Global Star Party 118

Transcript:

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good evening it's Scott Roberts here from explore scientific in the Explorer Alliance and I'm very happy to introduce
you to the 118th Global star party with special co-host Stephanie shostak from
seti the theme of our program tonight with all of our speakers is astronomy's
biggest questions and we are allotting a extra long
period where Seth can field your questions from the audience about your
biggest questions about the universe or astronomy he has a broad broad knowledge
about uh you know life in the universe the creation of the universe he is an astronomer has been for a very long time
and so very pleased to have him on as a special co-host
then up next will be David Levy a legendary Comet Discoverer author
and he'll be doing uh his segment on his thoughts of astronomy's biggest
questions and some poetry Chuck Allen from the astronomical League
who always engages our minds to learn about the
biggest and the most far far away and and uh you know stuff that typically
blows our mind with his presentations he'll be on talking though about the astronomical league
and the upcoming Alcon event pran Vera hycini who was on last week as
well is getting her PhD and part of this is
her studies of spectral properties of asteroids and comets she loves asteroids
I know she often talks about them she even has an asteroid named after her which is really cool
but uh so um she'll be on uh before we take our 10
minute break and then we'll come back with maxi filari's astrophotography to the max Robert Reeves his postcards from
the Moon you know his amazing lunar photography Cesar brolo astronomy from
Buenos Aires he'll try to give some live images from his
um from his patio out there in the middle of the city and then we have John Schwartz who often
does very I mean remarkable technical drawings of deep Sky objects but I think
he's going to have a little fun with this on this let's go around because he loves to also do drawings of aliens and
that kind of thing so and he he likes he does it for fun you know so anyhow I can
expect something a little different I think Adrian Bradley with his beautiful nightscapes will be on and is chasing
Starlight segment and then young Navin senpil Kumar who's given several
presentations on global star parties he comes back uh with one of his
subjects of his choice so you know here on global star party if you've ever
thought about giving a presentation you want to sharpen your presentation skills or whatever we're happy to have you on
the event uh you know as long as your topics are about astronomy and space
exploration so thanks for tuning in and uh
we are we're going live now [Music]
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I love those videos from NASA and I'm really happy that we're able to share them uh tonight is a special night we
have Dr Seth shostak here with us but it's also special in the regard to
uh maybe tonight you know Arkansas is right in the middle of this big storm path and we may lose power so if you see
me like instantly disappear it's not going to be sucked into a giant black hole or even a small black hole but uh
that maybe without power for a little bit when that happens usually I can get back
on so hang in there if you see me disappear the rest of the presenters will still be
on uh that's just the way Zoom works we also have David Levy with us David's
had a little bit of internet problems so we were going to have Seth on first but
I think we're going to bring David on for a few minutes and he can introduce Seth shostak so have your questions
ready because he's here to answer your big questions about astronomy so
here we go David you want to come on on yeah thank you very very much
it's wonderful to be here and uh I was before the live part started and Scott
asked me if I would introduce Seth I was I'm doing somerself say I I mean I've I
know we've met each other but um and you look very familiar to me but I don't know he was well as I would like
to to give a proper introduction but I will do my best but first the quotation
astronomy's biggest questions is our theme today and the biggest question
that I offer is a very personal one it's something that I've been going through
for the last number of months since sadly I lost Wendy last last September
then I lost my cell phone about two weeks ago and so early today I was trying to
arranged to get a a backup cell phone so I could join the world again and then
our internet was off until about 12 minutes ago and suddenly it came back on so here I am my quote today will be from
Oscar Wilde de profundus it is the big questions but the one fear is a very personal one
it's from Dave profundus society as we have constituted it will have no place
for me has none to offer but nature whose sweet rains fall on
unjust and just alike will leaves cliffs in the Rocks where I
may hide and secret valleys in whose silence I may weep undisturbed you will hang the night with stars so
that I might walk abroad in the darkness without stumbling and send the wind over my footprint so
