Transcript:
7:05 p.m..David Levy – Intro and Poetry
be right back
7:35 p.m..Chuck Allen – Astronomical League Door Prizes
wow David that that NGC 891 shot is incredible hmm isn't that something who
did that the Canada France Hawaii telescope
um that's that's one of the astrophotography telescopes on Mauna Kea you know and I always love whenever this comes up because they do
such a nice outreach program of shooting bright deep Sky objects I always like to mention this one time in I think it was
2012 I was going up Mauna Kea with a group and we had breakfast with the the
person who was then director of the cfht and I just about fell out of my chair
and dropped the pancake or whatever it was because he was talking we were going to see the kecks you know the 10 meter
kicks that are the second largest telescopes in the world and he said well you know there's certain things that you
really can't do that well with a small telescope now he's talking at the Canada France
Hawaii that's a 120 inches or something right it's a 3.6 meter telescope exactly
and these guys were sitting around talking about a small telescope cases I just said you know okay so during the eclipse
the 91 Eclipse that's where I was with um I was shooting the eclipse with Nova
that broadcast on WGBH so that's part of their film crew and so I'm there for
four days and three nights no sleep no sleep and I'm going up and down the elevator in the cfhg to get oxygen every
few hours okay wow and um it's then I learned that professional astronomers
aren't exactly so nice to each other you know all the time so you know they were
like yelling and screaming at each other and stuff and uh so that was uh that held me a little aghast
um uh during that time but uh we had some nights David where it was sub-arc
second seeing and I was working so hard on my telescopes to get them drift aligned uh
yeah that uh at one point I they asked me if I wanted to come up in
the dome and look at Saturn with the scope wow and I didn't do it because I
needed every minute that I had to get those three mounts that I was uh we had
uh 35 millimeter motion picture cameras on them and I was drifting
so I don't know how they set it up or maybe it wasn't actually through the big
scope maybe I don't know if there was a refractor next to it I really didn't even have a chance to go inside the Dome
and really look at the telescope so sure sure well guys can you hear me now we
sure can there's so much better I'm on my cell phone so it's uh I think it's got a
better connection right now it is a better connection yes definitely definitely yeah the computer I had my
friends is the same one that Chaucer used in the 1300s really yeah
Nero used it that's very nice yes now is your tablet a clay tablet or what kind
of tablet are you using it is a fossil turtle that I have
he wrote The Miller's tail on it yes he did
right on this right on my computer but it usually works but today is not so
I'm using my cell phone anyways good to be connected to you guys absolutely yeah
you you sound and look much quicker now thank you
and when these sends her love to everybody
we're glad she's recovering quickly yeah she is she is really doing her nicely
I'm very proud of her good good good did I miss something what's what's been wrong
Wendy had a abdominal surgery yesterday oh and um
but she came over it with flying colors and she's doing very well right that's great it's always painful though it's a
very painful experience but she's she's on the mend
and to celebrate it it's a clear night
so did you like the theme of tonight's Global star party yes I had trouble
finding an appropriate quote for it but I do love the theme yeah
having trouble finding a quote I thought I found one Shakespeare wrote a play
called Romeo and the Hubble Space Telescope oh that but I couldn't find an appropriate quote
from it [Laughter] and Kennison wrote a very nice poem called uh
called um how thank you
but it didn't seem to be one of his best so no it wasn't but I found one that I think I think you guys might like cool
they were both both a little ahead of their time yes they sure were
hmm if you review review the number of
Expressions that are in common English usage that come from Shakespeare it's absolutely astonishing yeah although not
a single one about the Hubble Space Telescope and the mirror right you see
that coming no
there's a lot of Shakespeare about comets he's got it all over the place
you must love comets yeah he did he really really did um
how could you not love comets I mean come on it's against the law not to love God
that's right actually in the economy land that's right
and we got is it uh Mariano is that how you pronounce it
yeah that's right hello hello everybody I tried to find a picture of you for an
announcement poster but I couldn't couldn't find one um but I'm glad you're on the program
p.m. 00:45 Daniel Barth
it's awesome thank you thank you for the invitation thank you for for opening
this door to an unknown Community yeah that's cool are you uh and Gary Palmer's
here with us that's great so who we have with us right now is uh David Levy
um we've got uh uh David icker from astronomy magazine and uh Chuck Allen
from the astronomical league and Gary Palmer from Wales in the UK
um you know really great astrophotographer and uh nice so this is really global
global meeting it is very Global that's right now um are you Mariano are you in Argentina
or where where are you right now yeah I'm in Argentina I'm a researcher for the national uh agency from okay
and um I'm physicist and I'm I'm working mostly in the Solar physics
well that's all my work I say very wonderful specialized in solar physics
wonderful and this is my first Outreach event International Event oh really I'm
doing Outreach locally but I didn't know about Outreach outside and
so this is my first time in this kind of meetings well you're always welcome to
participate in our Global Outreach program so
you never have to leave home so that's right yes it's our Cesar brochure
always told me about this community and it was very friendly and and nice and uh
and she's always having fun about the all the meetings your your range yeah so
he spoke very well about you also oh thank you thank you so I fooled him
I was able to trick him into liking me yeah [Laughter]
and how long have you been doing research like this research well
smaller work I got my degree then the PHD then the
postdoc and now I've it's been like 12 years I guess 12 years wow long time
oh we have people logging in right now
let's see we have Billy Beckett is on book Davies
Mike Wiesner some of these people I know where they are they're in Arizona Mitzi Mills is my
cousin down in Texas uh she's watching uh Harold Locke from San Diego
um who else do we have here Jeff wise I forget where Jeff is exactly
and um yeah they're just starting to get uh
settled in here so foreign
well I'm honored that your first International Outreach effort is with us that's great
because it really is an honor and it's a very special thing to have you on our program tonight
oh thank you thank you very much yeah it's a great experience I guess I I'm
also I'm not used to to give this kind of uh talks in English so I could
probably get a little nervous or no you know we have people answer English
people from all over the world and sometimes they're you know the the
accent is really heavy or they don't have the right English word or something like that but it's just
you're just talking to friends that's all yeah yeah yeah I will try to take the your advice I'm talking to friends
you are talking I guess that that would be easier it is
so sister just okay I mean I guess I said sir
here he is
Hi how are you everyone good evening
hello everyone
hello where's I'm here on my cell phone today
yes all the way from Vail Arizona yes
um there's a UFO and astronomy group somewhere in Latin America it looks like
I share to them I don't know much about UFOs first so
they're probably more more interested in the UFO than the astronomy I don't know
let's see so what I do at this part of the program
uh Mariano is um you know I let people get settled in I
start sharing the show to different groups on Facebook and uh but we're
simulcasting on YouTube twitch Twitter and a few different pages on Facebook
you know so oh Scott here's a question for you which
I forget I know that that they're live viewers and then people watch it for some days to come in in all sorts of
different uh modes as you just mentioned do you know what the sort of total audience for for some of these shows is
you know I added up I I added up last year's count uh you know kind of being
aggregate of all the viewers and it was over a million oh wow yeah um but but do
you know sort of per show roughly what it would be radio averages
uh you know we run shows every day sometimes two shows a day yeah um
it I think at the very low end it was something like six or seven hundred not
a class telescope with several thousand for it great astronomer who did much of
his maybe upwards it's an observatory curious foreign
unchanging
but Hubble would prove them all wrong he began by figuring out how far away
the Stars he was seeing actually were at the time of Edwin Hubble it was hard
to measure distances it still is even today
difficult to know if a star appears bright because it is actually bright or simply because it is close to us
so Hubble searched for a rare type of star called a cepheid variable
cepheids pulse at a known brightness so by measuring the amount of light he
could see he could calculate how far away the star actually was
in October 1923 Hubble found a cepheid in a gaseous cluster of stars then
called the Andromeda nebula it yielded a shocking Discovery when he actually did
the calculations he discovered Ramada was roughly a million lighters away from us which is outside our galaxy
Andromeda was its own Galaxy oh there are other galaxies out there and we're
just one of them for the first time in history there was evidence that our universe stretched far beyond the Milky
Way but then what he did was we measured the speed of a whole bunch of these galaxies
Edwin Hubble measured speed by looking at the light the galaxies emitted he
knew if the Galaxy was moving toward him the waves would shorten and shift to the blue part of the spectrum
if it was moving away the waves would lengthen and shift to the red [Music]
every distant Galaxy looked at he'd saw the light from it being redshifted which
meant everything is moving away from everything else and he found the further away they were the faster they were
going fact the universe itself was expanding stretching Delight from the galaxies
Edwin Hubble had changed our understanding of the cosmos forever the
whole universe was clearly expanding and so this was the discovery of the expansion of the universe
you know which Einstein said well that's crazy right the discovery of the expansion of the universe of course was
a very strong piece of evidence for a beginning if everything is now expanding
you can run this backwards and see that everything should have started from a certain point or singularity
what we today call a big Bank
[Music]
well hello everybody you are you have arrived at the 65th Global star party uh
I'm Scott Roberts from explore scientific and the explore Alliance and our theme tonight is Look Back Time and
so what is look back time that's the time that you're or the uh you know if
you think of a telescope sale or a site as kind of a time machine the further away
something is the further back into time you're seeing it so you know if you're just talking to your friend you're
seeing your friend the briefest fraction of a second ago not in real time okay but oh it almost I mean it feels like
real time as you start to look at stars galaxies quasars they're further and further away
and we can see um you know hundreds of years back into time thousands of years millions of
years and billions of years and so um this concept uh is something that is
sort of startling and humbling to people once they realize uh the their scenario
and um anyways it's the subject of tonight's uh presentations
um uh of course that any one of these subjects could take us anywhere in the universe and so we have a great lineup
of people and as always we start out by startup our programs with uh some
commentary and poetry from our dear friend David Levy
um and uh you know I'd like to share I just you know I've had the opportunity to observe with David Levy on more than
one occasion and uh you know it is uh it's wonderful because when you're in
his Observatory you know he has uh artifacts that are in the observatory
like uh a backlit um uh glass plate of the uh Milky Way
from Bart bak and uh you know telescopes that he discovered comets with and all
the rest of it and so you really feel this Ambiance as you're looking back into time with David so it's so cool and
um David I'm going to turn it over to you my friend well thank you so much Scott and it's
great to uh to be part of the 65th Global start party
and what I've been trying to do is to find relevant poetic quotations for each
of our themes and tonight's theme looking back in space and time I really wanted to see if I could find
one that was represented by one of the great astronomers of the past and I
found one in uh Alexandra Juma The Three Musketeers and the Hubble Space
Telescope and I read through it to find out what he had to say about the Hubble Space Telescope and I found there was
nothing he had to say about her so that didn't work I went to do to uh to a
history of Nero who fiddled during a great fire in Rome and lived through the
Hubble's face telescope on the same night that didn't work too well
in memoriam in the Hubble Space Telescope by Alfred Lord Tennyson that really was a success either but
seriously here as we try to look at the universe to find out
what there is and how we quietly look up at the night sky and look into space in
time I finally found one with John Keats in his old job to Autumn and looking
through a telescope and that's what I'm going to quote with for you right now where are the thongs of spring I where
are they think not of them thou Hast thy music too while Bard clouds Bloom the
soft dying day and touched the stubble planes with a Rosy hue and in a willful choir the small gnats
mourn along the river among the river solos born Aloft or
Sinking as the light wind lives or dies and full-grown lands loud bleep from
hillyborn hedge Cricket sing and now with treble soft the red brass whistles
from a garden Croft and Gathering swallows Twitter in the skies thank you
and back to you Scotty thank you very much thank you uh our next speaker is the
editor-in-chief of astronomy magazine a great author a great friend to many of
us and someone who loves all aspects of of science I think he's
uh very of course very involved in astronomy but uh and learning about his
upbringing with his father who is a chemist and uh you know a
gemologist I guess you might call him and uh a lot of this stuff rubbed off on
David eicher and uh he has embraced it and has shown us the common threads of
all these different aspects of science that that make up our universe and so
David I'll turn this over to you thank you Scott it's great to be with you again and thanks David for such a
wonderful introduction as always for all of us for the for this whole star party I'm going to attempt to share my screen
now Scott and see if that will work for me okay um so that I can show some slides again
and what I'm yeah let me see if I can go into it can you see it now
um and what I'm going to do you'll have to forgive me because I'm a week behind
um I'm looking back my look back time tonight for me is a week because I was
planning to uh to show this program last week and I had a last minute conflict uh
come up so I'm on the theme of Stardust and gemstones still so so forgive me uh
but this is another little segment of showing some mineral specimens uh that
I've collected over the years and and uh thinking about how the universe makes
substances and makes planets and uh of course things are all ground up and
randomized on a planet like this because of all sorts of processes on a terrestrial planet like Earth
but uh the the way substances form in the universe is no accident there the
the atoms that make up these crystals these gemstones if you will are brought together in a in a very non-accidental
way because they're electrochemically attracted to each other and because of the way they they form so tonight I'm
going to show uh some gemi Stones uh if you will a little bit uh because these
are minerals that are somewhat complex they're composition and they form in what mineralogists call pegmatites now
these are high temperature volcanic basaltic lava flows and that's where you
get some really neat and really exotic and Gemmy looking stones in these high
temperature pegmatites uh and many of these of course we've adopted for jewelry
um over the years for several thousands of years even so I will see if I can run
this show and I'll start with uh well and I've there are a couple of
really weirdo uh minerals thrown in here now for the first time that are not very familiar so I've added some of the names
at the bottom here but we'll just talk a little bit about a few of these examples because it's amazing I mean this is how
the universe makes planets uh we know that temperatures and and pressures and
other local uh conditions would change all over the universe dramatically but
we know that we're discovering thousands and thousands of planets near us in the
galaxy and start other star systems and we could expect because the chemistry is
the same everywhere in the universe we know that through spectroscopy that similar minerals to these would be uh uh
would be uh forming on other planets throughout the Galaxy and other galaxies
too so it's kind of a neat way to hold in our hand uh what the universe likes
to do with these substances this one you can see is a hexane diagonal Crystal you
can see the top of it there and there are a couple of other minerals called the shorel the black mineral and
orthoclase the white minerals stuck to this but this is a fairly large a crystal of of a mineral called Burl uh
Aquamarine the the uh type of of burl the coloration and form and it's a
Barilla excuse me beryllium aluminum silicate and of course it's it's one of
our favorite uh minerals to make Jewels with
so these are just sort of garden variety examples of the kinds of pegmatite minerals that that form on Earth of the
they're approximately 5 000 different mineral species on our planet this is
corundum that's a fairly simple high temperature mineral it's aluminum oxide
and this is the variety that is called Ruby um and it's it's uh all of these
minerals by the way they get their color and their sort of appeal for a lot of people uh through impurities really this
is aluminum oxide but it has little small amounts of a small number of
chromium atoms in in the crystal lattice that forms and that's what colors it red
or pink the the Ruby and ditto with the aquamarine is colored largely by Iron
impurities in in the crystal structure
so here we go we saw aquamarine here's another type of of color and of a form
of the same mineral Burl that's called heliador and that's the yellowish gem
variety of burl this again is colored by Iron impurities and it informs very it's
a very unusual somewhat rare form of burl and and many of these good crystals
of it come from the Ukraine and from areas in Russia as does this one
now this is the very common group of a sort of a jewel pegmatite if you will
called tourmaline that's a big family of different types of minerals that are all
closely related this is a somewhat complicated one it's a sodium lithium aluminum
borosilicate hydroxide so if you want I can email you the the chemical formula
for this one that's just about as long as your arm it's a pretty complicated one but these tourmalines are very uh
attractive and you can see that the chemistry of of the hot fluids that were
flowing into this pegmatite rock and slowly Cooling and crystallizing over
perhaps a long long time the chemistry of the fluids changed as this Crystal
was building and so it went from this very dark green on one end here to a
sort of a translucent red orange so we see all sorts of Interest things in the
way that crystals form this is a weird one here it's called
yeremy avite that's a very unusual uh bluish uh mineral that's an aluminum
fluoride borate hydrate mineral this is from Namibia that form is a very rare
mineral it forms transparent or translucent bluish crystals that are that are pretty like this it's quite
rare from a small number of of uh localities and it's a complicated
mineral um that gets its color uh probably from Boron atoms
here's one of our jewelry favorites ever since it was popularized and discovered in huge quantities in the 1950s and 60s
it's a mineral called zoicide and this is the gemy bluish purplish lavender
