leonardo da Vinci is designed to address fundamental
questions about the origin Evolution and composition of Venus during two gravity assist flybys Da
Vinci will study the cloud tops in ultraviolet light tracking Cloud patterns as they change with time and
analyzing signatures of mysterious chemicals that absorb ultraviolet light
both flybys will also examine heat emanating from the venous surface on the planet's Nightside
we will look for geological clues of this planet's mysterious past to paint a global picture of surface composition
and the evolution of the planet's ancient Islands seven months after our second flyby Da
Vinci will release its atmospheric descent probe the spacecraft will watch its probe enter Venus's atmosphere over
the course of two days [Music] the probe will take about an hour to
fall through the atmosphere taking measurements and snapping images down to the surface these measurements include profiles of
composition winds temperature pressure and acceleration key gases will be
measured to help us understand how Venus formed and evolved some of these measurements May reveal chemical
signatures of ancient water with our speed of measurements DaVinci
will provide new insights into Venus's atmospheres complex compositions structure and chemistry
as the probe nears the surface its descent camera will capture breathtaking bird's eye views of the mysterious
terrain known as the alpha Reggio Tesseract possibly revealing evidence in the rocks that water once flowed across
the Venetian surface these up close images of the surface will provide new insights to geologic
processes and will help us to understand what it might be like to stand on the Venus surface
an oxygen sensing student collaboration experiment will shed light on the role of this gas and the venous atmosphere
the discoveries that emerge from this diverse data set will tell us what Venus was truly habitable and the story We
reveal at Venus will reach even beyond the solar system to analog exoplanets that will be observed with the James
Webb Space Telescope [Music]
Venus is waiting for us all and da Vinci is ready to take us there and ignite a
new Venus Renaissance [Music]
Welcome
hello everybody it's Scott Roberts from explore scientific and the explore Alliance welcome to the 25th
astronomical League live program and uh of course uh uh every one of these
programs has been put together by Terry Mann uh the astronomical League she
brings on uh many of the other members of the executive staff and she always
brings on a fantastic speaker I'm going to turn it over to her and let her make the introductions
excuse Scott it's good to see you again it's been a while um and hopefully everybody's got clear
Introductions
skies John Goss is here he is going to update us a little bit on the comment
we've got Carol orange here which is the president of the league and David Levy
doesn't get much better than David Levy we have him here tonight and Kareem Jaffer we are really honored to have
Karim here it's the first time on the show and I am really looking forward to his talk and as always we thank Scott
for being there for broadcasting this for us so how about if we go back to David Levy David how is Arizona tonight
Arizona is probably cloudy and very windy in fact I went outside and I was
blown right over and I fell on top of a cactus and I'm
Quote
growing on growing branches anyway other than that it's it's cold and windy and uh
it's supposed to get colder and less windier anyway I do have a quotation today it's from
Ralph Hudson the song of Honor and I'm going to be doing this fairly frequently
because this was Wendy's favorite favorite food and I believe that once we
were on both on one of these programs and when I finished the talk the lecture
I was giving when it came to the microphone and we both said this boat together so it is her favorite
I want to tell you that I just went to the cemetery yesterday and I visited Wendy's grave site and we
had a little talk I brought her up to date she's worried that I'm not eating enough and uh
and so let's stop just trying to do the best that I can I did tell her that I
put all the speakers that you would like back up and got a good laugh over that and they're all loud sleepers all over
the property now and we're laughing about that she says just keep them a little bit
tidy for you anyway here is the quotation from the
song of Honor in honor of Wendy I stood and stared the sky was lit
the sky with stars all over it I stood but you know why without a wish without
a will I stood upon that Silent Hill and stared into the sky until my eyes were
blind with stars and still I stand into
the sky thank you Jerry and back to you thank you David you know I'm sitting
here thinking about how many of us can relate to that you know how many of us have stood out under the stars thinking
the same thing and just standing there in awe because of where we're at and the Stars we're looking at so thank you
David that really does hit a chord I imagine with most of us that are viewing this right now so thank you very much I
appreciate that and with that let's see let's go to Carol orange how about
what's going on in the league Carol any updates you can give us well we've got good news coming out of
Convention Update
Baton Rouge they're coming along nicely with the website and our goal is by the
end of the month we will open up registration but give us a little leeway maybe till mid-march but it's coming uh
they've got a wonderful convention plan including our own David Levy who will be
one of our speakers special speakers there and he will be also having a book signing during part of the Convention as
well uh other notables are Dave Eckert and uh Mr Eclipse Fred espinac will also
be there and they've got some wonderful activities planned on the side and it's
coming coming along nicely uh and I get back to what David was just
saying about his poetry and alluding to being out of the nice guys and while we
forget that so often the peace and Tranquility that's out there under the the Stars it doesn't matter always if
we're having perfect Stars uh perfect Skies or not which we don't often have here in the Midwest like David has in
Arizona most of the time but uh it's just the idea of getting away and just getting away from our responsibilities
and just enjoying nature and the magic above us uh I don't have anything further right
now Terry yeah back to you okay thank you Carol yeah I think of our
Bryce Canyon
Alcon conferences how many times we've all stood outside uh Bryce Canyon was one of the big ones and we'll be doing
that again in 2025. so we are all looking forward and even like you said
Baton Rouge we could probably go out by the river and still see a few Stars maybe from downtown there so I mean it's
wonderful Observatory uh that's that's that is set up very nicely there's going to be a field trip there uh the county
uh sets up and operates that Observatory so it should be a good experience literally okay yeah it'll be nice to see
what kind of trips they have set up I haven't really seen a whole lot there yet so I'm looking forward to the
website coming online and they have told me I have to try the gumbo even though it's been an off
season a little bit uh I I don't know I'm not again
I will actually like when I was down there about six months ago my glasses warning you don't don't go there
that kind of forced it on me while I was visiting and scouting it out about six months ago
and yeah it was yeah it's good yeah
well I'm sure there'll be a lot of people that will enjoy that so all right John I hope you are geared up and ready
to go yeah pretty pretty much um okay thank you for
having me on uh before I start I must say I'm I'm a little intimidated because
I'm going to be talking something or other about comments and yet we have
David Levy right there who who without preparing anything could talk way over my head in an instant so I
I was thinking about what what to say now when Terry spoke to me uh earlier about this about what I should do I I
made a lame joke about the comet uh conspiracy theory the latest comic
conspiracy theory of being related to some big balloon floating across the United States
I admit it was a little bit of a lame joke but it got me to to thinking about all this and I thought well one approach
to this talk would be my own experience with comets and my uh the Public's experience with comments in