that none may track May to my hurt you will cleanse me in Great Waters and wear bitter herbs make me whole
um thank you and
just excuse me for a moment and uh
the big questions and I think the good questions are weird anyway we're trying to evaluate today
I can get my voice back um the big questions that we're trying
to evaluate today have to do with the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence and probably the biggest question that's
ever has come to us the idea of
are we alone and this is one question where I think Hollywood has made a fabulous job
answering them really really fabulous beginning with my favorite movie of all
time which is most of you know Stanley kubricks
Space Odyssey I remember one of the many times I've watched it
was on an airplane flight and I had headphones and the seat mate that I had next to me
I kind of noticed he was looking over and so I stopped and I said you're not getting the sound he said I
don't need the sound I just have the visuals and I'm in loving this movie just watching the
visuals on your laptop and um
I had the Good Fortune to meet the director of the
telescope on the radio telescope um the very larger rate in New Mexico
and um this director is a graduate of Acadia so
I happen to know that if anybody who's graduated from Acadia especially in physics in
Acadia and then becomes director of the very large array has got to be good and
we talked about the many movies there were two movies made at the very large
array one of them was 2010 and I know before we went on Seth quoted from that
um all these words are yours except your Europa attend no Landing there
but I also remember being very friendly with our Arthur C Clarke
and I happened to find his email address years ago and I just wrote to him and he
will be back and we had for the last 10 years of his life a wonderful
female relationship and I remember watching 2010 one night
and just to the scene where they showed the Spot on Jupiter my god did that remind me of the Shoemaker Levy 9 impact
spots so I wrote to Arthur and I mentioned that and he wrote me back
immediately and he said I never realized that I knew it reminded me of something real
but until you wrote to me I never noticed that's what it reminded me of I'm going to see the movie tonight again
for the millionth time just so I can see that scene and it really was so such a
pleasure to be able to share it out with him thank you but as we go on to set I think we're
we're talking about probably the greatest question in astronomy today
and I think that question is are we alone I am one of those that believes we are
We Are Not Alone and that um one day and probably not in our lifetime
but one day we will find the answer to that and of course in um
other movies but have come out by Hollywood untact
um Close Encounters of the Third Time the list goes on and on these are major Hollywood masterpieces that dealt with
the question of are we alone it is my deep pleasure right now to
introduce Seth filstock who is going to attack what I think is astronomy's
biggest question Seth now to you thank you very much David well that was a very
florid introduction and one that I certainly don't deserve but I thank you for it in any case yeah well astronomy's
biggest questions I mean you know those are the kind of questions that you would find probably in any scientific
discipline right you want to of course understand phenomena That You observe
and I I guess all phenomena are involved at some level with astronomy astronomy
encompasses all these phenomena but the traditional big pictures uh questions that astronomy has addressed are you
know what's out there right so that's where amateur astronomy actually uh can
make serious contributions I point out to you that uh astronomy I think is the
only science discipline where the amateurs actually push forward the
boundaries of research you know there aren't too many amateur organic chemists
uh that there may be but they've they've been Coy and I've never never run into any uh or uh you know nuclear physicists
you know you don't throw that as an amateur but astronomy you can not only can you do it
but you can actually make a contribution right whether it's discovering comets or
timing the you know the the periods of binary starts or whatever all these
things were uh are valuable and indeed in the early days if you go back 150 200
years I actually remember most of that if you go back 200 years uh all the
astronomers were amateurs right they were mostly guys in places like England that had a lot of money and consequently
could a afford to build a telescope and B afford to sit around and look at it or look through it at night something that
the uh polloi could not afford to do so uh astronomy is somewhat different than
the other Sciences in that regard that it has a very vibrant and productive amateur community
now as far as the biggest questions I mean I haven't thought about that terribly much myself but when I was a grad student one of the questions that
came up in the course of my doing my my thesis work I was measuring the rotation
speeds of galaxies right and this was expected to be a fairly uninteresting