form of it called tanzanite and it's actually trichroic these crystals and
that means that as you turn this Crystal into axes if you if I could show it to
you in real time you'd see it it changes color it goes from a very deep blue to a lighter blue to a kind of lavender
purple because of the refraction of light through the crystal so it's a very unusual complicated chemical again this
is a calcium aluminum silicate hydroxide and it's probably Vanadium atoms that
are coloring the tanzanite it's it's deep Jenny blue purple
foreign this one is another sort of Gemmy interesting mineral this comes from the
famous Jeffrey mine in Quebec Canada and it's called vesuvianite it's named after
its Discovery locality was telescope eyepiece mount Vesuvius but this is sort of the Gemmy uh best locality for it is in is in
Canada here this is a calcium magnesium aluminum silicate hydroxide again lots
of stuff going on chemically here in in these high temperature pegmatites that crystallize and you can see the color
ranges here from a number of impurities to purple to Lavender to Green to sort
of a yellowish so so again it gives us lots of pretty colors here's yet another
form of burl this is an emerald in its native Rock from Colombia which is where
most of the great Emerald crystals come from this is beryllium aluminum silicate
and is probably colored it's Rich emerald green color that we name after
emeralds come comes probably from a combination of chromium Vanadium and
iron so it's somewhat unusual to get a burl Crystal an emerald crystal in a big
chunk this is a fist-sized chunk of rock because uh normally they're extracted
and and the miners you know hide them and run away and go after each other and
they're nasty things that happen to to make a big profit from these stones and
get them outside of the country so this is a little bit of an unusual specimen here's another weird one that is a uh
named after a locality where it was first discovered in North Carolina and this is from that original locality
called hiddenite this is another form of spodium which is a a complex silicate
this is a lithium aluminum silicate and it's from the atoms hiddenite mine that
is an old old mine in North Carolina and again it gets its sort of Gemmy greenish
color from Iron impurities and then I finish off just with a couple
of uh the the tourmalines tourmaline group and you can see this nice crystal
structure these are favorites also most all of these crystals like tourmaline are very dense so they're also good as
far as Jewelers are concerned for cutting and for wearing and things they hold up very well they're they're hard
minerals um and there's a huge range of color uh with these with this tourmaline
group this this most common kind of Tourmaline used for jewelry is called elbaite named after Elba island Italy
where the the original locality Discovery was from but but you can see again the chemistry of this fluid
changed over time as this Crystal build up with more and more atoms uh that that
are attracted and connect to this Original Seed and it went from a sort of a a lavender and pink uh up to a sort of
a greenish translucent color and then just to finish with one more tourmaline here's a somewhat unusual one
this is from a famous locality in in Brazil that's called a watermelon tourmaline and it forms this sort of
core of a pinkish color inside and then a sort of a greenish rind if you will on
on the outside so that there's just a very quick snapshot of the kind of Gemmy
minerals forgive me I'm a week behind on the stones and the gems um but I'll catch up next week and uh
that gives you sort of a quick snapshot of the variety of the kind of high temperature so-called pegmatite minerals
that form here on Earth of many many dozens just a few examples there and
again just to finish uh Scott um these are a couple of latest books and in the coming week I'll have some
new book projects to talk a little bit about at some point soon here but galaxies cosmic clouds with Brian May
and then of course the recent issues of astronomy that are rolling out as well
check those out if you will give us feedback on these we always love to to hear from the whole crowd of of the
amateur astronomy World such a wonderful bunch of people so thanks again for having me tonight thank you David thank
you hey I I was curious uh I mean with such an incredible collection of uh
Minerals and Gems and stuff that you have you must belong to uh some group uh
you know maybe like the gem Society or something like that do do you partake in
any of the uh organizations that uh focus on on these things I I know a
bunch of people who are in uh such organizations and I haven't done much I've been busy enough with astronomy as
well in the past yeah I haven't done much organizationally in the world of mineralogy and rocks and gems but I know
huge number of people who are collectors and who are dealers because in the old
days when my Father John was out in the West in his first trip out there to go to gold mines and Silver Mines was in
1926 when he was five years old up until the time of World War II when he was out
doing a lot of stuff in the west you could stealth collect you could go out and go to locality yeah that's all gone
because of of largely the danger and lawyers worrying about people falling
down mine shafts you know and so on so those things are really all closed up and off limits now you need to collect
minerals through dealers at the Tucson gem show and at the Munich gem show and
other places like that so you get to know a huge number of collectors and of
dealers of minerals who are really experts on this stuff uh getting into a field like this so I know lots of people
like that although I'm not really active in a society you you're just so good at giving these presentations and making
each gem sound like a treasure which it is you know and uh so I'm uh I'm just
real impressed with the presentations you've given on these things and it makes me want to get into it myself you
know so well thank you you wanted to say something yeah
yeah thank you um I know that you I really enjoyed what you had to say about uh the minerals
possibilities
really enjoyed seeing what other one of these minerals might be found on other planets
and while I was listening to you I was able to find out that you really did want a quote from Alexander Dumont this
time and it turned out that he did write a book called called The Three Musketeers
David eichers minerals and the Hubble Space Telescope in which he says
and which in which in which he says I'm going to try to perform this to him
and uh it's right here
and do more rights in the real The Three Musketeers and what was starting your
thinking that he strayed us from his path gazing out at the stars of heaven and
sometimes saying sometimes smiling I just wanted to add that to our Global
star party tonight thank you very nice thank you David as
always you you utilize it all together with the inspiration exactly
wonderful well we never know where these mobile star parties are going to be taking us that's right and we found out
from David's talk but they're taking us far afield so it's really interesting to see where
this goes as Dumas said so well in the three months
so I wanted to I don't know the answer to this question and I'm sure that one of you can give give an answer uh you
know for each hour that passes uh here in the global Star Party
how far into around our sun or through our galaxy have we do we
travel each hour oh gosh a long way and and I'll have to
check I I don't want to give an answer that's wrong what when I when we're done with me and we go on to something that's
better here I'll check and I'll come into the number later I I always I would
like to I would like to you know people I mean we're you know we're sitting down we're watching this on our computers or
whatever but you know we don't feel the the the movement of anything right so no
no and that's again thanks to our Uncle Al and relativity in frames of reference
you know of course that's right uh uh we are moving but I you know I hate to venture guesses
five percent of the network right for for 480 000 miles per hour
483 orbital velocity personal little velocity around the Sun is about 30 000
kilometers an hour and that of course is the average impact speed for meteorites
or as we're going around I think he was talking about orbiting the Milky Way yes
I am orbiting Milky Way is much higher velocity that's what I was that's what I was referring to but then we have our
our galaxy moving towards what Andromeda right so the great attractor and
Andromeda and the Milky Way are both moving toward each other but but even the even the rotational velocity around
the galactic center that's a pretty impressive number it is you know because since the origin of the sun 4.6 billion
years ago we've orbited the center of the Milky Way about 22 times oh wow
even at that velocity so so that it's a long long way around that Circle you
know somehow I felt like we've been here before but and we have so one of the
things we can say is that uh over the last half hour since we've had a global
star party we have traveled virtually from most of the way from Jupiter to the
Earth and the speed of light so that just one half hour we've traveled almost from
Jupiter to the Earth but if you want to be pedantic you can even say with respect to each other
we're not traveling at all that's true yes you know I was gonna say Kareem before
you said that I was gonna say geez I feel now I know why I'm so tired at the end of the day getting Whiplash
traveling at all relative to each other that's right that's right
well it's kind of that same feeling when you've been traveling on a plane all day long you know so right you've just been
riding on this planet non-stop so there you go well that's great
um okay so next up is uh Chuck Allen who
is who's given many presentations here on global star party as well uh he will
be presenting uh uh the questions of uh from the astronomical leagues executive
staff uh and uh presenting um uh the uh not only the questions but
also giving the answers to last week's questions um uh for door prizes and so we're very
happy to have uh Chuck Allen with us and Chuck I was trying to remember do you
remember the number of people that watched the virtual uh al-con event that
we uh broadcast together thank you indicated it was 79 000. subtle views
yep okay yeah which is incredible and I think we had a glitch we couldn't get on
YouTube so it could have been more um that was the reach or that was the
video views but uh one one number we never get to really quite capture and I
have to guess at is that we are on the homepage of cloudynights.com and I know that they have a tremendous amount of
traffic that visits that so if you're watching on cloudy nights we're very happy to uh to see you and glad that
you're tuning in um I know there's also star parties that are happening uh really soon and some
events so we've got uh Okie text which is coming up here in October we have the
heart of America star party which I'm going to give a a virtual talk at uh
that on the 8th of October and uh we have um we're going to be kicking off with
the night sky Network um and NASA uh uh the international observe the moon night so that's going
to be very cool as well there's all kinds of other things going on around the world as far as events go and that
type of thing I'm just touching on some of them but it is a great time to be
involved in amateur astronomy and and to do Outreach on any level in astronomy so
all right well I'm going to turn it over to You Chuck and thank you so much for doing this and we very much are honored
to partner with the astronomical league on these things I think that's my line
uh thank you and I'm going to start off uh by sharing screen here and
let's see here
these pictures are from three
female members of the astronomical League who participated and won the top
three Awards in our first what you mean a Fleming Imaging award Molly Wakeling
will be I think a guest later on tonight this was one of her contributing images
to her first place finish in the Fleming award this was one of Lynn Peterson's
contributions I'm starting to our second place and this was Terry Mann's one of her
rural shots taken from near Fairbanks Alaska which earned her third place and the reason I'm showing these is because
uh Scott Roberts can't do enough for the astronomical League he's saved our
national young astronomer award program by stepping forward with major telescope awards for our winners he supported Naya
for 30 years um he's provided us access and a
presence and has provided the door prizes to the league here on the global star parties he's also of course hosted
our virtual convention which gave us a tremendous opportunity to meet with our members again despite covet and now
he has offered to sponsor the William Anna Fleming award and Scott I just want
to express my appreciation to you for yet again stepping up and helping us thank you so much for that I think it's
great that you guys even thought of the award and you know we hope that women
around the world can get involved and uh and show off
their skills in and astrophotography will the will the winners how will the
how will the judging or I don't know if it's all been completely worked out but
uh how will the program run there's still a couple of things to be
uh ironed out let me stop sharing for a moment um but we're still uh
looking at whether we have categories uh Terry and I talked about this yesterday
uh we don't want a situation where one person wins all four or five categories
for example so we've got to work that out we also have a problem if we have people entering multiple categories if
we had let's say 12 people who participated they entered all five categories we have 60 submissions that
we would have to juggle which would be a little bit difficult so we're still working out those bugs and we hope to
have that all sorted out by the end of October and we're not accepting any applications until after January 1st so
we'll get that all worked out with you and and with Terry yeah so everybody's saying I'm just here to support so you
know you guys you guys know how to run an awards program so okay I'm just happy to be part of it well thank you again
Scott it means a great deal to us of course okay back to
um can you see that okay uh yes okay
well I'm gonna have to stop sharingan's um yeah it's not advancing let me try
this again okay okay
well this is strange
maybe you want to try just uh sharing your whole desktop and then bring up the app yeah let me try
sometimes Zoom is a little quirky yeah it's being quirky now that's for sure
let me go back to the start here there we go there we are yeah
okay as we normally do we like to remind everyone especially those joining the global Star
Party who are new to astronomy that there's a great danger out there if you
attempt to observe the sun without taking certain precautions among those precautions uh and this is to preserve
sight that is very precious to all amateur and professional astronomers alike unto all people and that has never
observed the sun without professionally made solar filters that include energy rejection at the front end of the
telescope not those that would be mounted on the eyepiece kit um don't leave a telescope or binoculars
unattended in daytime where children might attempt to acquire the sun with it
um never use eclipse glasses reviewing cards to look at the sun through binoculars or a telescope they're not
intended for that they're intended for simply looking at the sun through the eclipse glasses and you want to make
sure you have certified eclipse glasses that meet International safety standards uh you have local astronomy clubs who
have very skilled solar observers with the proper equipment and they can help
you out with ways to do it safely okay the answer is from gsb63 Hell last week
the first question was the moon always keeps the same side pointed towards Earth however viewers on Earth can see
throughout the year about 59 percent of the moon's surface this is due to the phenomenon of not libation certainly not
vibration but vibration chance to do with the faculty moon's
rotation occurs over an elliptical orbit and therefore we get to see a little bit more of the Moon surface
Wednesday is the autumnal equinox when the sun crosses South the crosses the
celestial equator moving south in what constellation excuse me moving North
I'm sorry South in what constellation does the sun shine and the answer is
Virgo
okay what is the name of the small constellation between the western edge of the great square of Pegasus and the
star Altair represents the shape of a dolphin and that's the constellation
delphinus and it's seen right here okay
correct answers from gsp63 these names will be added to the
door process for the end of the month Barbara Harris Josh Kovach Billy Beckett
Andrew corkel and Adrian Bradley Israel monteroso Neil Cox and Cameron Gillis
okay these are the questions for tonight again your answers need to go to Secretariat
astraleague.org at secretary at asterleague.org by email please
first question this is the closest star to the Sun which of the following does not
accurately describe it a it has a Planet B it's a red dwarf
star C it's 25 billion miles away D it orbits two larger sun-like Stars
one of those is not correct
okay good question let people look at that for a few extra
seconds all right I'm moving on now to question
number two when the moon is at first or last quarter tides on the Earth are at their smallest what are these Tides
called neap tides spring tides diurnal Tides or
Ebb Tides
okay and finally question number three John Glenn was the
first American to orbit the earth what rocket seen here propelled him into
orbit was it a redstone the Jupiter sea the Vanguard or an atlas
and that will do it for tonight I would like to however invite everyone to join
us for the astronomical League live event on October 15th uh at 7 pm
uh Eastern Daylight Time I believe I can't read that does that say EDT Scott
hi let's see um I can't I it's blocked by daylight
time okay thank you I see it EDT right at the time yes we have a number of programs set up for that evening David
will join us uh with Celestial incantations John Goss uh wishes to have
his program called the master of lunacy a name which may stick uh Terry will be uh
giving us a program on Aurora episode of the night uh Carol Wards our president
will be joining us and Barbara Harris will be talking about algol uh and Molly
Stewart Adams uh will be uh giving a talk on passing between the
worlds under October Skies Astro Bible join us by the program of black holes where matter goes to die so I hope
you'll join us on October 15th and once again Scott thanks for everything you do for us and thanks to you for the time
for uh doing these questions tonight thank you thank you so much that's great okay uh up next is uh Dr Daniel Barth uh
uh Daniel has been a friend for a very long time we knew each other back in the
day in California when he was working at scope City and I was working at Mead instruments
um he uh is a Powerhouse of uh uh stem
teaching he is involved although he's taught science for a number of decades
to students of all ages he is now teaching Educators how to teach
astronomy in the classroom and he's written a book called astronomy for
educators which we talk about each week on each Monday on a program called how
do you know and uh Daniel's a great guy to uh
you know talk about anything to do with science um but uh he loves astronomy
um and uh he loves to uh get uh you know get his students hands on with
telescopes and equipment and to learn the sky um but to actually learn the mechanics
of science behind all that and so and those Concepts that sometimes it take it's very difficult to wrap your head
around Daniel makes it clear and makes it easy to understand and so Daniel I'm
really glad you came on global star party I know uh he is in high demand and
you know it was being a professor of astronomy and uh um and and doing our shows as well on
Mondays so um but um I'm going to turn it over to you man
thanks Scott it's very uh very kind of you and it's really nice to uh to be here on
global star party uh I do I do enjoy astronomy and teaching astronomy I've
I've taught astronomy for about 40 years and now I'm training young teachers the interesting thing
uh almost 40 Years of teaching astronomy about 7 000 students have come through
my classroom over all those uh all those years um eight years here at the University
my students will probably reach three to four hundred thousand students of their
own over their careers so this was uh although I missed teaching science a lot
this was a way for me to have a bigger footprint in astronomy uh I've worked a
lot to bring to make astronomy the fourth core science that's been kind of
a goal of mine for a long time physics chem biology astronomy deserves its