my experience with the public with comets uh so I thought that's the way I
would I would approach all this um right right right before I started
here I'm just about ready I'd like to say that there are two things that I think that the public reacts very
favorably towards uh celestially that's first one would be total solar eclipses
which is quite understandable because uh it's I will say it's guaranteed that a
total solar eclipse is going to be fantastic uh if it's clear if it's not clear well
you're sunk but if it's clear it's going to be fantastic and the other Celestial
um subject would be comets which is a little bit less clear to me because I think of all the people here
you will agree that most comets end up to be less than satisfactory you
know they're Duds they fizzle but once in a while you have one to come chugging along that exceeds your expectations and
that really amazes yourself and and the the public um
I can think of the latest one at least for me that was kind of like that would be Comet Neo wise almost three years ago
it was summer of 2020. uh it wasn't a great comment but it was
it was good enough and probably the one before that would be hail Bob
which was how many years ago it was a was it 30 years ago it was you know 25 years ago
you know we are due for a fantastic comment to come chugging along our part of the solar system
so anyway let's get started um see what damage I can do here
okie dokie so what's what's up with this comment anyway I
um I was a little late coming on the broadcast tonight simply because I was outside trying to get a view of the
Comet through parabinoculars it was just getting dark enough and it has just cleared off the first time it's been
like that and uh more than a week so I hadn't had a chance to look at it but I got out there
and I thought oh yep there it is right right where it should be so I can guarantee you that if you can see this
comment if you make the effort to see it tonight it'll be there it hasn't disintegrated it it's uh we'll be
talking about that in just just a moment so it's a media favorite right now uh
common ztf um and I'll be discussing a little bit more about its name and it's uh
particulars so the media loves comments
um let me go back I was going to start out with comma Coho Tech back in 1973-74
because that was one of the first ones I saw and I was at college and I was one
of the I I had a little telescope with me and I could see it I impressed my friends that way but it really uh it was
it was it's kind of been known to be a real dud and uh that's what how people view when they think of something that's
a dud they think of a comic the whole Tech but let me talk about Comet ice in in 2013.
foreign is president of the league
and as president he may receive now and then an
interesting phone call well back in 2013 I was vice president and I received an interesting phone call
about Comet Ison person on the other end um
seemed to kind of know what was going on but she was saying that she had heard
that Comet ice and was going to collide with the Earth or come very
close and you know all this stuff well you know what did I have to say so I talked to her for a little bit about it
and I finally asked her where she was calling from and she said she was in Bolivia in a hotel
and I could hear in the background you know hotel lounge noises so I kind of believe
what she was saying but you know she was kind of really concerned about this thing so I tried to put her mind at ease
about this comment and so on but and after after we hung up I started thinking you know people really have the
wrong idea about comets with with the here in the media what they hear from uh
other people look at that in just a moment um about comments you know it's it's all all kind of strange stuff
you know we are I think everyone here will agree with me when I read what's on this page that
that we live in a time in which we have really easy access to science
information as well as information about anything you know as I said right here you know
if you need to know anything about anything all that information is easy to find and it's quite literally at your fingertips
so we live in an amazing age but on the other hand
we also live in a Time in which facts are often ignored the
truth is disregarded and science is doubted and that's incredible for us to believe that science is doubted
we have some groups of people who stubbornly cling to what is forcefully and repeatedly stated by others who are
not truthful nor particularly knowledgeable about a topic it is a place where provocateurs and demagogues
are held in high esteem loudly commanding attention while uttering complete nonsense in false States
I'm not going to get into any more about that but my point is is that we have a lot of noise out there saying different
things a lot of it is completely incorrect and this may affect our perception of
Science of the universe or the world around us perhaps comets itself
they go oh what am I talking about okay well let's look back 1997.
I think a lot of people have heard of this the heavensgate cult
believe that there was an alien spaceship uh following uh comment hail Bob
and these uh the aliens so this spaceship we're going to transport the True Believers onto the ship and to a
great great land great life some of the world well what really happened is that it
ended up with this with the cult 32 members of them took their own lives
all because of this continent all because people didn't really understand what a comet was and they believed what
demagogues and provocative tourists would say unfortunately
all that that won't happen again well okay let's look at 2012. this
didn't have a tragic ending in fact it generally uh in my Camp it received a
lot of Billy laughs but there were a lot of um statements being talked about the
Mayan calendar and how the end of the world was coming in December of 2012. simply because the Mayan calendar ended
one of its long Counting Cycles which I guess is akin to saying
something like uh the end of the month even though this is a many many hundred hundred year cycle
by the end of the month that's the end of the world not realizing that the calendar would just
flip over in the first day of a new month would begin first day of a new Kong's second move again well some
people thought that uh strange things were going to happen to the Earth uh rude stuff about Milky Way aligning with
the Milky Way solar problems but one of the explanations or one of the the fears
was a large body possibly a comet would approach the Earth maybe hit the
Earth but approach the Earth come too close wreaking havoc on our planet now
you can kind of see while I said I got a few belly laughs because this is completely nonsense no credible person
would ever say anything like this there was absolutely no evidence backing up but there were people who who believed
it so what's people believe the strangest things
so okay I'm kind of getting extreme here I think well you know these are extreme
cases yeah fortunately they are but uh we also live in a world in which our common everyday media likes to emphasize
something to make sure we it catches our attention to make sure that that we listen to whatever they have to say
such is the case with this communist I think um
a month and a half ago when I first started hearing about it this is what appeared in the news first appearance in
50 000 years okay well that's that's true you know kind of interesting a
green comet uh along yeah but I think you all
realize that a green color in the heavens is really kind of unusual when you have to have special circumstances to be able to see it uh and the media
neglected to emphasize that the bright Moonlight in late January and early February would prohibit really any any
good visual viewing of this thing right now the Moon is uh it's below the
Horizon for most of the evening uh until after midnight I think so it this is a good time to try to spot it which I
tried to do just before this uh event started tonight and I was successful talked about that in a moment
and on one media site I saw the statement that without a telescope
the comet will most likely look like a faint greenish smudge in the sky well
no no really let's take a look at a more
Comet ZTF
factual look at what's going on uh thanks a guy otwell he gave me a permission to use this from his blog
it's a plot of the path of the Comet ztf which is the how do you say that zwiki