phenomenon we thought we knew how galaxies rotate they would rotate according to Kepler's laws so that's 400
year old physics and we we you know we that's what we anticipated but that isn't the way the uh rotation of the
galaxies where it's coming out actually the problem was they were rotating too quickly in their outer regions and I can
remember quite vividly walking home walking home walking back to my office uh at the Caltech Computing Center you
know with another stack of output because in those days computers would talk to you via paper and ink uh but
showing that the galaxies I was studying for my thesis were all rotating too quickly it just didn't make sense and I
knew I thought I knew what the answer was right it's one of those situations in in in science which I think happens
actually quite frequently where you have some idea what the experimental result
will be before you do the experiment and indeed my one of my thesis advice is I
have many but one of my Visa advisors had me spend time trying to figure out what I expected to come out of my thesis
and uh you know from my point of view it was to get a degree but in fact uh it it
produced these results that seem to be very counterintuitive namely that the galaxies were spinning too quickly now
today we know why that is well we don't really know why that is but in a sense we know because it's due to the fact
that galaxies are more massive than we thought they were you can add up all the stars and all the gas in between the
Stars usually never amounts to more than about 10 percent of the total Galaxy Mass when you just add it all up and see
what okay this is how much this galaxy tips the scales at right man
and and somehow the the dynamic behavior of the Galaxy the rotation of the Galaxy doesn't agree with that
and what does that mean well I'll tell you what I thought it meant I thought it meant there was an error in my software you know you have to write all these
programs to reduce your data and all that kind of thing and uh I was sure that given my limited coding skills and
I'd simply made a mistake and that the galaxies were actually rotating just as Kepler would have
predicted and that my models were wrong well it turns out that they apparently
weren't wrong because we now know that galaxies in general if they spiral galaxies which is you know the category
of galaxies so we know most about in this regard uh rotating too quickly in their outer regions and that just means
that there's some Mass out there that's not producing Starlight it's dark matter
very informative term Right Dark Matter well it's matter and it's dark so we'll call it let's see Dark Matter okay now
Dark Matter oh well somebody just decided to yes turn me off that's okay
um but you know the explanation eluded me for
quite a while because I just didn't believe the result and as it turned out the result was right now the answer is
still unknown though what is that matter and you know the the trouble is that there are many many candidates I mean
things like footballs it was suggested to me once that maybe the outer regions of galaxies are filled with footballs
now you know I it's unclear why the universe would work that way maybe it
gets a kick out of it I don't know but if they're football's out there sorry Scott
I love that I think we just lost Seth now that I did
not expect Okay so I think the Seth will be coming on back on here in a second but
um um but I I think it's interesting to have
someone on the program that is uh uh was actually involved in the discovery of uh
of what's being called dark dark matter today and here he is yeah so I don't
know what happens Seth maybe it was a gamma ray burst uh well I I think it was some sort of uh
commentary on my my lackluster presentations are we
back uh on the air back yeah you're on the backup that's right so what I was saying was actually it's the
behavior of the Icelandic government that's a plate no we expected that galaxies were going to
be very well behaved in the sense that when you looked at the speed of gas or
stars or anything else in the outer regions of the Galaxy it would be following Kepler's Law in other words
the speed would decreases uh you know the square root of the radius but something but never mind how it happened
it was the fact that it was expected to happen and it wasn't happening that way so this
kind of motivates what Isaac Asimov once said about the most important words in science which were not wow or anything
like that the most important words were gee that's funny and this was definitely
funny it took many years before people accepted the fact that there was clearly mass that was missing in the universe uh
just as a kind of a anecdote that might or might not amuse any of you uh at the
time that I was presenting this yeah at the colloquium in Caltech a guy
in the back row by the name of Fritz sawicki I think the name is probably familiar at all the audience here Fritz Mickey he stood up as he did in every
club and he said well I proved that in 1932 and so forth you know all the young
people in the uh in the room were kind of snickering eye there goes Fritz now with h I have learned that actually