place as the fourth course science and more and more States and school districts are doing that
um it's really interesting we take uh young teachers out and we show them that
uh astronomy can be exciting it can be fun uh we tend to focus on short
15 to 20 minute activities something you can do really quickly I try to stress to my young teachers
that when they are teaching we're not here expecting uh a Mastery of astronomy
principles we're expecting engagement and involvement in astronomy and so I
take them out and we do things uh we take the binoculars and we explore the southern Milky Way and they chart the
things they find and then we looked them up on things like starry nights or stellarium and go oh hey you discovered
the Lagoon nebula with some binocular and they feel like they've accomplished something which they have
um we do all sorts of uh fun Hands-On things uh one of the fun things we've
done on our program Together Scott um we've had we've had students over the
years and students would come up set up this wonderful telescope and some fun teenage kid would come up yes the moon I
seen it and so I was always very frustrated with that and I did some research and I found out young people today are bombarded
with tens of thousands of images every week more than ten thousand images a day we have our smartphones we have our
tablets we have our computers and so I said okay let's bring some knowledge to
the telescope and so I taught my students to sculpt a little lunar landscape out of clay so we would make
Mario and creators and reels ejecta uh mountain ranges and after they had
created all these with their hands then going to the good eyepiece for telescopes then they look in they go I see a Mario
oh look craters oh gosh that one has a mountain in the center just like you said oh look there's shadows and they
get very excited they are discovering things they've created and this Hands-On engagement model's got
the most wonderful thing it works with students of all ages it works with students irregardless of what language
they speak at home because if I'm saying here follow me and make a model as a lunar landscape every child's doing that
in their head in their own language and then afterwards as teachers we give
people the language that they need uh and David is involved in this and David
is involved in this you're involved in this we give people the language they need to express what they've learned
because we're all smarter than we can express no matter who we are what age we
are how advanced we are we all know things that we struggle to express and so uh really I I try to train my young
people that their job is to help people not only learn new things but express what they know
and uh it's it's really been gratifying uh astronomy for educators is now
serving about half a million students worldwide which is just stunning just amazing and uh I have a new book coming
up star Mentor it's in uh it's in public it's in press with Springer and so we
hope that will be out in the spring but I'm really hoping that people who are joining us for Global star party will
drop in on the Monday how do you know show and we do sometimes we do Hands-On
activities sometimes we get uh we get pretty far out we did quenched galaxies on Monday and talking about primordial
galaxies that have run out of gas and why For Heaven's Sake sit there they existed a few billion years after the
big bang it should have been a very compact uh Universe full of of gas and
so why did these galaxies run out so sometimes we explore Mysteries and other times we go ahead and we help people
discover ways to understand and to share and that's the really the
real victory for me and I get emails every once in a while somebody say hey I saw your show hey I was in your class
and now I I do these things uh with students with my children and to me when
we see evidence that the astronomy the love we share uh is passed on to another
generation I feel like that that's a victory that's a legacy and uh certainly
uh explore scientific does that with equipment I do that in my classroom and
together it makes a very powerful and transformative thing that
we do together and Global star parties is part of that and 65 episodes is just
astonishing when you first started doing this guy I'm like oh this is going to go like three four five and then we're
gonna stop and here we are 65 and uh it's it's just it's stunning to me they
The Thirst for knowledge and you and I have talked about this Scott when you when someone purchases a
telescope and you go and set it up if you're not hiding it it's a party in a box
if you set your telescope up in a parking lot on a sidewalk people come to
you people come to you and they say you have a telescope you must be smart I want to know things hey can I have a go
is this the moon can you show me a planet teach me stuff they see you as
someone who's in the know and I like to help people learn to become the mentor
they can be to pass their passion on to another generation so our hobby
continues to grow and our passion is shared with uh with more people and it's
just it's a wonderful thing we do and it's it's something that gives us a
lot of energy when we do it so that's how that's how you can do 65 Global star
parties because it is an Outreach event and it is uh you know
all of my friends that participate on this uh are you know they they are uh
they are charged up by it as well and um it gives them a platform to share their
experiences their knowledge their uh enthusiasm uh their passion that uh that
um uh is it's infectious and it's beneficial uh it's beneficial for the
audience listening to it so it is indeed yeah thank you thank you Daniel that's
awesome okay I was I was very impressed with the idea
of uh the feeling of looking through a telescope it's not just data it is
emotion it is Daniel really spread that out and really really hit the nail on
the head thank you so thank you I appreciate that a great deal
um and it is it's uh it's a passion and uh my students come out and uh they come
out here to my Ranch I have a mountain a little Hilltop people in California would call it Hilltop here in Arkansas it's a
Mountaintop Ranch people come out to my Ranch here in the old
relatively dark sky site and I have students all the time wow I thought this
was going to be a drag and it's lots of fun uh I had I had a good time I'm telling my friends and that kind of
thing to me is the best Victory because my students are telling someone else
this is really cool you should try this and uh the idea that we can share with
passion and uh we can get somebody to look into the eyepiece and have an emotional experience because if it's
just an intellectual experience we're not going to capture the Next Generation
but when it's an emotional experience then indeed uh and I have students all
the time we've been looking at Saturn oh my God is that the Rings are those moons well let's document them and check and
we find it was a moon it was a moon around Saturn it's a billion miles away and I I've seen it and we looked in next
next week it's in a different place oh it's orbiting isn't it it's orbiting I'm going yes yes it is these people are
re-creating in their own heart the same kind of joy and passion that Galileo had
uh that Hubble had uh and they're not they're not doing it in a solitary way
they're out with friends they're out with fellow students and they're going to carry that passion into their own classrooms in a few years some of them
are already doing that and uh it's it's really it's really exciting uh to get
invited back hi this is this is my professor and we're doing astronomy here's the guy who taught me yay uh
having a bunch of little uh 10 and 12 year olds clapping and plotting your arrival just makes you feel like
and you get to see their their engagement and their joy and it's such a wonderful thing so and I get paid for
this so even better that's a bonus
even better okay well thank you thank you Daniel that was awesome thank you uh up next is
we go to all the way down from uh from here in Arkansas where Daniel Barth and
I are all the way down to Argentina um you know so I always like countries
and states that start with the letter A you know so um and also we're in the Americas right so
it's very cool uh uh Caesar uh thank you for coming on
um are you there hi Scott how are you hi everyone uh
hi Karine um Gary Scott Mariano David
today Mariano too yes
Danielle I'm not for from the from the sea today from the seaside I remember I
remember that the first time that I I know to Danielle Bart that is a genius a
great lecturer Professor um I remember when I I present the
eclipse from La herutas in in Argentina um and I remember that I had in my in my
back in the place where where I am from transmitting the the bones of the whales
uh was a great place it's incredible that it's near to one year ago uh well
tonight I present that I had uh the great experience with my growth
astronomy group that is
the the the leader of the Grove is an astronomy
growth and work in the restoration of the San Miguel
um Southern Observatory and we work a
lot in many many Works to prepare
mechanical Optics telescopes domes you
know we are we are searching a lot of different materials to complete making the work in the works
again the things something that tonight we are talking about the returning the
time while we are working in in taking time looping time again this Observatory
because we think that is gray gray material to
of course the coverage educational educational or researching you know
um uh of course that uh uh
he he can uh talk much better than much better than
me about the the the the this interesting things but I have some some
pictures from the event that that we can Friday that on Saturday
where we present to the people in life again no one assume was incredible see
people again uh from more than one near to one year I think
uh let me share a stream if I can share this
um here I don't know how work uh
you told me if if in the same
you can see the presentation now yes okay yes
uh really uh the the the start of of this heaven was uh tell us
called that um Santiago Santiago told us okay we can
move the telescope The Observatory have a telescope that is a refractor for
campaigns to move is is a not uh uh telescope that uh like another ones
that put in the seed you know with the buyer very have a buyer but they
120 years ago they they thought that uh
telescope uh for for to go you know uh to a place to show to
to investigate something or and make a travel with a telescope well this
technical was uh uh 600 pounds way uh
car size telescope and this was the telescope that we used last weekend to
show to the people 120 size telescope uh five inches
refractor chromatic um we share we share with the people
this image with this telescope and was wonderful very very sharp image of
Jupiter and Saturn while here you can see we start to to
assembly the the our stand in a in a like it was like a
um a fire a fire of San Miguel history and
um the mind the major uh invite to us to to put understand
talking about the history of of uh Samuel Observatory and here you you can
see the all the all uh telescope that we can put in the in the place and uh well
the first thing that I can I can make was clean the Optics and the mechanics
uh with uh another members of the group and that we work together to to
restoring in the morning previous to the to the evening
where we later we showed to the people
uh image of uh uh Saturn and
um well here is a part of the stand here is
is that is very nice because uh it's a fire in a in a row that is a running
Road for bicycle Road and they put this in
three blocks the fire is is we are we was in a in an extreme of of the
of the road and the people walking and of course that we receive later you you
can see a lot of people watching for watching the the you know all people
told us uh okay we can we can see tonight the Moon the Moon no who bitter
really well yes and of course that we have a great great
connection with the people we we um start to use for our star staff of
sarako optica saraco this uh maxutoff [Music] um
telescope from this brand that maybe you know um really was amazing amazing really
it's got uh I I need to say that people from uh Django Optical company and your
this is this really something that I saw
um maybe from from the I am in the business more than 30 years
and I tried a lot of Microsoft telescope and in in this size I never I never seen
so so um which really really details very nice
and Contours the dimension it's a wonderful wonderful Optical develop assembly that really we enjoyed in the
night um um thank you Caesar really is it's a
real thing that I tell you because it's it's great to try something that really worked very very well
um
and really we had a lot of fun with the people showing different different uh
objects in the night and here um you can see we we was uh
um putting in in a table a lot of metal ritos here you can see maybe
three uh two major majoritos that was uh facilitated facilitated by Jorge
rosarski that is a member of our group is a genius really large they're very it
is ah come on we moved that battery just 100 kilos 100 kilos near to uh near to
uh 200 pounds wow we work a lot my back was really
feeling this my Torito the power of the Metro Rita yes yes yes
man is is uh this man is sorry Santiago mayese
working uh and assembling the the microscope parts the vernacular microscope and
see details of no no the people was amazing because oh come on I can see a
real meteorite or you know uh See by by binocular telescope my microscope sorry
where you say oh come on and here is in
the in the David I care style we made we made a lot of sorry four different uh
minerals to show to the people um because uh it's like a like something
that I I thought in David eicher because David eicher is a genius for that of of
uh about mirrors crystals you know um I I remember the
last Friday oh come on I need to show that we we showed a
all of those samples are meteorites yeah wow so this one are to me meteorites and
this one are minerals minerals okay yes I don't remember I
don't remember the name of because maybe maybe Mariano remember but I don't know
I don't remember the names of the of the minerals
well here another another thing for to to be to be
um proud because it's um we use um 14 inches a 14 story millimeters uh
of 82 series degrees uh field of view eye pieces uh um really work beautiful
because you know when you have 120 years old car sales telescope mix it
with a a new technology uh um gas uh eyepiece it's beautiful I love
that this kind of this because you put together a lot of years and all work
properly again and it's beautiful it's it's really I like the way you put that
that's beautiful it is yeah yes and you and you receive the the oldest lie that
because uh well we we maybe if you point maybe to a Galaxy but
it's something that the the question of science when you receive away from from
the space and you think that you have a 100 tell us 100 year old telescope and
they say come on it's nothing for the time of the space but it's magic when
you have an all instrument that is that is returning from from the past and
working again for the people the people say the kids or come out was was a
beautiful beautiful experience to the pictures more for for uh for the
yes what they was the dealers Antigua Casa Oliva they they sold the telescope
to the to the observatory and here do you have yes the the number of 753
only included the the glasses in in the in the in the first surface because I
need to to disassemble the the two lenses and clean special all together
but only of course I don't have I don't have time to clean the entire objective
back but I clean only the dust you know with with air with I made a half hour working
to one surface and the telescope worked beautifully and really we had a lot of
fun other people enjoy it here where you have a the first one that you know when
you have by the first time um starting the the fire uh the fire and
the some people coming and say okay I have Jupiter now in the desk
um was my first best my first view sorry my first view of Jupiter
for me was come on I can see with that at at
uh kind of details that I surprising like a kid too really yeah
here do you have a panoramic when the people start to come in a lot of course
that the people comparing with another fire two years ago the people was more
you know uh they was more they had more care of don't have a lot together the
people use a mask it was nice because the people was very accessible about
that um really the entire night we enjoyed a lot with the people talking about you
know when you say the kids say when the people say what are you watching what I
am what I am watching sorry with my English and
this star is like you can see like a star but you can see a planet
the phrase of the kids come out it's you know it's it's amazing and all
people too come on is coming a lot a lot of people maybe I
don't know maybe 400 people wow so by telescope this was
only in Saturday and the this only sorry the Friday and Saturday the San Diego returned and
and uh with his uh brother Augustine mayese they showed the people with a
solar filter uh a lot of a beautiful image from from the
from this uh sunspots sunspots more people this is is fun because we
don't have more more attitude for the buyer because you can reward you can change this the attitude for the player
here um this is and they needed
the kids were wonderful yeah we changed for little kids absolutely yes the kids
was happy to have a telescope very big for them yeah yeah beautiful really
beautiful come on this is 120 20 years old telescope it was amazing
where all people online will receive people to watch that more people
I hear we have our expertise in in uh in
the group um his uh his uh I don't have a picture of
his face what maybe we can we can invite him from Next Level Safari he's
[Music] um
Planet planetary pictures yes um and when he he saw he saw the the
telescope we started use the telescope uh for for visual for the kids and he
told he told me maybe we can we can project the Jupiters and children in
live image the live image where was incredible the
the video in live video was incredible and I say him Fernando please took
uh took a a short video a grab a regular short video
to later make a picture of these planets because our incredible the scene was
really good and the quality Optics quality of the Microsoft was he told me
well come on I need to to try this oh this is incredible he have a a seven
inches seven inches uh maxutoff and he told me it's very similar it's very
similar here you you can see Jupiter wow by
Fernando ricardini he's the the author of the beach he told me yes he told me I can use I I
took I took only a little the wavelets but it's the same the same later in
maybe in the I tried I have a video I think of uh of this and you can see the
video I never seen a video a live video so clear of hope it turns out seeing
must have been incredible yes yes yes I have Saturn here was really great
um but we try we'll try again with this
telescope to make a more clear picture because we have a little you know of of
uh bad uh bad uh polar alignment you know but really we enjoy a lot but
especially especially in here out here do you have it in the Saturday with
Santiago San Diego sorry [Music]
um uh What uh showing to the people the solar image
in the same fire in the secondary fire was really really an a beautiful a
beautiful uh Heaven well here you have the max stuff for for visual visual use
which one thank you wow very good I felt like I went to your star party
that's great yes yes it was was a fire like a sir Pari because the people what
do you have in a surprise sometimes you have a lot of people that they know how about
telescope and talking about it's amazing but when we are in a in a fair where the
people coming and say don't expect what
they can they can send from the sky or by a
telescope is great really wonderful thank you wonderful thank you
Cesar uh you have brought on uh several
amazing astronomers onto our program and introduced us to some uh incredible
people that have inspired our audience uh uh you know and uh you're bringing on
someone new uh and uh we had just a short time to talk to him
um but could you do a proper introduction for us yes well it's a pleasure introduce uh to
Mariano Mariano is a researcher he worked in
solar physics uh he's the we in the Grove was and in the observatory San Miguel
really we are really really lucky to have a science man because he why he
guide us to everything about the ideas of
um the the the how we can work properly with
the huge Observatory and we are really proud and really we feel lucky to have a
to Mariano poisson because he's a very very good researcher uh solar figures
and we he is very generous is a it's a great man because he he talked to the
people in the fair in the in the star parties he's playing a lot of things about about the sun it's really it is we