transient facility which is on top of Mount Palomar outside of San Diego which
studies the night sky shooting images of the internist guy every every couple nights and it tries to see what changes
in the sky is happening and it'll pick up comments and and uh
um Nova and uh um variable Stars weird
things in the sky so ztf came closest to the Sun on January 12th okay
but remember on January 12th the moon really was a position well for us so we had a lot of Naggy Moonlight unless you
wanted to be up at 3am uh closest to Earth was last week at 26
million miles so it's um nowhere near the Earth nowhere a danger as far as Collision
goes but tonight uh it as the comment comes descending down through the plane of the
solar system excuse me tonight it it happens to be
closest to the planet Mars or closest to the planet to the direction of the planet of Mars in the
sky so it appears fairly close to it which is why you can easily find it using pair of binoculars just by looking
at Mars the comet will be to the upper right of the upper left of it so that's to the north east of Mars by less than
one binocular field of view so you should be able to see it if it's dark enough and if it's clear enough for you and
over the next few nights it gets uh it'll pass mars tonight and uh be down to a little bit more further away from
it tomorrow night but on the 14th on on the uh
what is the 14th Valentine's night uh comment will be right next to all debrun on Valentine's night star of Delbert
this is sort of the the path that is coming through the sky now as you can see in the upper part of the garage or
the chart there's the plant Mars and the red line going across is the path of the ecliptic okay which is what is passing
tonight or excuse me it'll pass uh on the 12th and then it'll come down past aldubrin
and the high at East and then it gets farther and farther away uh both from Earth and the Sun meaning that it's
going to get dimmer and dimmer and dimmer I have a friend in New Mexico who saw it
the other night uh on the oops sorry I already said what this was I have a friend in New Mexico who saw it
the other night and he uh on February 8th and he he caught a hold of it
through a six inch F5 reflector at about 65 power that that yes he could see it
that no it's not naked eye no it's not green uh but it is kind of how you would
picture a comet like this to be would be a round fuzzy hazy smudge with a faint
tail jutting away from the direction of the Sun one thing that I I think that's really
fascinating about this comment is that it is moving through our area of the solar system very rapidly I mean very rapidly
so you look at it uh through a telescope or a pair of binoculars
uh when you do that try to know a note exactly where it is with relation to the Stars around it because an hour later
it'll move about seven arc minutes which is about a fourth the diameter of the
apparent diameter of the Moon so you'll be able to see it change spot I don't
feel able to actually see it moved as the seconds pass but certainly as ever after every five minutes she may be able
to see a yeah yeah I could tell that it has moved because tomorrow night it'll be another two two degrees or so away
from where it is tonight and same with the following night after that so this is one one fascinating thing about the
comment now after tonight not right now but after tonight when Kareem is done
talking because he's going to talk about some citizen science stuff and maybe some of this stuff I've been saying will
be offset by him and he'll be talking about what what what a lot of science out there is for citizens to try to
participate in and understand that after all this is over tonight go out and see if it is clear take a pair of binoculars
look for Mars and see if see if you can see it tonight
um I can go back here is this chart is on the league Facebook page
and I'm really pleased to say that it is one of the most visited viewed
um posts that we've had a long time four times the amount that that we
normally see so I'm pretty happy with that and I hope a lot of people will get out there tonight tomorrow night the
next night and so on and try to catch catch it before it goes away because as we said at the beginning it's 50 000
years so you're never going to see it again but if you if you got the idea if you're going to see some green streak
across the sky no but you will still be able to see a a grayish brightest gray
smudge uh next to Mars tonight and on the 14th to be right next to the bright star all debron
um I better be I better stop here because I think I'll start uh lecturing or something which I should I shouldn't do but I want to thank you all for
listening to that and I really encourage everyone to get out and try to see what they can see in the sky every night with
what what you can see it's it's pretty cool I think okay
Mars
um so Terry well thank you John um what will it be near Mars like for
the whole weekend will it be fairly close or will it be moving on past uh
well tonight it'll be right next to Mars tomorrow night it'll be also it'll be kind of on the other side of the field
of view of your pair of binoculars but then the next nice after that it moves out of that field of view but if you can
if you find Mars you would be able to find aldebra and it moves right next to you just just like it did Mars so as I
was sitting on uh Valentine's night it'll be his closest to all debran uh not in three-dimensional space but in
our two minute two-dimensional projection of it well Durbin's mini light years away while Mars is something
like I'm not Mars uh the comment would be uh 40 million miles something like that I
can't remember what it was but it's it's interesting to see okay it's heading south right
kind of South it's hitting south of the sky nothing to worry about on Earth though it's not heading south on earth
right right that's what I mean it's setting you know you know so um but as it's doing so it's moving away
both from the Sun and Earth so it's becoming dimmer now it's over the next few nights that
will be your best chance to see it but don't worry comments come in comments go there'll be more comments coming
so by the time it really gets in can the southern hemisphere see that they I know
we're favored right now yeah I wonder yeah I think the the declination of it
is around 20 North so people in the southern answer
who are above 70 South can see it yeah so yeah Catherines and Chile and
Australia and they'll be able to see it okay well that sounds good to me all
right John thank you so much we appreciate that thank you for putting up with all that
hey no problem anytime you're welcome anytime so all right
um let's see we're gonna go ahead and move to Kareem if you I'm sure you're
probably already ready I'm ready many people already know who Kareem is we I
mean he's a global star party this is the first time we are honored to have him here and he'll probably hopefully be
back another time but for right now I would like to introduce Professor Kareem
Jaffer um he is doing a talk as we've been saying on students with citizen science
and he's he has been interested in in the astronomical community
uh doing public events court and coordinator for the rasc Montreal Center
since 2016 helping re-establish the ik Williamson astronomy library and
coordinating both public events and Outreach activities throughout the Montreal area
cultivating Partnerships with many local and Global institutions over the past
few years Kareem has been actively learning and sharing the two I've seeing
perspective through presentations and Outreach activities with indigenous
peoples and astronomy communities across the globe as a frequent presenter on the
global star party and uh explore scientific Alliance Ambassador Kareem
was also part of starmus Star Party Outreach team this past September in
Armenia in addition to mentoring several student astronomy clubs and coordinating
visits to Local Schools guides Scouts and Library
cream is a member of the national Royal Astronomical Society of Canada's
public educational out and public Outreach committee and the 2021
recipient of the Charles M good award boy Kareem you are busy
you've been very active thanks Jerry yeah it always it always flusters me to hear all that out loud
no I I yes but very proud of it um you are a mover and a Shaker I have no doubt
so thank you for taking the time to appear on here tonight and I will turn