Fritz Wiki did write all those papers in the 1930s and he was mostly right in
fact I think that he's kind of been undervalued but in any case so all right
flat rotation curves the rotation that's too quick in the outer regions has led to something called Dark Matter we also
know now that there's something called Dark Energy uh and I think we'll talk
about that too but it it is a consequence of the fact that yes the universe is expanding I think you
know every school kid knows the universe is expanding I have to say my my own birth is expanding but what is causing
the expansion well that's understandable if it was a big bang you know 13 billion
years ago I expect everything to be expanded since then but what you don't expect is that the expansion is
accelerating in other words it's speeding up the expansion's speeding up and that doesn't make any sense uh
unless you invoke something called Dark Energy you have to you know give credit to astronomers for having tremendous
inventiveness when it comes to naming anything so uh indeed we have dark
matter we have dark energy and those are two of from my point of view uh the most
important subjects for investigation in astronomy today another thing that I
might mention obviously Scott has said something about life in space and I could go on about that until the uh the
bovines return Shay knew but they if if we're going to talk about about life in
space yes we can do that but it involves things we really don't know we assume
that there must be life in space because there's life here and it's hard to point to anything on our planet or about our
planet that's very special right we don't seem to live in a very if you will
a special environment an unusual environment so uh you know the presence
of life here certainly implies unless you believe in miracles certainly implies that we would find life
elsewhere that's why it would be very interesting to of course to find microbes on mars or several of the moons
of Jupiter and Saturn that to which uh David uh alluded so all right that's a
big question too is there life out there and so forth uh I think I've you know I've wandered on here to the point of
costing Scott all his audience uh can we take questions from the audience Scott is that possible yeah well there there
was a question I mean there's obviously they all know that you're from Saudi and
um you know I I it would be interesting to hear um how you arrived at Saudi yeah that's
a that's a piece of your life I don't know much about but um but the question
is is um is there any new citizen science programs coming down the pike yeah well the citizen science at the
city Institute has been if you will a non-existent project there was and many
of you all will remember this seti at home remember this seti at home you
would in fact uh set up some software it was a screensaver you would set it up on your your computer your home computer
you're sitting there doing some work and then you take a break to go for dinner and when you walk away from your
computer the computer notices that you're not fiddling with a keyboard anymore and it starts up this program setting home which downloads some data
taken by astronomers at the University of California at Berkeley and processes
it this was a way of getting tremendous amounts of compute power without having
to buy big computers right and uh it's something like seven million people actually downloaded seti at home
eventually and it was reducing data that had been taken by the city team at the University of California Berkeley which
prompts me to point out to you that seti is a very Niche Enterprise even for
astronomy which itself is a kind of a niche science it's a niche Enterprise in the sense
that uh you know the idea of looking for live uh
the the the questions that we ask in astronomy these are of maybe limited interest because they
don't have practical application now for those of you who are more than about 350 years old
you know you may contest this by saying that well of course astronomy is important because it allowed us to tell
time which really means to know where we were on the surface of the Earth for navigation astronomy has always been
important but that's not true now right you don't you don't need the heavens you don't need to watch the skies the big
Transit telescopes and stuff like that in order to tell the time in order that your Navy can know where it is all of
that can be done different ways now we have clocks that you can build even you know on a cloudy planet they would work
so that's a little different and then so maybe I I would ask for other questions
but just sort of finish by saying something about why we do astronomy why
do we do it I mean it's interesting but so are a lot of things and so what is in
it for us to do astronomy and I think the answer is that astronomy
is a it's mysterious B IT addresses really big questions right I mean it's
it's astounding if you actually think about it that 14 billion years ago there was no
solar system or anything like that there was nothing in the universe as far we know there was nothing and now there is something
and you know even for the standpoint of philosophy that is really a very deep deep mystery why there's something