really we feel lucky to have to Mariano in our growth and in the observatory
really it's it's um I'm really proud to be to know him
this is really is real and okay Mariano
okay thank you very much so sorry I I would like to thank you because you introduced me to into this uh large and
interesting community so I I know it's my first day here but I'm sure it won't
be the last day and all right that's the right attitude yeah thank you very much
Scott for for giving me this space some things we are we are trying to do
here in San Miguel with Cesar and the group of vegetable Cosmos so if you let me I can go directly to
share my screen [Music] see
I don't know if uh yeah let's see let's give it a moment here
[Music]
I think it's freeze it's not working just give it a moment
your voice and video are excellent so um okay okay I would try again yeah try
again yeah to be a part of this group you need to have problems with sharing
screen everyone it's it's something like our flag comes
right I feel like it it's a Rite of Passage
I think if something hasn't gone wrong then yeah yeah if you Mariano if you
have problems to share the screen you are part of this family okay good I think uh there we go all
right there we go okay you can see it okay yes okay so I will continue talking about
the San Miguel Observatory I think that's our a few lectures before or
presentations so I will talk about a little bit about the sun proving that the astronomy is
not only it's it's a full day job I mean there are many interesting things to observe during daytime so
if you if you're an astronomer just grab the the proper equipment and try to look
at the sun it will be surely it would be very interesting especially if you have a solar maximum
where you can see a lot of sunspot and other features of the solar activity yes
but in this case I will talk a little bit about the observatories and legal Observatory this is story of sepulations
and but first I will do a small introduction of why it's important to
study the Sun I like to think this to this I like to think on the sun like a perfect Physics
laboratory in which we can see extreme condition of the matter
particularly the plasma and interaction with the with the magnetic fields
um and these extreme conditions cannot be achieved yet in Laboratories in Earth so we have to look at the sun to to see
how the matter behaves in these conditions but the problem with this laboratory is that we cannot touch anything the
parameters are set the experiment is going um independent of the Observer so what we
can do is just collect the right amount of light and we can be creative in how
we explore and collect photons to see different events in the in the Sun and
try to understand and explain the intrinsic nature of the matter and the fields in these conditions of course the
sun is the source of Stellar models so anything we we know about other stars
are based on what we know from the Sun but of course maybe the most interesting
is that the sun is strictly connected with Earth so any phenomena observed in
the in the Sun somehow will have an impact on Earth especially in geomagnetic fields
that will that can be measured and maybe have consequences in the technology and
the people who's traveling into space in particular space weather forecast is Hot
Topic between solar physicists because well there are many companies that now
are are beginning a new space race sending civilians to space so in order
to have a sure that these missions are safe they need a good space weather forecast
in these cases but also for astronomers it's interesting but it could be more
interesting because well I I cite here the quote of Robert Leyton that says
this is absolutely true if the sun did not have a magnetic field it would be as
an interesting Star as Mozart astronomy think it is that of course
astronomers doesn't look much to the sun because maybe it's too close and it's interesting to see different Wars and
different scenarios that are not so near us so but looking at the magnetic fields
you can find a lot of structures and interesting phenomena that I mean these
are the most energetic and interesting events of the solar system so if it's if it's not for the magnetic
fields the sun will be absolutely boring I I'm sure about that so what we know about the Sun
we we can have oops we have observation for 400 years of sunspot number this uh
small um or big uh black regions appears in the sun surface
so this consists of one of the longest databases with consistent methodology in
astronomy I mean we have 400 of days 400 years observations of the sensible
number of the daily sunflute number so this shows a lot of interesting things that there is a sunspot activity cycle
so the sun is more active in some stages of their evolution and this maximums and
minimums of activity also change during times and you can have extended minimums understanding maximum and well a lot of
interesting features that of course the these are a consequence of the complex of the
magnetic fields on the Sun that's like don't say
but everything changed in the 1859 when Carrington observed this massive
Superfly Carrington and Hudson does Hudson was a certain amount of official astronomer
so he observed a flare in white light I
mean only observing that uh Sunspot group and this massive explosion in the
Sun then two days later the the largest geomagnetic storm was
recorded on earth so at this time uh everything changed I mean the the sun is
producing explosions then the explosions are affecting directly the Earth
it was so large as your magnetic storm in in that year that affected the telegraph lines
and nowadays A superflower of these scales will affects how will have a
stream severe effects on on the technology we have nowadays I mean it
will produce massive Cuts cut off of electric currents and well geomagnetic
effects that can produce severe damage to Communications and other problems in
satellites and also a very beautiful auroras probably
but at this point where just after the current event
the most since there were creation of institutes oriented to the observations
and the link and the connection between this phenomena of the sun and the phenomena Observer on Earth special
edition Magnetic storms so there were a lot of efforts International efforts put into new
research and solar physics um in Argentina in particular in in San
Miguel in this place here in the in the map we had the first Latin America solar
physics Institute created with the same just to observe the Sun and see how Sun
events can affect the the global terrestrial
meteorology conditions and atmospheric conditions and magnetic conditions
so in the 1930s the this Observatory was born with this with the same
but we can separate the history of the observatory at San Miguel in into two
periods the first period I will go more more focused on terrestrial observations
that the mostly they they register and detect and catalog all the
phenomena observing the unospheric abundancies and electric currents
induced in the in the field uh in in the in the ground
the measurements of geological data and the sun observations was limited only to
the radiance and the amount of radiation we receive daily by the Sun
and see if these fluctations and the radians could affect the meteorological conditions and the filtrations we
observe on temperature and density in the atmosphere
but in the second period by the hand of this director it was a
priest Antonio bustolino Juan Antonio bussolini um
a more solid formation of solar telescope were
introduced into the observatory and he was very very intelligent and he
understood that the solar observations had to be a multi-wavelet that means that you have to to observe
the the sun in multiple wavelengths due to the complexity of the solar bands and the range of the temperatures so you
have a lot of things that that you may lose if you don't if you serve only in
one way or in white light so in this period with the new instrument there were a lot of
researchers new researchers that were included in the observatory and a lot of new projects like sample
sunpod catalogs uh the detector of energetic events and capture of
chromospheric and Corona structures and Radial burst events but I will talk a
little bit in the next slide so the Sunspot observations are basically white light images that are
recorded daily and we must think that at that time they
weren't there weren't any any satellite observations so
any continuous observation of the sun must had to be made with uh with a
telescope Network Global telescope Network hmm and uh Argentina and the observatory of
San Miguel was one of these notes of these Networks especially it was
he was there to to fill the gap between the some Europe observatories like
Madonna Observatory and the Mount Palomar in in Cartage Institute
uh there were like one hour gap between Sunset and sun right between these two
places so the San Miguel Observatory was was especially interesting because at
that time it was the the main observation of the Sun so
this is quite interesting because the photographic plates and the films used
to to gather these images were expensive for for the observerity budget
so they they were keeping most of their resources only to for that that hour
during the daytime so most of the images taken in the observatory was used to to fill the gap
between Europe and and the US but as I said before multi-wavelet
observations are necessary so there was also an H Alpha filter to gather
information of the chromospheric structures in the Sun especially prominence and film and
filaments are key structures to understand the the morphology of the
magnetic fields on the sun and how these magnetic fields can be installed by
instability this this installed to choose to get out of the Sun and maybe
produce some geomagnetic storms and some other effects in
in the earth environment so this is an image taken in with this filter and you
can see some sunspots and dark filaments correspond to the large
arcades of magnetic field structures so at this point at this point the this
instrument were used to as a patrol mode to detect solar flares and transcend
energetic events in the Sun and here's an example of this this is a
series of of pictures taken at that time in 69
where they recorded a large solar flare near the limb take him with the H Alpha
so you can see better how the structures change and how there is a large writing
of these structure so one of the main detections of solar flares are are doing
are done in this this Wave light because these are very clear white light observation sometimes this kind of
explosions of flares are are so they are not easily seen at
uh by the eye I mean so in HL file this contrast is much much larger
and as I said before the the resources were limited so there there weren't many photographic
plates and Fields to to make a lot of images so they have to carefully select
the active regions that they were to observe and where to to record and I
mean this is the essence of the space weather forecast nowadays just to try to
see a sunspot group and try to see if this Sunspot group is a good candidate
to have a solar energetic events so in some way the observator is Amigo
devoted a lot of time to to space weather in this case just to study how
how this a sunspot can produce large energetic events The Observatory also
had a radio radiometry I mean they had they had two antennas now only one
survived there is the five meter parabolic antenna um this is used to detect accelerated
particles in the sun atmosphere so it's also in context of flares and our static
bands occur in the atmosphere so this is an example of the of the
radiometry made by one of the antennas for the same solar flare I showed before
in the 69. maybe for our other talk I can talk
about why this is so important but I will just limit to this history of solar
observations in San Miguel but there is also a nice interesting building that
contains a cellostat in the top of the building and in the bottom of the building this
building is beautiful is strictly made to observe the sun I mean it's it's you get the instrument then
you build the building around it so this is this is nice so uh this uh cello
start collect the the Sun's light and then you can uh conduct the light through the
building and use different instruments in particular this there is a spectral
geography of the bottom of the of the of the building that allow to
have a spectral line images especially the calcium 2 images
that are quite interesting for determining the the magnetic field structures of the
sunspot and uh just to have a small summary
scientific work in San Miguel was quite interesting at that time I mean the second period was explosion of
Publications and researchers working in collaborations with many other researchers in the US in the Europe and
in Latin America and this the scientific product made in
San Miguel contributed to the Sunspot catalog in the world data collection
that is one of the biggest data catalog of sunspots support groups
so it also for foreign part of this International Network for the sun in the
continuous way to have a large observations of solar events and
sunspots Evolution and Solar Dynamics
and of course it was a nice place to have scientific work and Outreach work
where many institutions organized congruence and international
collaborations and well meetings and that and start parties at at the end of
the year their life and for our future prospects uh Cesar
told us that we are trying to recover most of the observatory nowadays is
there is no any there is there isn't any work down there it's close and the
instruments are still inside so we are trying to recover the
infrastructure I mean the buildings and the instruments of the observatory she has to use this
mainly for outreach to to gather the local community and schools and give
some lectures and teach more about the Sun and how we observe them but also for
General astronomy it's a very nice place to have this kind of star parties and
Gatherings and well any kind of meeting oriented to to astronomy
and of course we are also evaluating to have a science there and there is some
science capabilities that can be done also with white observations and H Health observations
and I think that's everything I have to say now so thank you very much excellent excellent
uh there's uh we have a question here from Santiago uh Elise I think is how
it's pronounced uh he says um uh would collaboration be probable to be
able to start up this magnificent Observatory of San Miguel
of course of course we we are open to collaborations but right now we are
trying to to get a formal resolution from the local government yeah just to
start start working in the observatory we are now we are trying to recover some
buildings and start moving people into the observator is just to push government to take a
resolution about it so after everything if everything works fine of course we
will be very pleased and open for collaborations for other Institute and other observatories around the world
that's great that's great you mentioned at the beginning of your presentation about the activity on the sun uh and how
it directly impacts uh the Earth you know in this earth sun connection uh and
you also mentioned that we have about 400 years of data has there been any
kind of study to take meteorology from the last 400 years
and match it to sunspot activity or solar activity on the sun is there any
kind of correlation at all yeah yeah yeah there are a lot of correlations uh in particular there is
an interesting interesting correlation about the mounter minimum that is uh 50
years period where sunspots were practically gone there were a few sunspots
and the most interesting about this minimum that it corresponds to a little
um I mean a little winter age I mean Ace
Ice Age yeah the little ice age right the utilization in Europe I mean I think
there are a lot of pictures and uh about this how the people
doing uh how do you say is working there over the scene this in the
river in Paris and it was frozen at the time frozen solid yeah yeah it was
frozen solid so yeah there are correlations with the meteorologic data and also there are more information
about the Sunspot Cycles because you can analyze different proxies for to to
correlate with the number of sunspot that is you can gather geological data
from glaciers and also how the the Ring
of old trees grown the period they grow they grow greater when there is more you
ultraviolet exposure so this occurs mostly in solar maximum and there is
also another proxy that we can estimate the this is how how the cycle evolved
thousands of years ago there is another extrapolation that can be done yeah okay
and uh is there any kind of prediction of uh if you take the solar
activity yeah well that will be there out into the field that will be the the Nobel Prize I mean
yeah yeah for more than 100 years solar physicists were trying to predict solar
Cycles I see there were no luck so far so of course there are a lot of models they
are trying different uh uh like using AI models and more complex models but uh
still we we don't have a good approximation of the or I mean we can predict maybe with some
accurate the next cycle but the the other one will be the disaster I see I see very interesting
well uh uh I really thank you for um uh being on our
our Global star party I I think this you told me earlier in the program that uh
this is your first time to do a global outreach program so we're really happy you did it with us so thank you very
much it was wonderful thank you thank you Scott yeah thank you very much for this opportunity yeah Harold lock makes
uh a comment he says I'm excited for your community to be restoring and making San Miguel Observatory evoke a
living reality so that's wonderful all right great okay thank you we have
one more speaker before we take our 10-minute break uh and that would be Professor Kareem Jaffer uh from uh from
the uh Royal Astronomical Society of Montreal the Montreal Center uh they
recently uh conducted the 45 degree star party with the New Zealand uh the Royal
Astronomical Society of New Zealand and I always mess this up uh is is it the
Dunedin almost Dunedin okay Dunedin
Astronomical Society so it was really wonderful they showed off their their uh their Observatory they talked about
their uh long history their you know being involved in astronomy and all the
Outreach work that they do so I thought it was this beautiful perfect kind of uh meeting to have online where we were
able to connect to Great organizations uh you know with uh was it 9 000
kilometers nine thousand plus kilometers of distance uh daytime and night time
and uh you know it was just wonderful so I really appreciate you bringing that to uh to our program
oh it was such a great star party we had a we had a blast and the Dunedin group they're so Dynamic and full of Youth
full of Youth and full of energy and their Science Focus was just great to see yes yeah I agree I agree okay well
I'm going to turn it over to you um uh if you have not seen Kareem give a
presentation you're in for a real treat um he teaches uh astronomy uh he is
involved very much in the Outreach activities of the rasc Montreal Center
and they are going well beyond uh their their their their boundaries their
traditional boundaries and they're reaching people from around the world uh with their programming not only on
global star party but stuff that they're doing completely on their own and they have the right attitude of inclusiveness
and uh uh you know the um
passion and inspiration that they're bringing to the audience uh up in Canada
they're spreading it everywhere and so um really happy to have you back on so
soon after doing uh a star party just on last Saturday uh thanks so much Scott it's it's a
pleasure to be back and hi to the audience for the GSP it was nice to see you on Saturday night and it's nice to
be back on a Tuesday night it's been a it's been a tough start to the term to try to balance things so I've missed a
few Tuesdays but I'm really glad to be back with everyone and Scott I don't know if you've noticed when you've seen
the posters that Scott puts together and the topics and the videos that he chooses but he puts a lot of thought
into kind of connecting these great ideas into a theme that really can
energize you and even if the talks aren't all directly related to the theme there's kind of an underlying current of
Outreach and of discussion and it really sets the stage and so when he wrote the
email today or last night basically suggesting look back time I thought all right great I'm going to talk about the
expansion of the universe I'm going to talk about the galaxies I'm going to talk about how large the universe is
and then I stopped and I remembered a discussion that I had on Saturday well
early Sunday morning with a couple of students who were messaging me after the 45 degree star party and then in class