this over to you oh thank you very much it's a pleasure I I remember very fondly
uh being part of Alcon when it was virtual and all the way back in 2021 and
uh I mean I've been now with Scott on the global star parties for a couple of years uh I think I'm oh well I know I'm
over 50 in terms of the number that I've been on um not anywhere close to David or Scott
but uh trying to trying to keep up the rear there in terms of appearances
so what I want to plan to share with you tonight is a little bit about the
Outreach
approach that I take both within the class that I teach at John Abbott college and in some of the Outreach that
we do here in the Montreal Center the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada a lot of this involves bringing both
students as well as youth of all ages into the realm of astronomy at a place
where they want to come on board and this is kind of key different approaches work for different people it
depends on where they want to go what direction they want to go uh what they plan for their career and how big a role
they think astronomy might be for them and here in this picture I have several of my former students uh fantastic kids
who are now young adults and some of them have already finished their study some of them are in grad school some of
them are running observatories at universities to help out with Outreach and I love seeing that I love seeing
them continue to give back because that was one of the big parts of what I tried to bring into John Abbott college is
this idea of Outreach of sharing what you do Now by doing citizen science and
bringing real astronomical data and the ability to really kind of start to start
to produce start to participate start to be part of research
we were doing something very different for a college level course and so here I have a couple quotes from students from
the past years about the idea that this was an enriching experience and
something profoundly new for them something that they hadn't gotten in any other class in the past
now I'm going to point out from the start that when I give any of these Outreach talks I very much want to give
an acknowledgment not just of the fact that we are on unseated lands from the First Nations but also that we share the
sky with the peoples from across the world so when we look up at the sky we're not just looking at a moon that's
shared and that has names that correspond to observations of nature from across the world but we're looking
at stars that have different stories depending on where you grew up and what culture you grew up in so winter maker
which is the Ojibwe version of everything from Orion all the way to alderbran all the way out to procyon is
currently dominant in the southern sky and it keeps us through the night
in the recognition that we are in winter time and it was wonderful to hear John
talk about using alderbran as our marker for the comet over the next few days
because I've been using capella as the marker Riga for the last week and so now
I'm going to shift my vision over towards aldebrand and watch as the comet
passes by the hole in the sky the Pleiades the Seven Sisters the seven virgins the seven boys however you
respect the stories of the Stars it makes you aware of what's happening in
the world around you at that time now much of what I'm going to talk about here could not be possible if not for
the partnership that we have between John Abbott college and the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada's Montreal Center our students are
welcomed in and that allows us not just to have the exposure to amateur and even
some professional astrophotographers but also access to equipment to data that
maybe we can't take ourselves because here in Montreal we have kind of this Perpetual Montreal nebula which gives us
very few good observing nights so in order to do real astronomy and real science you need other ways to get to
the data now John mentioned briefly the idea of you know maybe I'll talk about something
with citizen science to do with Comet observations and there are citizen science projects to observe comets to
observe asteroids to look for minor planets a lot of those require equipment that
young people don't have access to readily so what I want to highlight for you is the way in which I bring citizen
science into the classroom as well as into some of our Outreach talks so that you can see where we are able to connect
it without any expense to the students and even when the students can't afford at night to go out themselves to an
observing area to a dark sky they still benefit from a lot of what the club enables us to do
this partnership has really blossomed for the club it gives us this Vibrance
because we have these students come but also because we have science being shared during our Outreach events uh
Julian who's in the center here with me uh as well as Sabrina we were together doing observations with the public using
the sa-100 filter from our spec to show the Spectra of stars and explain how
Stars work what the Spectra are what type of chemical signatures you can see so taking the science that they were
doing in the chemistry classroom in the physics classroom and in astronomy and bringing it out to the public to share
with all ages all backgrounds and Julian really kind of pioneered this and at our
2019 general assembly in Toronto Julian gave a talk about the idea that we
shouldn't be scared of bringing science into our talks and into our Outreach and
it really resonated with a lot of the rasc members now when I have students come into my
classroom or when I go out last week I was out at a local school that's both an elementary and a high school I have kids
coming from all different backgrounds and so one of the things that I like talking to them about before the event
even starts is what do you want to be when you grow up why are you interested
in space and where do you see it and you know a lot of the kids when they're in elementary school or when they're
watching TV shows or watching movies or reading books growing up they think to themselves that I want to be an
astronaut and back in the 70s and 80s as the space
exploration kind of went through the moon phase and then started into the space shuttle phase a lot of the
background of different students and different youth who wanted to go into
space exploration didn't match the people that they saw these days there's
much more inclusiveness in terms of the astronauts that are being chosen both by NASA the European space agency and a lot
of international collaborations are bringing these stories of individuals
from different and diverse backgrounds we have a First Nations uh indigenous astronaut up at the International Space
Station and this resonates with a lot of kids and they realize that this is a possible path for them
but in school when you start to learn about what's involved in becoming an astronaut and how few people are chosen
a lot of students you know kind of shy away from that or maybe that wasn't for them where they can't pass the health
requirements or the the mobility requirements and so a lot of them talk
about you know well I want to be a rocket scientist you know uh it's not rocket science it's easy if it is rocket
science maybe it's hard maybe you've got all these different equations that you have to work through but I want to approach this from an engineering
perspective or maybe I just love the visual astronomy and from the visual astronomy I can think about it in terms
of the ancient days I could think about it in terms of what I'm actually seeing and try to work out the astrophysics and
where these objects come from and what their story is or I can combine the two and even maybe discover something
completely new so when we try to figure out what paths are available to us if we have an
interest in space first place we go to is NASA or the Canadian space agency or the European
Interdisciplinary Science
space agency and we look at the different fields and Dr Ahrens did a wonderful job the other uh this was
actually back in the fall in one of the global star parties talking about how interdisciplinary science has become in
the space Sciences field and it's the same way within engineering there's not just mechanical engineering or aerospace
engineering that can take you into space exploration but we have people from
geology backgrounds geophysics robotic engineering Space Engineering Systems design software all of them can have