today another discussion arose after class with a few of my students and I thought you know what let's talk look
back time but let's talk about it in a different way let's talk about the look back time that happens with what we do
in our solar system and the astronomy we do when we go out at night and look at solar system objects so I want to talk
to you a little bit about that tonight but before I do I want to just do a brief check-in on a couple of the things
that I've mentioned to the GSP audience in the past one thing I will mention is those of you who know of some of the
universities up here in the Montreal area Astra McGill does some amazing work especially the McGill space Institute
and they've got an awesome James Webb seminar coming up later next week but
space Concordia is a group of students that put together a amazing work rocketry satellite programming divisions
you name it and they have started a podcast series during covid and uh
myself and Virginia Pacheco one of my former students are their next podcast coming up later this week so if you take
a look at space Concordia podcast you'll get to hear a little bit more about Outreach in Montreal and in Canada
so a few weeks ago actually a few months ago I started talking to you about this world record attempt that was going to
happen in mid-september and it has happened it's concluded and Mark Thompson lectured about astronomy for a
hundred and forty hours holy smokes she got short naps every few hours he
managed to follow the NASA regimen of 26 minute cat naps like every 12 hours to
just rejuvenate himself he had liquid meals not that type of liquid meals I'm
talking in short of those types of liquid meals uh he was he had his temperature being monitored he had his
electrocardiograms to be monitored saliva test blood tests he had hallucinations he definitely went a
little bit sideways a few times but he made it through the 140 hours and what's
really incredible about this is the whole time he was being monitored by
groups researching sleep deprivation and so his Focus was the research on
sleep deprivation as well as raising money for a children's charity called bernardo's in the UK so if you're
interested in learning more visit his website there's still a possibility to give funds to bernardo's he did exceed
his goal of ten thousand pounds I believe they're almost at 13 000 pounds now and it's just amazing what he's done
and we're waiting to hear back from Guinness they're reviewing all the video and making sure that he actually didn't
stop talking for more than I think it's 45 or 30 seconds at a time and that he
was able to follow through the entire time following the rules but we had him on as a guest on Monday
on Astro radio the group that I'm on uh with Reach Out And Touch space and he talked all about this effort and all the
people involved so I highly encourage you to visit and listen to reach out and touch space get to know a little bit of
the panel they they do amazing work there in the UK here in Montreal we have our next event
coming up for international observe the moon night and you'll recognize our speaker because he was here just a
little while ago it's Chuck Allen the VP of the astronomical league and one of our asked Montreal members and he's
going to share the solar system moons because for observe the moon night why limit yourself to one Moon let's just go
whole hog and go for all the moons in the solar system and learn a little bit about all of them so I invite you to
join us for the solar system Moon's talk but what we're going to talk about tonight is very much based on this idea
of Look Back Time now look back time is this idea of when you're looking at the
light from an object how long ago did that light looks leave the object to
come to us so what exactly is the picture we're looking at and on Saturday
night I shared a couple of the images that I share with my students live using the EV Scope when we look at the Big
Dipper and when we look at the Big Dipper in the northern hemisphere we really get to enjoy some galaxies some
nebulae and so the galaxies that we look at you know there's m81 and there's M82 which we love and they're about uh
they're about 12 million light years away and you talk about that with people
and you say 12 million light years away and they can't connect with it 12
million years is not a number that they can connect with but they love to look at the galaxies and it tells them that
these objects are really really far away and you can discuss a little bit about the expansion of the universe and galaxies even further away and Hubble
Deep Space you can share the whirlpool Galaxy which is 23 million light years away and you can actually see a Super
Active Galaxy having its dust being drawn out by this large spiral galaxy
and it's incredible to see but it's hard to connect with and so then I share with them the owl
nebula and the owl nebula filter is a planetary nebula that's about 2 000 light years
away it's about 9.9 light years across so it's expanded
a fair amount since it was born and it was we believe that the owl nebula was formed about 8 000 years ago so then you
start to actually connect and book Davies made an awesome comment uh tonight about trying to relate this to
actual numbers and actual moments in history that people can relate to so the owl nebula the light takes two thousand
years to get to us which means that what we're seeing is how the owl nebula was
at the birth of the Common Era basically the birth of Jesus Christ for those that
follow the the judeo-christian calendar or the judeo-christian way of of
recognizing history but nebula was formed eight thousand years
ago which means it was formed right around 6000 BCE and at that time here on
Earth we were just developing the civilizations of Mesopotamia we had the
very first thing you could actually call a city formed here on Earth and when that light of the planetary
nebula being formed got to Earth it would have taken two thousand years so
that's in 4000 BCE when the Mesopotamians would have invented writing and the Egyptians had just
started developing their deep culture and started building some of their amazing archaoastronomical uh objects
like the pyramids so when we look at some of these objects we're talking time frames that are incredibly large
and we're talking distances that are incredibly far away but that's not even a Spigen of the size
of the universe and so you tend to lose the the general public and introductory
students very quickly if you start there and so what I like starting with instead is actually looking a little bit more at
Scales you can recognize so you look at the Moon the Moon is 385 000 kilometers
away roughly so it takes just under 1.3 seconds for lights to get to the moon
and come back because light travels at about 300 000 kilometers per second or
186 000 miles per second we have amazing lunar reflector telescope that
were placed on the Moon by the Apollo mission where you can actually see this experiment having been done and they
made fun of it a little bit in The Big Bang Theory and you know they they set up on a rooftop and they sent the signal
but this experiment has been done and is still done often in a lot of
universities using remote laser guidance that can actually hit those reflectors
dead on and you use the speed of light to confirm some of the details of the Moon
but that's the closest man-made object on an astronomical body in our solar
system when we look at the actual exploration of the solar system we have gone much much further than that and the
reason why this took context for me today is because I've been talking to my students about the planets of the solar
system we started talking a little bit about some of the things that we use to explore these planets not just the
probes but also the Rovers and today Dr Farah Alibi from JPL who we had on uh at
Rask Montreal Center for a zoom talk last December she posted that today they just sent a
packet of activities for perseverance because over the next few weeks perseverance is in conjunction with the
Sun so they're unable to actually send radio signals and commands back and forth to perseverance so they get a
little bit of a Hiatus and they wait hoping that everything goes well and perseverance doesn't fall into a ditch
or something right so you have all of these constraints when we're exploring the solar system and communicating with
the objects that we send out one of the things that I love telling my students is I mean we have this deep
space Network that allows us to communicate with all the probes and all the satellites but you look at something
like Curiosity on Mars Curiosity has an eight minute window every day to
communicate with the Mars reconnaissance Orbiter and it can send up to 100 to 250
megabytes of data in that eight minutes it takes 20 hours for the Mars
reconnaissance Orbiter to send that information to us here on Earth not because of the distance but because of
how slowly that data can actually be sent in a reliable fashion so when we're
talking about distances and times in the solar system there's a whole bunch of factors to bring into play when we're
talking about man-made devices and we can go beyond that because the two Voyager probes have left the heliopods
they're away from the influence of our sun but we can still communicate with them it takes 21 Light hours to send
information for us to Voyager one or two Voyager two and they have a little 20
watt signal that they're capable of sending back and forth to us that's about the amount that you use in your
refrigerator light bulb when you open it at night to get a snack and we're using that to explore
Interstellar space so this whole concept of time in our solar system really takes
on another meaning when you start thinking about the way in which we respond or communicate with the objects
that we ourselves build but let's face it we're astronomers so when we want to talk about objects we
want to talk about what we can see and if we start looking at the planets and the moons of the planets we are looking
most of the time at sunlight being reflected off of those planets so you
look at sunlight getting to Mercury it takes 3.2 minutes but then that sunlight
has to bounce off Mercury and get to Earth for us to see that tiny tiny little dot just above the Horizon if
we're lucky and it's the right time of the year Venus six minutes and then again it has
to bounce back to us so the light actually travels a total of just over 10 minutes to go from the Sun bounce off
Venus and get to Earth if Venus is at maximum elongation which
is when we typically try to look at it because we get the best picture because it's actually at a really nice Advantage
for us a right angle we see a very nice phase of Venus but for the planets beyond Earth when we
look at those and we want the most detail we look at those when they're in opposition when we are lined up between
the Sun and those planets and in those cases the light gets to Jupiter for 43
minutes bounces off Jupiter and gets to us it takes an extra 35 minutes to come
back to us and so you might say all right well I'm looking at light that initiated from the
Sun around 78 minutes ago when I'm looking at Jupiter but I'm seeing Jupiter 43 well 35 minutes in the past
and that's what you're doing you're seeing Jupiter at 35 minutes in the past and that sounds all well and good until
you realize that Jupiter and Saturn are two planets that actually give off a
little bit more energy than they get from the Sun Jupiter more Saturn a little bit less and the extra energy
that they give off the extra radiation is left over from the formation of those
planets so a little bit of the light that you're seeing actually originated when those planets were first formed
around four to four and a half billion years ago now that sounds really interesting but
you're still seeing the surface of the planet 35 minutes ago Saturn 71 minutes ago and Etc moving out
to Uranus and Neptune if your telescope's good enough for you to actually be able to see Neptune
so that's the time that we are seeing the look back time when we look at the surface of those planets
but it's actually even a touch more complicated than that because when we're looking at the light from the sun
we saw that the sunlight takes 8.3 minutes to get to us
and we saw that the speed of light is 300 000 kilometers per second
now the sun is about 700 000 kilometers in radius so you would assume that when
the energy is formed at the center of the sun it'd take just over just about two and a half seconds for it to come
out from the sun right and the answer is wrong it actually takes almost a hundred thousand years
for the energy formed and the core of the Sun to make its way out to us
and that's because when that energy is formed the really really high energy gamma rays at the center of the sun when
hydrogen fuses into helium which we talked about back when we talked about the life of stars earlier in the summer
that light can't make it out because the area in
the core is really really dense you have 150 times the density of water at the
core of the Sun which means as soon as that gamma ray comes out from that first fusion reaction hydrogen confusing to
helium it gets absorbed by something else re-emitted absorbed by something else re-emitted absorbed by something
else and when it's readmitted it can be readmitted in any direction
now physicists we call that the random walk and the random walk is basically if you picture a drunk person standing at a
like post trying to get to the next light post their every step is completely chaotic
they're moving in any given Direction and so it turns out that if the next
Lamppost is 10 steps away on average it takes them a hundred steps
to get there now that's only in two Dimensions the sun is three-dimensional so now you've
got this extra dimension of chaos of this random disorder of walking but
those walks those steps are actually absorptions and re-emissions absorptions
and re-emissions so if you picture the Sun as having these absorptions and
re-emissions happening at every tenth of a millimeter to get out from the core of the Sun to
the next layer could take up to a trillion steps before you can get out
that far and that's why the actual timing that it takes just to get out from the core
is almost a hundred thousand years and then at that point it gets to this awesome convective layer and the
convective layer is like a little lava lamp and it just brings the light up and it brings the light up and cools it down and we can actually see the granules on
the surface of the Sun from these little lava lamp uh granules that form in the
convection layer and what's really interesting is that the convection layer has two parts it has a super convection
layer where those big big cells taking tons and tons of plasma they can last for
days but at the very top there's these micro granules and those micro granules only
last for a few minutes and when you compare your observation for the types of images that people like
Gary Palmer can get out of their pictures of the Sun to the simulation that we get on computer models you have
incredible matching and so if you could peek through the surface of the Sun all
the way down you would see these incredible incredible granules all over
the sun carrying that energy that's lasted for a hundred thousand years coming out from the core of the Sun and
bringing it really really close to the surface and then it makes its way to the very top of the surface and eight
minutes later we get to see it here on Earth so when we're looking at sunlight and we're sitting there and enjoying a
really nice warm afternoon in the fall looking at the leaves changing colors believe it or not the life that's
helping us do that is a hundred thousand years old and that's what's helping keep
us sustained here on Earth and with that I want to do a nice outro outro that
Scott made for us here in the Rascal Montreal Center and so we now can have this and all of our awesome videos thank
you Scott and thanks everyone I hope you enjoyed you're very welcome Kareem thank you that was fantastic I loved it
um you know I always learn something from you Korean and uh you know not only new information but presentation style
and all the rest of it I think it's fantastic and I'm really glad that you uh you were able to make it uh for this
Tuesday Global Star Party thanks very much thank you Kareem we're going to
take a 10 minute break uh and uh I'm gonna leave my microphone on because I
have a habit of turning it off and then forgetting to turn it back on so um but we're going to take 10 minutes
and that's enough time for you to grab a sandwich sure cup of coffee or stretcher legs so we'll be right back
um we have uh more presentations to give you and and uh so stay tuned
foreign
foreign
que on the
it Max oh in Baton Argentina
and um [Laughter] [Music]
thank you hey there welcome to NASA Launchpad I'm
your host Justin Tully so what's the furthest you've ever been away from home for some of you that
might just be a couple miles from your house or you might have gone from one Coast to the other or maybe you've even
gone overseas but hey none of you have gone nearly as far as some of NASA's missions I mean let's just look at any
of the Apollo missions one way from the Earth to the Moon is about 385
000 kilometers which is roughly 239 000 miles 239 000 miles I'll be lucky if my car
can make it to 200 000. well even the moon isn't too far away in the grand scheme of things I mean NASA has sent
missions to Mars Jupiter and Saturn they've even since spacecraft past Uranus and Neptune and all the way out
of our solar system I'm referring of course to the Voyager Mission never heard of the Voyager Mission well you
probably weren't born yet when it was launched the twin spacecraft Voyager 1 and 2 were
launched in 1977 to study Jupiter and Saturn but we're able to continue their
mission well beyond that they're both still going strong today but way way way far away from us Voyager 2 is now more
than 85 astronomical units away from Earth and Voyager 1 is more than 105
astronomical units away okay wait what's an astronomical unit well basically it's
a unit of measurement that helps us put things in perspective you all probably know how far away the Sun is from Earth
right about 150 million kilometers or about 93 million miles well an au is
based on that measurement One AU is a distance from Earth to the Sun so rather
than getting into all those zeros you can keep it manageable using Au like instead of saying that Voyager 1 is
about 15.7 billion kilometers away from the earth we can say it's about 105 Aus
still not sure okay let's look at it like this if you're going to give someone directions from your school to
your house you wouldn't tell them to go about four hundred thousand centimeters and then take a right on Elm would you and going the other way if you were
measuring say your windows for new curtains you wouldn't say they're five ten thousandth of a kilometer wide would
you of course not that'd be ridiculous e is the unit of measurement that makes the most sense and allows others to
quickly understand the proportions to measure huge distances in space astronomical units just make sense
all right then moving on and speaking of moving there's another NASA spacecraft that's making its way to a very distant
destination it's called New Horizons now it's actually already been launched in fact it was launched on January 19
2006 but it's not even close to its major points of interest Pluto and the
Kuiper belt there's still a long road ahead of New Horizons how long well we
caught up with Alan lundsberg NASA technologist on the New Horizons Mission and he gave us little insight into the
timeline of the product it takes a long time to get the Pluto it's 35 times further from the Sun
than the Earth is 35 A.M put it in context Juber is 5.5 Au flows
so it's a lot further than Pluto in fact we launched and within a year and a half we've flown past Jupiter and it's still
going to take eight more years it was the fastest spacecraft ever launched and
it's still going to take that many years to get to Pluto and we don't have the fuel to slow down so we just fly past
and as we're flying past we take all the pictures again storm on board and then take the time after we've left food up
through broadcasting transmit them back to Earth you are now see there scientists really
do talk about Aus astronomical units that makes sense now right anyway something else he mentioned was how New
Horizons has already passed Jupiter and how it did so is actually really interesting they used a little something
called gravity assist this technique has also been referred to as a slingshot effect
and it's been used before on several missions including Voyager it helps save fuel and is a big part of the reason why
these missions are able to succeed basically the spacecraft takes advantage of the gravitational pull of a body
slightly alter its trajectory and gain speed so the spacecraft is being pulled by the gravity of the body but it's
moving quickly enough that it doesn't enter orbit orbs of the gravity is add to the spacecraft's velocity
increasingly the planetary body is also effective but because its mass is so large relative to the spacecraft
it's change in speed is minus as you can see in this animation as New Horizons passes Jupiter its trajectory changes
and its speed increases as its slingshots passed now both of those factors are important
because as you can see they help put New Horizons on the right course and timeline to pass very closely by Pluto
foreign see this isn't happening by chance and it's not easy all of this has
been planned researchers had to map out all of this in advance doing all sorts of calculations about where planets
would be when the necessary velocity for the spacecraft to arrive at the right time the distance New Horizons had to be
from Jupiter to maximize its increase in velocity it really boggles the mind and I thought
figuring out the logistics of an overnight trip to grandma's was complicated well that's it for now until next time
I'm Justin Tully thanks for watching NASA LaunchPad
foreign
white here from the NASA night sky Network and I just want to invite you all to join us for the global moon party
happening October 9th uh from 3 P.M on
uh that specific time 6 p.m eastern time we are going to have such a blast we
have great folks from the international observe the moon night joining us we have NASA friends from the visualization
studio in Moon treks and uh all over the place we have Icelandic poets to talk
about the moon presenting new work that they're doing space agencies from around the world
will join us and we hope you will too please get the word out let everyone you
know who loves the moon know that we are kicking off the international observe the moon night this October 9th
see you there [Music]
foreign
thanks for hanging in there with us we're back um and we have uh coming up next would
be Molly Wakeling Molly is a great astrophotographer
um great image processor a great scientist and uh she is
someone that has been on many Global star parties with us and uh we're really
happy to have her Molly are you with us now I don't see her yet okay so we might
have to wait for a little bit but I'm sure she'll be on a little bit later um okay well then uh we will move on uh
to Nico Nicholas Nicholas Arias also knows Nico the hammer uh Nico is down in
Argentina and uh Nico thanks for coming on to our program I see sir hey everyone how are you this
night um okay tonight topic is a
it's about the the lookup look back time so I I prepare a little presentation
about that let me share my screen
[Music] okay can you see it
yes okay well uh look back it's something
that we we used to talk a few times in in the active parties
[Music] we will We would like to think about that that we are looking
the time and well as Karen was thinking about the
the sun and the time that the the sunlight or the photons of
the sun reach the Earth and and what's the eight leg minutes
and well you you realize when you are
serving that you can see similar dots
or stars in the in the view room but not not all it happened at the same time
okay we have here two examples and the left one is
that is the the near star to us for the tone and
the the light of the of course not really takes a journey of uh almost four
years ago so everything we look about this point is having happened four years ago so
you need to wait four years to see if something happened today then this is
the the things is it's so amazing to be of Irene and and thinking and you keep
looking at the sky at night and see uh how how large
the universities and I I started thinking okay how far
can I observe with my telescope from from my backyard and and I found some information about
two answers and this particular quarter 3C 273 that is located in below
population a quarter is uh it's a
a black hole in the center of the Galaxy that you start to to observe the mother
uh so so quickly and the rotation
velocity and the aggregation disk he produced and and a giant amount of
energy and it becomes the most bright
object in the in the universe it's a black hole but the
the that amount of energy makes that bright and this question is
is particularly the first quarter discovered and
looks like uh we may have
some uh nickel if you can hear us here broadcast is a little Frozen
it'll give you a little a few minutes here a couple of minutes see if we can bring it back otherwise
um maybe uh we'll have you re-log in
now Nico uses a dobsonian telescope um and he's pointing out some objects
like 3C 273 um and uh and some other objects I
remember looking finding 3C 273 through a 13-inch dobsonian that I had at one
time and I remembered that it was just it appeared as like this faint Blue Star
and uh I remember having a conversation with an astronomer at Palomar Observatory that was working on the 200
inch and I was really surprised when they told me that yeah that the quasars
are so far away that they look like uh okay you know they look star-like even through the biggest telescopes
so oh you're back Nico great yeah my my internet connection just dropped it
happens yeah okay I I was talking about the
this question [Music] can you can you see the screen
uh not yet you're not sharing yet okay you were talking about how far you could
see with your telescope okay that's when it froze let's go that
again so I found information about this water in in the vehicle
ventilation that is the the first water discover and
one of the the first objects that we can observe equator is a black hole
that absorbs mother uh such velocity that they are crazy the aggregation disk
produce this amount of energy and exposes
one of the brightest objects on the universe and this particular quarter is located
at for a 24 43 million years ago
it's really really far and is what of the furthest objects that we we can
observe so I did a little research about what what was happening here on Earth at that
time and well it was at a third normal Earth
about 21 or 2 400 million years ago
and was the the great oxidation event when cyanobacteria yes
combining the tier 2 with water and kind of like energy and the waste with a
reaction with oxygen so it was it was
amazing to to find out what happened here this is a stimulation simulation of
Howard would like on that time oh well I I started for a few nights
trying to find the the equator and uh
we are looking real bugging time and this is a sketch that I made that night
and that little that is the the Quasar I I could found it I I was like half an
hour looking and checking on on different uh software to to see if that was real
because the equator was a really nice observation and
most significant about this about the time what the the far I was looking at
and this on the right is a picture I take with with my dub and then the grid
five to to take that
and yes it was the the equator so uh well this
I I like to share this this third presentation to
[Music] to talk about this about the look but climb and and how wonderful it was it's
observing that because you you usually he starts a lot but
when you start to to think about the time it becomes an amazing observation
so thank you so much thank you Nico I was
uh while you were offline there for a couple of minutes I was talking about my own observation of uh close r3c273 and
uh it's it is amazing the feeling of that you're looking so far back into
time you know and then you match that with you think about how much further into a
space that has traveled you know because the the universe is expanding so it's
also been expanding all this time and yet we're seeing it at kind of a frozen point in time that we can see you know
and it has traveled all that time to get to you and what's even more remarkable is that
when you're looking through a telescope you see these things live uh it's it's
not a reflection it's not a recording it is you know these are real photons
really hitting your retina so there's some yeah there's some special feeling about that I think that you have that
you're saying it is a this portion of time because we don't
know now uh or tomorrow what happening there that is not there probably right
exactly right wonderful I'm glad that you uh made that presentation Nico thank you
very much yep somebody made the the comment that uh to
bring the hammer down so you already killed the hammer to us thank you Nico
okay so up next is Gary Palmer who's been waiting patiently uh in the UK what
time is it over there Gary uh it is half past three half past three okay
for as long as you like okay it's all right we get used to it yeah
um so anyway nice to be on here nice to listen to everybody this evening been
some very interesting talks yes um yeah I
I haven't really decided what to talk about and somebody asked me to do some bits on processing on the moon which
we're doing a minute but I did think um sort of looking back on things and
looking back in time um to actually looking back on images that I've taken
um certainly on the solo because it actually melts um a decade this year that I've been Imaging the sun
in Ho Chi wow so um it's quite surprising how bad your
images are when you first start out um and where you get a decade later so um just to prove that I did take bad
images sometimes um that was one of the first ha images
that I did um 10 years ago so
um it sort of moved on and it didn't take me long to work out what was going on and where I was going wrong
So within a couple of years um it's got moved on to this and that was with the Coronado 90 so to try and
do that in 2012 was very hard it wasn't easy uh in that day note
um basically on cameras and the limitations of the equipment
and probably knowledge as well the one thing that I learned very very quickly
in Solo is don't listen to Everybody follow your own path yeah um if you
listen to everybody then you're probably going to struggle quite a lot so um and then sort of moving on to this
you know moving on to these sorts of things I mean that's a few years ago now
um solar flare exit points on the surface you know you're doing this sort of stuff and now it seems that you
you're running out of things to do but you aren't it's the lack of activity on the sun
um same thing again the sort of solar flares in this Stone Age so that was really sort of
where I wanted to go on that and so so that you know um things change equipment changes and
probably in this day and age it's a really really good thing um to be getting into an astronomy
because of those changes in the equipment is fantastic what you see people doing uh from around the world
now so um moving on to the processing I put up a Luna shot earlier
and somebody said can you sort of run through this how are you bringing out the colors in the images so I thought
well the image was taken last night so um it was a video uh run up and captured
in here um I can't open the roof up it's still raining I was on the moon for a couple
of minutes earlier but the rain soon is starting to come back in so I was actually going to sort of run
this up in how we capture it but at the end of the day um it started on a deep Sky camera
um it's not necessarily a planetary camera but most of these CMOS cameras you can switch into planetary mode now
so um by switching it in and coming down on the uh the image size the resolution
cropping it off because if you start recording videos on these large cameras they don't they won't process there's so
much data there now uh coming off of the cameras and some of the solar images that we we've been doing over the last
four or five months very close into 20 gigabyte data in one video
so you've got to be quite careful when you're starting to do this on large cameras
um how big the video 5 is but this is the video file loaded in
um it was on a 90 millimeter telescope and it used a an ASI 2600 color camera
so it's all loaded in all we need to do is wander along look at a few of the the
images and try and pick out one of the sharper ones by sliding the bar at the top there so we'll go for something like
that and then what we're going to do is analyze the image and what I do say to people is ignore
this graph um certainly here for the last um forget how long now I've been
suffering with a lot of high Cloud most nights of the week um there's a lot of high Cloud moving
over and when we're getting the trenches the season you'll get that even more over this uh sort of next four week
period five-week period so this graph will vary a lot and I've had this down
really really low I've had it down below 25 still got nice images out
um once it's analyzed it through we need to look at the amount of phones there's 500
frames there these large format cameras you really don't need a lot of frames
some of them sometimes less is more so on this particular one we've got 150
frames and we're just going to stack that up yeah first off we need to place some alignment points on so what we need
to do there is make sure they're quite large because the image file is large you'll need the alignment points large
and don't be scared to raise this sometimes you're actually better Rising this up and certainly if you've got a
slow computer you'll want to raise it up um to speed it up a little bit in this process
we apply those across the image and then we'll stack
shouldn't take too long
okay so we open up registex we're going to just sharpen the image a little fraction
that's come into there um initial layer I normally set the initial
layer on full disk shots uh to one you have to keep an eye on this certainly on
the the limb of the Moon you'll end up with some if you go sharpening too much you end up with a really bright line
around the edge and it's really distracting when you've actually got your finished image there so it's quite
good to keep this initial layer down to one and then just keep your slider two
down quite low so we're just going to go for somewhere around the 10th on slider two and then we click do all
now I've had a couple of things um people saying to me about different artifacts and different things
going on on these um and this happens in solar as well when you're processing
large format images registex wasn't made for this um it was made it must be sort of best
part of 15 years old now and I think this version here is probably at least
um 10 years old somewhere around that and it's not been updated since and it can't handle sometimes
um the screen resolutions on Modern monitors and modern computers you do see lines go through the image those lines
are not always in your image they're actually just the the screen rendering of the system
so it's quite a good idea to save the image and actually have a look at it in something like Photoshop if we start
panicking that you've got lines and those scrap in the images um what we will do though is is the the
the Terminator line down here is quite dark um just with the phase of the moon so
we're just going to brighten it a little bit on the histogram yeah and if you double tap on that area
somewhere here it will refer to that area and you'll see it live on the screen it's just going to raise it up a
little bit and that's just not going to make it too dark if you image full moon shots and you've
got reduces on quite often you can end up with some halo around the outside of the moon in
the dark area and it's really hard to correct it's not an easy thing so by
Lighting in it you'll balance out the the difference between the black background and the actual surface of the
Moon once it's done we can save it
and then we'll just drop that down open up picks inside
and then I'll just grab the uh folder with it in and drop the image in
there
Okay so we've got our green moon first thing we're going to do is is crop
it in a little bit because of the field of view yeah we don't want all of the black around the edge and it just make
it a little bit nicer so if we go to Dynamic crop
still leave some black on it
and then what we need to do is just balance out this green here to remove it
um easiest way of doing that is to use linear fit in uh picks inside it's very
good at balancing our colors on planets and um uh lunar shots so if we separate it so
we're going to use the button up here to separate it into its separate colors
move these over just so we can see what's going on so you can see the difference in the colors there between
the blue green and red you see the blue is always a lot darker
so we bring up linear fit and then what we're going to do is select the green channel the green
channel is the one that's got the most coloring through the two green pixels
or doubling of green pixels it's probably the easiest way of saying that apply it to the blue Channel
applied to the red Channel and then if we go into
a channel combination we can recombine those channels back together again
and if you click on here you'll see it comes up with an r on the end G for the green
blue and then apply okay so now we've got our
image just going to close these off so that we uh don't get confused as to what's going on
okay so it looks quite monoculars at the moment um if you try out any color in Photoshop
you'll find that the way that photoshop looks at the colors it can really make some areas look quite
bad on lunar shots and what I've found is by adding the coloring using the saturation in pixinsight it's a lot
nicer it's a lot a lot more generic through the image so if we go to Curves
transformation foreign that up click on the image so it's blue
and highlighted I'm just going to move that over a little fraction and then we're going to put up the live view
so as I'm making adjustments you'll see it on here in the curves transformation
click on the S at the end the saturation tool and then when the first four boxes joined is raise it up and as you raise
it up you'll start to see the color coming in on the moon don't go too mad because you can do this
twice so generally not as much on the second pass
[Music] Ah that's right still got that open these closure Dynamic crop otherwise it
won't apply there we go okay so then we lower it for the second
one just raise it up a little bit we don't want to go too mad with it
okay so once that's done we can save it off and then send it into Photoshop
if I just saved that to the desktop for a second
okay
so the first thing to do is to rotate it in the right direction
there we go then you can do a number of things in here one of these is always a sharpening this
is actually to duplicate the image so if you duplicate it
that opens in the next Tab and then turn this to a mono image we're just going to turn it to Mono to grow scale for a
minute and then we can just take a little bit of the noise out so normally do a deep
speckle and then if we go to
sharpen yeah do an unsharp mask so that's already preset in there anyway
for that and then you might just want to brighten this a little bit just so that it's not so
dark on the backgrounds there
it's looking more and more incredible so what we're doing there is we're just
brightening the background a little bit so it doesn't look so dark and black in the the Terminator line
once you've done that and you're happy with it you can spend a bit of time on this and play around if you select it
all copy it
and then go back to your color image and paste it over the top
once you've posted it over under your layers there you now want to
adjust this to luminosity and then you can adjust the percentage
that you want to bring in that layer
once you're happy then you just combine them together yeah so flatten the image the last thing
I would normally do on this um as it had the reducer on and we were running quite fast you can see it's a
little bit bright around the edge there I'll just blow this up
and then I would just go into the blur tool yeah just run the blur to what just
around the edge there and it'll just take off the shell page on it
and that's your moonshot wow it's beautiful all the variations of
color and yeah everything it's wonderful sometimes she
finds that you you can get it a little bit light on the blue and that can be down to the filter that's in front yeah
whatever filter you're using and if you've if you don't like that blue you can just go into something like
selective color yeah selected signs and just take it back
that's it you'll see it's dive back down over here yeah and then that's it
that is the um the easiest way of extracting the color out on the the
lunar shots beautiful
that's great well um it's important to note that uh the
moon played an important role in uh our understanding of uh of Look Back Time
even though it's such a close object to us uh the moon uh moved perfectly in
front of the Sun in um and uh uh the eclipse of May 29th 1919
um and uh so Einstein had predicted that if if the
sun was uh obscured by a total eclipse that we could photograph the Stars the
background stars and then photographed the same region
without the sun being in in the way and that we would see a shift of the stars