careers in space but let's face it a lot of students that
come to my course and a lot of people that come out to our Outreach events or our public events or watch the global
star parties or watch the astronomical League live this is an interest area this is a hobby
but this is not the career that they're looking towards maybe they'll end up in a career in human resources or Finance
where they can get a job within the space industry and they'll enjoy it they'll love it but for a lot of people
they don't have the content expertise nor do they want to develop the content
expertise but and yet the idea of being part of Space Science is a motivation
it's a driving factor and that's why early on in my course and early on in
our Outreach we introduce youth to the idea of Citizen science the idea that even as a member of the
general public even without content expertise you can participate in space
exploration in astronomy in astrophysics research so what is citizen science and
CitizenScience
why am I bringing it to you here at the astronomical League live why do I want to share this message to the world well
there's a couple of reasons the first is that this idea of Citizen science is
participating in active science but by the general public with no
expected expertise in any particular area now sometimes it's done as a
collaborative project with professional scientists but sometimes it's not when I talk to a lot of Educators about
citizen science there's not just one flavor and I was able to identify what I
think are the three distinct types of Citizen science that I explore with my
students the first is very similar to what we do in post-secondary classrooms
and Labs it's your typical lab in a physics you know course is you go in and
you reproduce some historical measurement or some experiment to try to verify that yes the acceleration due to
gravity is constant with mass and it rucks out to roughly 9.81 meters per second squared
and it appears to be pointing towards the center of the earth it's trying to reproduce the observations or the
measurements that match the way in which we're learning material within a classroom or within a talk for example
the second is to access real data and use the data to learn some research and
Analysis techniques and this is often done at the post-secondary level going into The Graduate School level as a way
for people to develop the skills they're going to need if they're going to become research leads themselves
that can be citizen science if it's done in a way where you're leaving the
collection to those who are experts but you're learning the analysis techniques
that come from a multi-disciplinary perspective or for multiple backgrounds
and then the third is what most people refer to as citizen science which is analyzing current scientific data or
images to assist ongoing research projects so there you're directly contributing to the advancement of
scientific knowledge so what I want to do over the next 20 25 minutes is I'm going to walk you through all three of
these with specific examples from my classes as well as the Outreach that we do at the Rask Montreal Center and at
the Rask in general and things that we've done in the global star parties as well so you some of you that are Avid
members of the audience of the global star parties will recognize a lot of the different aspects that I'm going to go
through but what I'm going to do at each point is I'm going to remind you that what we're talking about here is a way
for people to come on board with astronomy with understanding and analyzing astronomical data regardless
of the background that you have so let's start with the reproducing historical observations and you can go
reproducing historical observations
all the way back to ancient times to observational uh areas that were built
by ancient cultures that may not even be there anymore like Chiang Kyo in Peru where they have these Dragon Teeth
basically on the side of a mountain that if you watch them throughout the year actually identify the rising points of
the Sun from the June Solstice which in the southern hemisphere is when the sun
is at its lowest altitude to the December Solstice when it's at its highest altitude and this movement of
the Sun not just in terms of where it rises and how high it gets but also
where it rises along the horizon can be then reproduced using solography by
taking pinhole camera images from anywhere on Earth and you can identify this behavior of the movement of the Sun
and reproduce this type of uh observation that was used in the early
days to identify when different types of rituals needed to be done whether it was for harvesting whether it was for the
most opportunity and the most likelihood of babies to survive when they're born
because you have them at a certain time of year so that's when you have your mating rituals or your marriage
ceremonies you can then take this idea of where the sun is at different times of the year
sundials
and how high it gets to develop ways to tell time and so the Sky Pillar by the
mikma is just basically a set of stones that are set along the north-south meridian so that where the sun falls in
a shadow behind the pillars tells us exactly what time of year we're at you
can even do this from day to day with sundials and you can create your own sundials and this is an activity that we
often do with young elementary school-aged kids now if you make a sundial with stone and you hammer it
into the ground it's a little bit hard to do you know daylight savings time but other than that it's a really good
exercise to show the way in which the day changes hours based on where the
sun's Shadow is and then when you get to post-secondary level you can move on and make that even
deeper because you can start to understand why the sun rises at different points based on the tilts of
the earth and where we are within our orbit around the Sun and you can start to access astronomical databases like
timeanddate.com and you can graph out the altitude of the Sun or the number of
hours of sunlight and you can figure out everything from the tilt of the Earth's axis to the latitude from which you're
actually observing this Behavior you can go out at night and you can take a long exposure of the night sky or you
can take discreet pictures over a long period of time and make them into a Time
Lapse video and if you compile them all into one picture you get a star Trail and the length of Arc of that star Trail
allows you to determine the length of the day because we know that the stars are on the North Pole because of the
rotation of the Earth would have to complete a full circle in 24 hours and so we're able to determine that stars
move 15 degrees per hour and so our duration tells us the size of the arc
that we should see from the side from the sidereal trails and then you can do really interesting
things like what Dr Barth talked about in this week's Global star party which is try to measure the latitude and the
curvature of the earth and even the circumference of the earth using the eratosthenes experiment and trying to
see a shadow at a specific place at a specific Moment In Time solar noon on
the summer solstice was when eratosthenes did it but the global experiment is to actually measure that
shadow during the equinox and this is done through a amazing Global uh uh
project and my students get to take part in this they take their data and it's a
pretty straightforward experiment for post-secondary students but what's wonderful for them is they get to
contribute to the citizen science aspect by sharing their data with schools at
the same longitude so they share it with an elementary school in Florida with an
elementary school in Columbia and with a high school in Argentina and so they
send their measurements in all of these different schools that are along close to the same longitude that took the
measurement at almost the same time can use the difference in the shadow length to figure out the circumference of the
earth and so they're contributing not just to their own knowledge by reproducing this historical measurement
but also to the knowledge being learned and built by younger children that they
don't have direct access to but that they can help then you can bring them out into the
Galileos observations
night sky and this requires actual observation of the night sky to try to reproduce Galileo's observations of the
Galilean moons around Jupiter and you can go out yourself and take pictures at different times of the day of the night
for many many nights in a row or you can take a computer simulation and try to
see what it would look like through a telescope and graph out the position of these different moons and when you do
that you can determine the mass of Jupiter using simple relationships now it's one thing to do this as a classroom
exercise and try to reproduce Kepler's laws and try to understand that what you
know from universal gravitation from your high school days and from your post-secondary classes matches what
you're seeing here but it's another thing to come out at night look through a telescope and see
the stripes on the planet's surface and these little points of light that are moons around another planet and see them
change position through the night one of my first students in astronomy Aaron he
Galileo observations
wrote because he was taking a double deck degree so it's a double degree in social science and Science and he had a
class on Western civilizations they were discussing the Scientific Revolution and they were discussing about Galileo and
he came out to an astronomy night saw the Galilean moons saw them move through the night and went back into class and
described the whole process to all the students so the observation that he made became an impactful way for everyone to
have that learning experience together moving forward now once you get them looking up now you
can actually start contributing into astronomy remember that was that last part of Citizen science if you just get
them looking up one of the contributions they can make from early on and I have my students do this the second week of
school they go out and they take Globe at night observations and what they're trying to
do is they're trying to quantify the reality of light pollution and here in Montreal that's a big problem
once they start to understand that the night sky that we see is heavily
impacted by the artificial lights around us we can start to explore what that means
to the astronomical data that we're going to be looking at further on in the course and so one of the ways to do that
Andromeda Galaxy
is to just take a very nice night sky Target like the Andromeda Galaxy and try to draw out details from one of
these DSLR 22nd images that a lot of us go out and take at night because this is
a really great starting point where you don't even need a Tracker to get some detail out of Andromeda and as they try
to draw out that detail in the neighboring Galaxy that's coming towards us what they find is that there is an
incredible amount of instrument noise of random noise of optical defects and
light pollution within the picture and so you start to teach them the techniques that are used remember that's
the second part of Citizen science is learning some of the techniques that can be used but you don't need to understand
where the thermal noise comes from to understand how to try to compensate for it those are specific techniques that
you can start to share with them and as they learn those techniques if their interest goes in that direction they'll
want to know more why how how does this work why does this why do I have to take
the same duration of a flat as I have to do for the light Subs why can't I just
take a single flat why do I have to take many of them why do I take multiple hours of integration time to get as much
detail as possible they can start start to dive into that if the actual
photographic process is of interest to them if not these simple techniques still
allow them to start to dive in and see some of the details in galaxies see the
spiral arms in the dust see other galaxies around Andromeda
Robotic Telescope
and you start to look at other top other objects other targets that you want to look at over
the night that you're going to be talking about in your Outreach or that they may have heard about and so
sometimes especially for us here in Montreal with the bad weather nights it's hard to get out and take the data
yourself it's a robotic telescopes are incredibly useful and at the moment the rasc has access to one that we own in
the Sierra mountains of California and using that you can take a nice little picture of the Andromeda nebula and it's
very similar to the first picture of the Andromeda nebula that most of us will take but learning how to take from this and
pull out all the wonderful detail that's in the Andromeda nebula is something
that can be done even by elementary school kids because you can take a free
Gimp
software like and you can open up each of the files for a red group filtered image a green filtered image
and a blue filtered image and start to pull out the details simply by understanding that the histogram is
showing you all of the photons that are available compressed in this original
picture compressed into the amount of black that you see there taking most of
the actual histogram so if you're able to use the software and you can show them step
by step by step and work through it with them to pull out the details they start
to see the nebulosity and then you talk to them about the choices they have in
analyzing these types of images real astronomical data you're left with the
choice because it's the same photons on the left or the right what's different is how much you increase the exposure
level and how much contrast you want to set and this is where the subjectivity can
come into this so some students will come out with the entire core blown out
completely you can't see the trapezium at all but the colors are vibrant and you can see so much nebulosity While
others will be very very careful to take at least one or two of those filtered
images and try to maintain the structure of the core even at the expense of the
colors and the different densities that you could see in the nebulosity of that
little Lobster Claw under the the nebula core these same students can then choose to
move further in this project and here's where the citizen science aspect comes in because everybody's doing the Orion
Nebula everybody's looking at the processes in class we're studying about the birth of stars and the birth of
planetary systems and then they can go out and start examining their own nebulae so the Eagle Nebula you can take
different grayscale images and then you can combine them and once you process them you can start to see how much
detail you can see in other nebulae that are available to you from these robotic telescopes you can also start to
Processing Techniques
determine different processing techniques you can use layers versus compose and see if you can draw out
different details by instead of every single filter being the same weight you
can change the transparency of different filters to identify the features the
scientific processes that you find of interest there you can also start bringing narrowband data in and you you
can start using international collaborations like the LCL the Las crumbles Observatory or the wonderful
Liverpool telescope run by the national schools Observatory and you can start to even look at Southern Hemisphere objects
which you can't see with your own eyes but identify and explore targets where
you know that there's a physics that you can't see for yourself now there's a reason why I'm sharing
this astrophotography approach with you under the umbrella of Citizen science and it's because of a project that I
have ongoing this term I have a student Julian Edelstein who's working with me in the independent research course and
what we're what we're trying to do is we're trying to explore the James Webb Space Telescope data files so
identifying how to look at infrared images that you can't see with your own visual eyes taking those same types of
approaches of pulling out details with different filtered wavelengths that can
Pierce through dust and really enhance the core of for example here the southern Ring Nebula allows you to
reproduce some of these incredible images that were published by the James Webb Space Telescope early on and the
amount of data that is coming in there is Non-Stop so if you learn these
techniques at a very basic level just with you can apply them to Cutting
Edge data that's been taken within the last year and explore objects which
we've never been able to see in this way before
in order to show the students early on that this is a something that they're able to do that they're able to