as the light rays bent around our own sun and um so this is the start of
trying to prove uh Einstein's theory theory of relativity and uh it was uh
successfully done uh during this this uh particular Eclipse it had been attempted
before but you have to understand that emulsions the emulsions were extremely
slow I don't know something like probably like somewhere around ASA 6 or
something you know or ISO six as you might think of it and so um they needed a long duration Eclipse
to photograph the background stars and that particular Eclipse was uh over six
minutes so it was really spectacular they sent down two teams to uh to
photograph the eclipse this was uh um Sir Arthur Eddington uh uh who was
working with uh experimentalist Frank Watson Dyson and uh so they went down
and um one of them went to the island of uh
I don't know if I'm going to pronounce this right Principe off the west coast of Africa and the other team went to
um uh Brazil the telescope that was sent to Brazil had some problems with the focusing
mechanism and um and had shifted uh during the
exposure the other telescope was perfectly fine and so for a very long time up until
maybe about the 1950s there was an argument over whether or not that experiment was valid but nevertheless uh
after that experiment experiment was done in in 1919
Einstein won worldwide Fame and uh but uh you know as as scientists always do
they they want to be absolutely certain and uh of course
the experiment of light bending around
galaxies and black holes and all kinds of stuff has been done again and again there was a recent example of uh from uh
Hubble I think it was published this month the 9 Einstein ring which was just absolutely beautiful and uh so
anyways I I think that your choice of uh of image processing the Moon tonight
Gary was a very good one so thanks thanks it's one of those things that you
never really lose interest in imaging I think um you know and if it's clear enough
you're going to try and get as close as possible the same as any other Target in the night sky so it's um
it it's something that's always there and um it's always good to home new
schools in them absolutely absolutely and uh it's amazing to see you and take
that wrong those raw files and so quickly uh go through the image processing process when you did in just
a few minutes and uh and showed us really a mind-blowing us to annoy me with Luna shots of if I
wanted to draw that color out that a lot of the programs would oversaturate so
um you know when pixinsight came along and I spoke to a couple of people and they all know you can't use it for
planetary work and you can't do this and you sort of sit down there and play around with a few of these processes in
there and you know away you go um you can you could do a lot more in there if you want it's
um but it's just an easy thing but I think the thing is now is you notice the equipment I mean I've got an imaging camera
sitting here that I do 500 frames a second wow you know if you stick those
onto something like juice very powerful equipment you know you know it's true um
the advantages you know we moan about a microscopic camera with a second delay on it these
days yeah you know during one of the the actually
the very first Eclipse I I went to I was invited to go to Mauna Kea with um uh
there's a science program on public broadcasting channels called uh Nova and
so I was invited to be part of the Nova film crew and I went to Mauna Kea and um
and we were Imaging uh filming actually on 35 millimeter Motion Picture film uh
the eclipse itself but uh they had we were set up right in front of a
telescope that called the cfht which stands for the Canada France Hawaii telescope and it's
a it's a huge instrument David Levy and I were just talking about it this earlier in this program
um but uh of course they had electronic imagers on there this is this is uh uh
the 91 eclipse and so uh um but uh they the uh
superintendent of the observatory was talking about how the young uh you know
uh professional astronomers complained how long it took to get an image down
from the telescope which was you know it was just seconds okay that that it took
um but uh you know this particular guy that was uh superintendent remembered
when astronomers are still shooting on film which you know a much different
scenario you know is one of the reasons why I started
playing around with double stacking because in the days of having the the 19 millimeter and you know I'd had some of
the lunts come over and um the solar Scopes from the Isle of Man the biggest problem was was that the
cameras to actually get through all of the amount of glass that was in the double stack system it was really hard you you
the exposure was right up you were having to run you know the gains up on the cameras or the isos up on cameras
and you were finding that you were running down to you know probably five
six frames a second well you just can't do it you know the images were so noisy
and that was the reason why I started playing around with it was to come up with another way of doing the same thing
but allowing 30 more light through the system but the cameras now are totally
different you you could image on some of those older pieces of equipment that we had quite easily right in that day and
age you couldn't you know um and it makes a massive amount of difference if you're after Summit fast
moving on the sun um it wasn't happening um and I can remember when I posted up
one of the first images from one of the double Stacks that I'd make and somebody goes well you can't do that it's like
well you can it's hearing funny but the conception was that you couldn't do that you know it wasn't possible to do those
things so right um you know still playing around with it now and now the sun's getting active
again it's showing up a lot more detail and a lot newer things and there'll be a
lot more things to play around with probably next year now right as we're coming out the sort of
the Sun Season here Sun's going to be low for the next sort of three months four months
um you're not going to get much work done on it but it is interesting looking at some of the stuff even you know newer
people coming into the hobby how quick they've jumped up in their Imaging to
what we had to do you know sort of seven eight ten years ago right you get the
same fit right well you saw you saw uh Gary Palmer's craft of how he imaged
processes uh what Gary does uh he also teaches amongst other things in in our
industry he teaches people how to get the very best out of their astrophotography how to use their
equipment uh to the best it can be used and how to um not only acquire images but image
process like he does okay and so you can really be put in the fast lane by taking
one of his courses I'm going to put down a link that's on the explore scientific
website but it does link back to Gary it gives a little bit of background about
him and um uh he was kind enough to do kind of a more lengthy interview with us
to talk about the Sun so but if you've seen more of Gary's work as deep Sky
work is also mind link so Gary thank you very much man thank you thank you
well great okay so um uh we will move to uh Maxi folaris
Maxie thank you for coming on to Global star party tonight uh and uh uh Maxie is
also from Argentina so we have four astronomers I'm holding up two hands that's eight four astronomers from
Argentina uh which is uh amazing so uh thank you all you guys for coming on and
uh sharing uh all your knowledge and uh you know your your passion with us from
the southern hemisphere actually it's all yours man well thank you Scott hi everyone and
well thank you again for inviting me to this uh GSP and for it today I won first of all
say to you a good wave of the the the
the to bring the knowledge to everyone of the astronomy or space and everything
but uh well tonight I am I think I'm going to be very shortly because well I
didn't have to too much time to to be for to do some some pictures but the
last Friday I was invited for our friend Adrian Bradley that he did the the star
party on the beach I think that's what they call and
um I I was maybe at this time with my
equipment outside on my backyard and I want to show to everyone some kinds of
the objects that we have in the southern hemisphere that maybe is very low in the
North or maybe even it's impossible to to to see it so we've been jumping with
the go-to mount telescope eyepiece and doing some pictures uh about maybe
30 seconds with the camera a camera and I want to show you some some
pictures that I did that night that maybe
uh well uh it was a very shortly because
we were very excited to be maybe 47 to Ghana and then go to to a Galaxy and
then we try to be in the tarantula but it was my house then we go to school
cultural Galaxy and then it was like we are jumping in a hyperspace Point like
Star Wars something like that because when you see the the Stars training it
was some kind of bad well I want to share my screen
okay do you see it yes excellent so
uh before the I started to to do the the
little Southern tour of the Skies I was taking pictures of a place that I showed
before and of the
that's a region that we have a very at the Senate here in this time of the year
and it has a very good place to to to to
watch and also take pictures and uh well I finally have my equipment
established because I could take a
F4 and finally I don't have the dots strangely Stars so I can start to to do
some very good pictures well this is the the stacker image maybe I that was a 12
minutes a struggle and this is a symbol simulated straight
to see how it looks like
this stunning uh this place is a global cluster but
also you have part of a dark nebula and have the reflection nebula from that
you can see the stars shining and behind all that the the dust
and the the gas the reflection that it has I also this
place it has some kind of that but this isn't the focus they are two stars very
near from that and and also we have some Galaxy a very
little one very distant Place uh this almost at a
500 like years from us because in this place let me
ah this was not more up uh here in this place uh they they have the singularity
of I I think that I read that is starting to uh to create a new solar
system so it's I think it's the the mostly
um a solar system that is creating right now from very near from us
and well this uh was a single picture
uh and and then I only tried to to flood it
to get a without the the problems of the of the contamination and to and to be
very clean picture but I think I will not going to edit this because there was
a only a few minutes and they had very it's very noisy
but the the the field of view that I had
it is very amazing because you have all in this place you have a Galaxy you have nebula you have a global cluster you
have double Stars you have a new solar system it's all in a single picture
and this is good to um to well and in this case to to
approach um a to to share to everyone in a live
view because you can see this maybe in a single picture of 30 minutes sorry in 30
seconds and it's able to to show to everyone even in a live view Facebook
page a YouTube page or twitch or everywhere the technology that we have
to today it's amazing to encourage and
show to all to all of the world practically and what surround us
so then more later we went to a place a in the
in the constellation of eridanos that I went to the Galaxy NGC
1365 I think they call it and I do maybe
in this picture uh two hours and a half pictures stacking
uh but I have only one single problem the flats that I did uh they I think
they have more dust and when you see the picture is they they are circles of the
dust that is they focus it so this is all the field of view that I
had it and this is the the only stuck a picture that I did but you can see the
this galaxy is very
the core that it has and also the the
the the arms uh the spiral arms and also
uh the the the tiny Galaxy that surround this place and
you can see this particular this little line from here
there is another one and there are too many also this place and this is in the
constellation of eridanos or I don't remember Adidas or foreign
yes it's in foreign
but you know I have all the spring season to
start taking pictures of this place and to clean the mirror
no the mirror it wasn't it was the it was the corrector that's the correct in
the correct exactly because when I saw it today I see this little particles I
would say oh yeah okay that's it
yeah and I I really like the the spikes of the
Stars you you know I uh this is very at the at the free Fringe of the image and
I only have I even have these star trails and the focus I think it was okay
and then I I also more uh more later uh
and
I still of course taking pictures or and trying the the field of view of some
places and I went to the the horse held nebula and then to m42 but then the the
the clouds and the way the words weather it was a problem because when I went to
outside I have I I don't know it was only a circle a black circle I saw the the moon in a
surrounded by orange dust and and and mist and it was now
okay that's it let's let's put it again indoor
so this is it was the kind of picture that I was looking for because I have a
too many galaxies and I have to to start practice with a lot of information uh
and to see the the arms and the nebulosity of this
galaxy you know I think this galaxy is almost a 56 a million light years
so practically the light of this galaxy is a less a little less from the
extinction of the dinosaurs so it's very very old
so all the all the small galaxies in the area must still be part of the fornax
group of galaxies I would think I think yes because a more of this place uh you
have a very cluster galaxies they are very near uh I I could I didn't want to
that place because I was particularly searching this place for now but I think in in a couple of
days or weeks the I I maybe we have a second chance
so I grew up that area and I tried to process with the with what was what I
got and this is what I get of that image wow of
course beautiful looking very nice amazing if you go
inside you have you don't have maybe too much or very
maybe maybe a poor a processing but the the singularity and the the spider arms
is able to see it and I I think I have to get a lot of
information I also remember from the distance that it is
and then like I say I went to m42
and a this is only a single stack of
five or six you know six uh pictures a a change in the the gain of the of the gun
of the camera because the the the core of the of m42 was very writing and
uh okay I say you know that's let's let's get this and see what happened so
there was a pictures of three minutes only again maybe
150 and then 25 and then stacking and this is a what I what I get this is all
the the field of view of the camera with the F4 telescope of 8 inches
practically a enter almost the m42 nebula
and the the comma corrector it will be will
allow me to do the m41 the the running uh
so I only processed this place a
I don't know it was 5 a.m 6 a.m very very quickly and
it was exciting and I I get this of this
images let me put it more
bigger you know this place these clouds this
gas gas of dust and clouds there is it's amazing the contrast that it have it
you know the gray particulars the more uh more Darkness or
than red and also the Stars the the tiniest the stars and
this brown nebula NE velocity a and dark because in I think in this
place behind it they are more stars that they are they are
um shining that nebulosity so this place is amazing to
to start to practicing and also watch this
this is a place that we see very good in the summer Skies but right now is rising
up at 3 A.M and and I think it was maybe 4 AM these pictures that I that I took
then of course the the clouds say go inside good
yeah I I was I was in holidays in a few days but I I could rest so
uh well I think this is the little the the the practicing of my equipment that
I still working on and and of course uh it's a a good like the camera helps me
to of course any camera if you have a cell phone you can show in a live view
maybe the moon maybe the the the planets in the Facebook page to and show us show
everyone that you have a friends and or maybe a groups of astronomy and
everything the what's a a up Us in the sky
so well I think that's it thank you thank
you again thank you [Music] that's great
okay well uh our last speaker was um uh uh
Cameron Gillis but he had to bail out uh for uh due to another uh commitment
um we can we can take a break and come back for after party or uh how do you guys feel
um [Laughter]
it's very late for you quarter past four yeah yeah come on oh come on I
understand you yeah if it was clear outside yeah I'd still
be here Imaging it's a great finale yeah laughs
thank you very much thank you for this night yeah I want to thank everybody that was uh giving presentations Mariano
thank you very much for uh being on uh Global Star Party you are welcome uh to
come back anytime every time so it's uh you have a home here so that's great
thank you very much Scott I really enjoy this experience it's this was really nice thank you everybody for being here
and uh for introducing me into this really nice community
okay all right I think we'll conclude the global star party for tonight and uh
let people get some rest and uh um we have a little uh feature uh video
that I'll I'll conclude with and uh and we will tell uh bid all of you a good
night um uh hopefully some of you out there have some clear skies and you're getting some observing in tonight as well so
thank you for watching thank you for presenting and uh we'll be back next
week with global star party 66. now this next Global Star Party happens on the
date of the anniversary of the discovery of the seafood variable and the
Andromeda galaxy when Edwin Hubble back in 1923 something like that uh made this
discovery and so um we will be talking about uh
um not only that Discovery but just discoveries in general and personal discoveries that uh we all make as
amateur astronomers I have my personal discovery of Saturn when I saw it for
the first time you know it was a huge impact on me so um but uh uh thanks for again thanks for
watching and uh Adrian you check it in here with us
yeah I am uh here at a residence of uh one of
our uh fellow lobra astronomers and um just dropped in to say hi I saw some of
the global Star Party earlier about he did an excellent job
um with our little astronomy at the beach presentation thing that we did
um we had a good time and people that joined enjoyed seeing some southern
hemisphere objects they normally don't see here in or up in Michigan right now
I'm in Denver Colorado so oh this is normally I'm this is late but uh I'm on
vacation and it's actually earlier for me now it's actually 9 17. so feels
better yeah it feels better to be joining the star party at a reasonable hour for a change right that's right so uh yeah so
that works out this is one of our shorter Global star parties we had um uh a couple of people that could not
make it that that had uh would normally be here but uh
um you know we had a we had a good start party anyways you know I look back at uh
all the talks that we had with um you know uh Kareem gave a excellent talk on
on uh distance scale um uh Mariano poisson uh who's still
here with us uh he is a uh you know professional solar researcher
um uh and he's working at the San Miguel solar are you working at San Miguel solar Observatory or is it still being
renovated Ariana
that is part of the national Agency for research okay all right that's great
that's great yeah it was an honor to have you here so um yeah I see Cesar and Cesar was here
still here that's right yes I couldn't share with your third party
because I was in the in the our meeting and I don't have the connection because
my idea was connect with you to your third party West what's that possible
well it's okay I mean we didn't Maxine uh
did very well yeah we didn't have much going on this time at the star party
last year we actually had a few speakers including David Levy who um he's a member of the Warren
Astronomical Society which is a part of our group and we had him join in give a
talk we had a brother guy casamagno gave a talk uh Dolores Hill
gave a talk last year at our star party this year it was just live views and you
know we had a few live we had some solar viewing um and a couple different uh
live views you know we had someone handling the Northern Hemisphere Forest
um gentleman by the name of Doug Bach uh Dr Brian Adam did a presentation and
then maxi that come on and um you know that benefit of my house
sometimes yeah yeah we we he imaged the tarantula nebula as soon as it Rose
right over the uh right over the rooftop of the neighbor's house so uh
so yeah so there's uh so the planes are still you know we're still hoping to
come down to uh Argentina see it live yeah that's the goal but uh but yeah