participate directly in scientific research I spent some time with them on
junocam junocam is the public camera that was placed on the Juno probe as it
was sent out towards Jupiter and what the students see is that they have these slices of images that the Juno probe
takes as it approaches Jupiter for any pass a parajob as it comes to its closest pass by Jupiter
they have just like we do for the Orion Nebula using the Rask robotic telescope
they have red green and blue filters and then they learn that science isn't
always easy and the reason is because the Juno camera has a bias towards the
yellow brown and so if you take the RGB and you simply do the same compose
process that we did for the Orion Nebula you actually get a very ugly yellowy
Brown mess there's a couple of reasons for that first off the original instrument
already had a bias to it then it's exposed to intense solar radiation with
no atmosphere and no shell to round it to protect it all the time and then it passes through Jupiter's strong magnetic
field constantly so the JPL scientists are constantly
adjusting how much of a bias there is between the red the green and the blue and for these amazing public images that
they let available from the moment the Peridot finishes they create a color
composite mask so if the color composite mapped image that they put out is available with the
proper balance of RGB for wherever the camera is for its sensitivity during
that peridot the students can use other tools like curves instead of levels to pull out
detail on Jupiter's surface they can pull out Cloud structure and when I have
them do this as a group you know they're going to want to look at the Great Red Spot they're going to want to see all
the different transitions in the storm and what details they can draw out and again there's a subjectivity there but
if you get them to look at an entire surface they obtain different results
than if you get them to focus in on one specific storm one specific Cloud layer
one specific boundary between the ammonia and the nitrous gases between
the layers of low pressure and high pressure that create the banded structure on Jupiter
all of these images are then able to be if the student wants to
contributed back to the junocam public images gallery and one of the things
that really just always touches me it hits home is when I go to the Juno chem
image gallery and I see the handles of a couple of former students that still are
going back every new peridot and playing around and every few months they'll toss
one up because they really like the way it looks because once you're a part of
the Judo cam Community you can help point out features details that you're
seeing that can then direct where scientists spend their time analyzing
the data coming from junocam because one of the big things that we've recognized with these solar system probes and not
just general Camp all of the probes that NASA Esa and the international
collaborations have put out there's more data coming than can
possibly be analyzed by single scientist groups research groups even grad
students from across the world there's just too much data to work with it last weekend I met a student that was there
for one of the Gaia releases and she was saying that she's hoping to run an event
next summer to teach people how to play around with the Gaia data and try to
pull out some if there's any anomalies or anything that gives you proper motion of the Stars to add that to the data
being analyzed by research groups working with the Gaia satellite directly because there's just it's one billion
stars worth of data at a time that they're releasing there's just too much there for the scientists themselves to
work through on their own on top of that you can have the ability
using these remote telescopes using backyard telescopes to take discrete images of stars over the span of an
entire night and using a database like the Swarthmore database you can determine that there's a exoplanet
Transit happening during the time you're looking and when an exoplanet Transit happens a
planet around a extrasolar system passes between us and the star causing the
Starlight to dip shortly that dip allows you to determine the
size the relative radius of that planet versus the star that it's passing in
front of and in order to do so you have to actually plot out the intensity of
light not just from that star but from all the reference stars and the reason why you have to do it from all the
reference stars is because you have to identify if the dip is due to a planet passing or potentially just a cloud passing in
front of your field of view now why is this citizen science if we already know that hat p16b is an
exoplanet with this exact period it's because there's a series of possible
exoplanets they're called test objects of Interest which we have yet to absolutely confirm as exoplanets if
you're out taking shots of the nights of the night sky for a few hours every
night and you decide you want to be part of this you can choose an area where
there's a star with a possible exoplanet with enough magnitude of light that you
can detect it and see the variations yourself with your camera setup with
your telescope and so there's a lot of students and a lot of amateur astronomers that do this
now they go out at night they pick out an area of the sky and after they do
their own Imaging for the Target they want to do they set up their star tracker to stay on that area of the sky
for the amount of time that that possible exoplanet is expected to Transit and then if you see the depth of
curve and a clear delineation like what you saw for the known exoplanet then you
can submit it to Swarthmore to NASA to JPL and say I believe that this is an
actual exoplanet here's my data file and the software you use for this is freeware just like is this is Astro
image J that we're using for this now these are some of the projects that my students get to do for their major
project where they get to really dive into real astronomical research but not all of them care about Imaging
not all of them care about quantifying relationships some of them really have a
Bend towards space exploration from a biological perspective from the health of astronauts or from biological systems
in space and so for those I've developed a collaboration with Orion's Quest and Orion's Quest is available for any
teacher who's interested in Sharing biological research aboard the ISS with
their students not only do they have modules that you can have students continue and and complete on-site on
their website but for some of their projects for some of their research they
actually have kits that you can bring into your classroom and grow microbes grow worms grow crystals and compare
what you grow in gravity to what they grow in microgravity aboard the ISS
now these are fascinating projects for the students who want to dive into these areas and sometimes I'm jealous with the
amount of time they get to spend on these projects because it's it's wonderful to see them dive in and go as
far as they want whether it's Orion's Quest whether it's the exoplanet transits whether it's Imaging whether
it's accessing solar system probes whether it's the spectroscopy that we talked about at the very start
but what about the students who when they leave are never going to look at
space again they're never going to be part of an astronomy club they're never going to
take another astronomy course but they still want to contribute in some way
to science to the research being done because that's something that would give
them the idea that there really are participatory in science today and
that's where I love xuniverse and so Xenoverse is a wonderful project-based system that started with this thing
called Galaxy Zoo so I have all of my students in one of their activities have
the opportunity to explore Galaxy zoo and what galaxy zoo is is they show you a picture of a galaxy
and they explain to you what an elliptical galaxy looks like what a spiral galaxy looks like what a barred spiral galaxy looks like the different
flavors and categories of all these different types of galaxies if you have a lenticular Galaxy that's kind of
elliptical and kind of spiral but we're not quite sure what it is and then they show you these images
taken by astronomers through remote telescopes through space telescopes of galaxies
that have yet to have a permanent identification because nobody's had time
to really sit down and figure out what type of galaxy these are and they ask you
to categorize the Galaxy is this a spiral is it a Bard spiral how many arms
does it have is it interacting with anything else now this has a couple of different
purposes behind it first is for the actual categorization but second is if we get enough people
from various different backgrounds even with no prior knowledge whatsoever about
what galaxies look like the human eye discerns detail differently from computers
if you can identify the average um categorization given to a Galaxy and
how much deviation there is you can start to train artificial intelligence to do these types of steps for you but
there's other things that artificial intelligence can't do that are required and that are really of amazing interest
one of those is Star notes where the Harvard computers the women who did the
early work on astronomical Spectra their notes are still to be transcribed
and digitized and they're starting to fall apart and so there's an entire project on Xenoverse that a lot of my
students who have a social science background or have an interest in going into law or into medicine or into
completely different fields once every month or two they've got a free night they'll sit down they'll log
in and they'll start transcribing notes and they'll transcribe those notes and
put them in and there's multiple transcriptions done for every set of notes so that if there's any bias to the
way you're reading certain curved letters certain shorthand it can be weeded out because the idea
here is to contribute to the historical recording of these incredible scientists
that we had early on and then the students who really enjoy parts of xuniverse sometimes write up on
it and then Sky News their Canadian Magazine on astronomy and stargazing actually has published two of my
students one who did a project on gravitational waves and the ripples in space time and the other who did a
project on the second iteration of Galaxy Zoo which is Radio Galaxy Zoo which was trying to identify strong
radio signals which typically active Galactic nuclei at the center of
some of these massive galaxies and those are areas of study right now especially now that we've started taking images of
black holes themselves such as an m87 where if you can determine the amount of
energy coming out of some of these areas you can figure out for example the amount of angular momentum and the rough
size that that black hole might have so you have an idea of the angular resolution you need if you want to try
to take a picture of that black hole with the Event Horizon telescope so all in all with the students and with the
Outreach that we provide what we try to do is we try to provide different points where students with different interest
areas different backgrounds different ideas of where they want the career to take them can join in to scientific
research and space Sciences regardless of the background and continue on in
those areas if they have an interest in it and so I highly encourage anybody here who hasn't been to zuniverse to go
to Xenoverse anybody who hasn't tried to do an exoplanet Transit curve do so anybody who's taking a picture of the
night sky and wants to try to process it download start playing around with it pull out detail you'll be surprised
at how much you can learn about these astronomical bodies and then once you've
done that go on to the Mast to the James Webb Space Telescope data to the old
Hubble data even to the Spitzer data Chandra data it's all publicly
accessible and anything you do that you want to share somebody out there will be
able to use to either solidify their conclusions or question the direction
they thought they were taking in understanding those objects in space Terry back to you
wow that is amazing you know I have not heard so many different projects brought
up by anybody that is incredible I I can't imagine how lucky students are
these days uh you know it is such a great time to be involved in astronomy
for everything that is coming out and everything that's available to people I
mean whether you're a student or even an adult you know retirees or somebody that's looking for something to do this
is an incredible opportunity I think so I'll be quiet and see if there's any questions anywhere well I did want to
mention that you know our local Club they provide these image files for the
students to explore any Target they want to we have a retired couple that started around the same I did the same time I
did in rosk Montreal and they will bring me USB keys and drop it off in my
mailbox if students ask for a Target that I don't have so that I don't have to go looking for it from a remote
telescope because they have all the caliber curves they have the exact equipment they use they have the exact
field of view that they use and so the students can then go out for one of the observing nights and talk to them and
they'll sit there and stack it in real time and show them look look this way it's it's wonderful because it brings
the students into the club it brings the youth into the club and when we do
electronically assisted astronomy which now after covet is a reality for almost everyone
when you do that in an Outreach event and you can pop on one of the spectral filters and show them albirio where the
rainbows are different for the yellow and the blue star their jaws drop it's incredible I bet I
cannot imagine I mean it is it's incredible thank you so much now I'll go
back if anybody does anyone have any questions or are there any questions Scott um no questions just uh a basic um not
basic but you know accolades for Kareem's presentation here uh from hero
Locke from myself um and uh uh Norm Hughes and everybody
that's watching right now uh you know it's just great to hear
um you know Kareem's presentations you really bring uh such a great enthusiasm
and you know as I say Joy uh in teaching um and so we just love it so thank you
thank you yes definitely does anybody uh and the
presenters have any questions anywhere
all right well Kareem that ah that was I'm amazed I am so glad this is recorded
where people can watch it at a later date uh this is amazing thank you so
much for my pleasure being on the show we'll have you come back anytime you'd like to come back I will be talking to
you more I'm sure but thank you I I really I'm sure as everybody else did
have thoroughly enjoyed that my pleasure thank you very much
so with that um I would like to bring up AO live will not be here next month I am going to be
traveling and we are going to not have a program in March but on April 28th we
have Michael buckage coming on to talk about the 2024 solar eclipse so mark
your calendars for that it will be an amazing program Amazing talk
um he was at Alcon in Albuquerque and the room was packed he brings a lot he
it's time to start gearing up we're all going to start gearing up for the 2024. we need to prepare we need to figure out
a lot of stuff well equipment where we're going Michael will have a lot of these questions answered or give you a
lot of ideas so please join us April 28th Michael blockage will be our
keynote that night and I think with that that is all I have
so Scott I want to turn it back over to you and thank first I want to thank
everybody thank you to all the presenters thank you to everybody out there viewing we're so glad you're there
and we are having such a good time being here so please join us again April 28th
and thank you to everybody and Scott I will turn this back over to you
okay thank you very much uh it's always a pleasure and an honor to be with uh
the astronomical league and uh you know it's distinguished speakers uh presenters uh and friends that are here
on this program including our audience uh thank you for watching uh share this
uh with people that you think could benefit from the knowledge of student
science citizen science um or the just flat out the inspiration of Kareem Jeffer so and David Levy and
Terry Mann and Carol orange and John Goss is already signed off by the way
but um uh anyhow uh we'll be back um not next week we have a Valentine's
Day um all day next week uh but uh the week after I believe we'll have another
Global star party so uh that would also include the astronomical league so thank you and uh
you guys have a great night and uh keep looking up thank you
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