we'll be we'll be going a little early towards uh where Okie Texas held we're
gonna camp out a day ahead um we're actually gonna go near the end of this week
now you're going to um black Mesa are you going to uh Camp Billy Joe
we're going to start at uh black Mesa okay for a night and then we're gonna join the rest of our little crew at Camp
Billy Joe okay and we're gonna yeah we're gonna get together as a group and
and go after some of those faint objects oh they're there yeah yeah I plan to
have a couple of pictures um mostly for posterity's sake and to
see what my uh newly modified Canon um 6D is gonna do
and then after that it's mostly visual I wanna I wanna see mostly
you know get back to seeing it with the eyes that reality so much the feeling
yeah yeah and not so much trying to make the uh imager work or you know anything
like that if the the electronics don't work I'll starhop there should be plenty of stars to start off with you're going
to be lost in the stars there it is so dark um and it's a great facility they have
uh they have showers of course they've got a restaurant that's open most of the
night um so you can go get a hamburger or whatever something you know to drink
some hot coffee if it's cold um you're up was it about 4 000 feet
there is that right yeah I think it is um so you're up high it's dry
skies are really transparent you're far far away from any City Lights you know
uh in even the small towns that are nearby don't emit much light at all so
uh you're gonna really enjoy it yeah that's what I'm looking forward to if the rain forecasts aren't true there
are some I think there's uh some cloudy days forecasted um
as long as you know a couple is nine days and I registered
for all nine so you know let's right we're hoping for some good weather and at least four or five
of those nights right have a good night Mariano we uh I
just saw your chat um okay good night good night
thank you Mariano yes I'm just I'm hoping to enjoy the experience and hoping it's not going to
be the last so what I learned the information I gathered from uh
you know this experience would just go into planning for the uh next event so
that will uh so it'll be fun right say I look forward to it I'm going with
quite a few uh fellow astronomy amateur astronomers from
University lowbrow astronomers they started the University of Michigan and most of these guys have been going
most of the years they they went back as early as 2012 and
and even I think 2009 for a couple of them so so I'm looking I'll be leaning
on their experience I'll be watching out for the uh tarantulas and the tarantula eating wasps and everything else oh yeah
I've been warned about yourself to have a hope to have a good time one way or another the last time I
was at Okie text somebody was uh one there's like a hill that goes up
and there's uh some sort of they keep like a some sort of toy or teddy bear or
something up there at the top of this mountain people go and and walk out to
okay and it's right above so you can look down on the on the uh on the Okie
Tech star party it's a nice vantage point but this guy went out and you'll probably hear the story and I may have
it uh have it all wrong but as I recall uh the light was not it was getting dark
and uh it's okay he misstepped and I think he broke his ankle up there so you
gotta be careful yeah I I imagine it's this is as dark as it gets yeah there's
no big hospitals around okay so uh you know yeah so it's um
yes you because you are letting you know Safety First yeah
yes it will just definitely I'll have to be careful but uh yeah so I'm looking forward to it
um we'll see what happens I did we uh packed the car we drove took us three
days but uh we got this far and then you know once we take off a couple more days
we'll be uh we'll be out there we'll we'll start at black Mesa and
yeah the moon will still be setting you know along with the Sun so we'll be
uh you know once it gets dark we'll see what we can do all right it'll be rising
late still so we have too much hours yeah yeah that's that's the whole idea
this is a this is the first time I've taken a vacation in a while so I don't have to shouldn't have to work they right
looking forward to just you'll be working to go from one galaxy to the
next
I'm looking forward to it now Scott you're going to be in Kansas City right I think uh I'm just doing a virtual talk
yeah for Heart of America star parties so okay and then uh I am working with
night sky Network and they're working with NASA and we'll be broadcasting I
guess on some uh some of not the main NASA channels but some channels that
NASA has and uh um and so I'm looking forward to that that's with uh Vivian white
um and that'll be October 9th so okay so the last day if it's raining and
we're all frustrated then I'll have to tune in tune in right you won't be observing so we'll
have to tune in so no it sounds good I think you have a good chance lots of clear nights so uh just uh yeah it
should be good all right looking forward to it all right well I'm going to take off but
uh good seeing you all again glad to be invited I you know next Tuesday I don't know if I'll be able to
be live on location but you know I've done that before yeah if I can jump it if I can drop in if there's enough of a
signal for me to be live on location I may try that so yeah it'll be a good test
what phone service are you using are you using 18 I use a T and T and I heard ATT
is out there so yeah so I may be choppy I may have to cut the video but if I can
hear and I can yeah you can tell us how it's going down for sure yeah yeah we'll
do it okay all right all righty thanks everyone
I enjoy the view and blow your mind with those Stars
I I'm looking forward to that yeah even if it's cloudy it'll probably be in my
mind how dark it is enjoy the nature enjoy the peace absolutely yeah
this is all right thank you for uh thank you for the presentation that you gave with the star party and everything and
it made me uh it made me wish that I could have been there uh that's a beautiful old size refractor telescope that you
were showing there and uh uh now did that refractor come from uh The
Observatory complex that you're renovating absolutely yes yes
because the the air force uh give him to
use only uh the today's uh because the observatory is not yet for for the for
the major uh for the government local environment
um the the mayor visit us while we went in the we stayed in the fire and because
it's a very very you know very friendly and he's really interested
um when I I tell him because I said I tell about you in our soon on Thursday
because um uh not it's not it's not uh
everywhere in the world it's not normal that a major is interested in something
to recover about science and he's personally personally
interested to get this for the local government to have like like a
Educational Center uh and this is very important because
sometimes you need and you know an own uh ND or but but when you have the local
government interested to give for for to to make a
Observatory work again is really great it's a great because they are
um they are working uh with the Air Force to trespass and get the the key of
the observatory there for the local Department this is very important to start to work seriously in recovering
and uh work in the process of recovering each instrument in that that observator
but you know it's a really huge economic effort
especially in Argentina uh politic things that is very important to show to
the people that it's a real that real interest in science you know but I think
that we are in in the right way about this um I I really I really hope that
it will be a great a great
time to have something become became returning to be something
working again yes well it will just offer so much inspiration you know for
people to visit it you know because yeah you'll see the beautiful instruments you'll see the science they'll they'll
meet people like you that are doing educational Outreach and uh you know setting their you know Hearts on Fire
about science you know so absolutely absolutely Maxi you are invited to to in
October I think that we can make another another third party inside the
observatory oh to make uh to make something of course alien too if you if
you like to come to Argentina you know that absolutely
yeah justify the truth you don't need the only call to Maxi to
me and we can make the tour for you no problem it sounds good and it's typical right
yeah yeah it's very near to
the west but it may be 100 kilometers only one hour
yeah your friends are talking about going to Buenos Aires yeah how far is uh
from uh two hours driving it's uh
we've just driven we've just driven three days worth so yeah as long as we land no no no for North to
the south in Argentina is similar to Essence to the West in South America
United States if going because it's four four thousand kilometers 4
500 kilometers less than West to coast to coast to
United States
that's easy for Adrian no problem no no problem that's what I do I get up the
roads the roads mostly and in Argentina middle of uh freeways
unfortunately drive carefully ah yes all right well it
sounds good I'm gonna go ahead all right Adrian take care oh good seeing you good see you good night again
I'm gonna let you guys go to bed okay maybe get something to eat or whatever I'm gonna get something to eat and uh
yeah uh but thank you so much so very much and um all right and we will we will see you
next week hopefully okay so take care again good night to the audience take
care good night everyone good night galaxies once were regarded as Island
universes isolated Realms of gas dust and billions of star that were separated
by distances unimaginably fast
in fact galaxies prefer yeah the gravitational pull of a large
massive Galaxy attracts like sized and smaller Neighbors galaxies May Gather in
modest groupings like these or congregate by the hundreds in enormous clusters this is Abel 1689
largest galaxy clusters known this view spans some 2 million light years or
about the distance between our Milky Way galaxy and the nearest big spiral
into the space Abel 1689 packs more than 500 galaxies
as astronomers mapped nearby Galaxy clusters a more complete picture of cosmic structure emerged
Galaxy clusters Gather in super clusters and overlapping superclusters form
chains and filaments spanning huge swaths of the sky
welcome to the cosmic web this all sky map shows structures
created by more than a million nearby galaxies deeper studies show that this pattern
continues to even greater distances the cosmic web appears to be the backbone of
our universe
the universe came into being 13.7 billion years ago
about 400 000 years later it had cooled enough to form the first atoms the event
created a sudden pulse of light that astronomers now measure as the cosmic microwave background
and the universe went dark of years
eventually hydrogen gas cooled enough to collapse and form the first Stars
these Stars not only re-illuminated the universe they became the seeds of all
future Cosmic structure the James Webb Space Telescope may be
able to see clusters of these first Stars it may even catch a few of them dying in
Supernova explosions either the first stars or their progeny
gathered into the first galaxies these were small gas-rich dwarfs nothing as
Grand as the big galaxies we see today but they were the building blocks of
modern galaxies as the dwarf galaxies form Collide and
merge into bigger galaxies the cosmic web begins to take shape
[Music] with the James Webb Space Telescope astronomers will Glimpse the earliest
phases of construction that led to the universe we know
[Music]
find it tonight a look at the really big picture and to Elizabeth Farnsworth in San Francisco today's issue of the
journal science reports new information about the evolution of the universe it is apparently expanding faster now than
it did in the past that's the conclusion of new studies carried out by an international group of astronomers a
lead author of one of the studies was cosmologist Adam Reese of the University of California at Berkeley and he joins
us now thanks for being with us thank you what is it that you learned well we've been using a supernovae which
are exploding stars and uh we've been using them as tools as a cosmological indicators of distance what do you mean
using them um well we'd like to map out the universe we would like to see how fast it's expanding uh but the universe is a
very dark and uh occasionally a supernova explodes and it illuminates a piece of the universe and while it's lit
up we can use that Supernova to measure how fast that piece of the universe is rushing away from us and what if so you
you're looking through the Hubble and other telescopes right these expect these stars that are exploding billions
of light years away that's right and then what do you do so what we've done is we've used the supernovae to measure
uh how fast the universe is expanding today and then we found some very distant supernovae which are about 5
billion light years away and it's taken the light so long to reach us that when it does reach us it tells us how fast
the universe is expanding when the light left the supernovae so we can use this information to compare the expansion
rate of the universe today to the expansion rate about 5 billion years ago and we should just remind people of
supernova it's actually a star that is it is is a huge mass of stars explosion it's a star which has reached the end of
its life cycle and can no longer hold itself up under pressure and explodes okay so what are the conclusions you've
drawn after looking at this information so our expectation was uh that the
Universe would continue to slow down after expanding you see there's gravity in the universe everything is pulling on
everything else all the stuff in there the planets the stars and the galaxies and we thought that this expansion would
slow down uh what we've actually found is a very strange result that it's speeding up and this is we should just go back to
the beginning this is all the expansion originated with what people refer to as the Big Bang that's right that's right
and so you're finding it speeding up and why um that's a very good question uh as I
said our naive expectation is gravity would cause it to slow down and the less gravity we have the less it would slow
down and yet it should never really speed up unless there's some other force
or some other sort of energy out there which is uh acting in the opposite direction of gravity uh now Albert
Einstein had suggested even back in the 1920s that there might be such a force he called it as cosmological constant
and described it as a repulsive Force something that goes in the opposite direction of gravity uh so we're trying
very hard to figure out what's going on with this data but the implication seems to be that this cosmological constant
this repulsive Force might exist and might actually be pushing the universe out uh faster overcoming gravity why did
some scientists react with what one called amazement and horror to these conclusions why was it such a shock to
them or to you oh um well it's a very desperate scientist
which uh which relies on such a outlandish sort of mechanisms to explain their data so we were hoping we'd find a
more simple explanation something mundane but but instead you found a new force in the universe well it would
appear that way uh we've gone down a long laundry list of other possibilities and one by one we've checked them off
and uh from what we can see there's really not too much left besides the possibility of this repulsive Force okay
now put this give us this in a little bit broader picture so that somebody who has no astronomical knowledge could
understand it how how could you explain this in terms that would be easy for for me to understand is there an analogy
that you could use um well I think the hardest thing for people to understand is what it's like
when the universe expands um and I guess a useful analogy would be
uh if you had a loaf of raisin bread and it was rising in the oven and it was getting bigger and doubling every so
often and you were just a raisin in the middle of the raisin bread and that's not sitting in the Milky Way galaxy all
the other galaxies are the other raisins and as the loaf of bread expands all the other raisins appear to be rushing away
from us and it's interesting to try to measure at what rate this loaf is doubling in size that's the expansion
rate uh you might expect it to just keep expanding at some certain rate but what we found is the lope is suddenly getting
bigger and bigger at a great speed and does that mean that the Universe could just keep on expanding forever well uh
if you take this result at face value if this is really true the implication is yes that the Universe would expand
forever and it also allows us to make a pretty good estimate of how old the universe is
we estimate using this technique the universe is about 14 billion years old
that's older than had been thought right that's right and uh if this turns out to be true it may be a relief to some
cosmologist there was a problem in cosmology known as the age crisis remind
us what cosmology is cosmology is the the study of the shape structure and dynamics of the universe and uh there
are some stars in the universe which are thought to be about 12 billion years old and at one time we thought the universe
might only be 8 or 10 billion years old so it was this kind of strange situation where uh it's like you're actually older
than your mother and that doesn't seem possible if this cosmological constant exists it will also represent a
correction to the age of the universe and allow it to be older than some of the oldest objects in it which doesn't
mean this is true doesn't mean it's right but it sure would be a relief is there a lot of skepticism still about these findings among scientists oh yes I
would say so and I would say that we're very skeptical too um as I said uh we'd like to find a more
mundane explanation for it but I think if this isn't right it's probably
something equally as interesting hmm what do you say to somebody who says why should I care about this you know I'm
sitting here I can see the stars they look great why do I care about whether it's expanding quicker now or whether
it's going to end with a bang or a whimper well I think people have always been very curious about space in the universe
uh I think our everyday experiences we look up and we see all the stars and they just look Frozen there and we would
expect the universe is just static but to learn the universe is actually Dynamic it has a history it has a start
it has a future and I think once we come to understand that we want to know the answers to these questions when did it
start why did it start and where is it going what's the ultimate fate and finally in a few seconds we have a lot
left what kind of studies will end some of the skepticism do you have studies underway now
um there are other groups which have worked to confirm this result and they have
actually confirmed it from this experiment but as we often find in science it may take a completely
different experiment something which has a whole other set of assumptions to confirm this uh probably in about 10
years scientists are going to be studying the cosmic microwave background which is the radiation left over from
The Big Bang and there may be clues in that as to whether there really is this repulsive Force okay well Adam Reese
thank you very much thank you foreign
[Music]
[Music] [Applause] [Music]
why do we chase this thing jumping from one continent to the next
just to bathe for a moment in the absence of light who are we
searching for T.S Eliot wrote We Shall Not cease from
exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we started
and know the place for the first time qualities of seeing an eclipse is it
makes you understand that every given thing is in a particular pattern relation
thing it gives me a sense of scale gives me a sense of where I fit in to the universe
it is is Art it's poetry it's this kind of experience of going and seeing
totality in which what feels merely metaphorical is suddenly experiential
counter immediately afterwards you have that overwhelming desire to see another one that's the moment an eclipse Chaser
is for these are folks who are running all over the world through this event that lasts all of two or three minutes
to learn these people it's Unique each time and therefore that freshness even if
we've seen it over and over again oh my gosh it has the potential to re-inspire
us [Music]
total eclipse of the sun doesn't just unfold in the heavens it transforms the minds and hearts of those who experience
it firsthand same is true of Journeys to the most remote regions of our planet
whether we're standing on a mountain peak or in a stark polar landscape we can't help but reflect on our place
within the larger scheme of things
[Music]
foreign [Music]
[Music]
foreign [Music]
[Music]
wow [Music]
[Music]