rather than nothing A lot of physicists have thought about it until their funding ran out so uh that's uh that's
something we can consider are there any other questions Scott or you know if you had enough I uh absolutely I mean I did
I did want to ask you I mean now that we have you here uh what was your path I
mean you go from uh measuring uh um galaxies uh you're one of the guys
that helps uh um discover uh the presence of dark matter
um and then you you come into this um obviously maybe you saw Frank Drake give
a talk or something like that I know that you were good friends with Frank um you know what was the journey like at
the Early times of Saudi well the reason that I got this job at the
city Institute was just because of an accident I attended a party well let me
let me back up I was living in Europe for a long time uh 13 years but then I came back in 1988
uh to the United States to actually work with one of my brothers on a project a
startup project now that went ventral side up within a year so that ended but
in the meantime I had gone to a party in Berkeley California and uh Jill Tarter heard that I was seen
at this party and so she had one of her one of her people call me up and say you
want a job here so that's how I got the job it was uh because I knew Jill Charter from Radio astronomy days but my
background my background is checkered but uh most of it was spent doing astronomy
actually radio astronomy radio astronomy okay and uh you know we keep coming back
to I think every astronomer I mean as we look up in the Milky Way and we'd spend
uh you know I I can't tell you how many hours I spent at the eyepiece gazing and
uh faint fuzzy galaxies and stuff and wondering you know is someone looking
back you know and uh um you know the uh
the thought that life exists elsewhere in the universe is something that is
shared amongst a lot of I would say the majority of scientists they believe that
that it that it must exist out there and they're looking for it um but uh there's
um so far uh no clue that I'm aware of that it might exist you know there's
methane signatures and maybe some of the atmospheres around exoplanets or uh or
even other signatures around planets or moons in our own solar system what do you think are the most I mean
tantalizing if you had to like pick some things to say okay these processes are going on uh you know
what what is it that gets you most excited that life
must exist out there well I don't think that there's any compelling evidence so far actually for life out there now
you're right about methane CH4 for those of you who like to use chemicals
shorthand uh CH4 has been found in space and and it can be the product of the biology on the other hand it can also be
the product of volcanism and we know that falconism well interesting is not alive so we haven't found anything
that's uh pointing in the direction of the existence of life
that could only be explained by the presence of life we haven't gotten that far but I I I'm sure that within the
next 10 or 15 20 years we will right because we're sending you know more and more sophisticated Hardware to roll
around on the rusty Dusty surface of Mars and uh eventually it may turn off the fact that Mars once had or maybe
even still has life that would be interesting even if it's microscopic because it would tell you at least that
biology's you know very prevalent so that would be a good thing uh but there's no evidence so far and certainly
not for intelligence I mean there are plenty of people who claim that the aliens must exist and that sounds
reasonable because otherwise we're very special we like to think we're special uh but you know we
haven't found that yet there are people who claim that the aliens have even visiting as you know that's a very
popular idea particularly in the United States 100 million Americans believe that's true but uh you won't find many
scientists who think it's true but if it were true of course that would have directly answered the questions of well
is life unusual and what about intelligent life and by the way they can also travel between the stars that would
be a very you know substantial result if we were to find that somebody was
visiting us but I think that the evidence or that is very very poor right yeah
so um right yeah there was a there was some commentary here uh from Ben Crossway
watching on Facebook he he says when the sun uh explodes I I imagine he means
when it dies uh we will all be sent throughout the
Universe and sometime the Sun this is some will create life not that
we know um what's interesting is that we basically
know what planets are made of we would be silly to think that we're a unique planet and our planet has uh and its
growth might not be at the same at the time as ours be younger or older
um or more advanced um I think this is something that a lot of
the this line of thought is something that a lot of us might share you know in
in that we we kind of know that there's this life cycle of of plan or stars out
there everything has kind of this birth main sequence period maybe and uh and
then a death it might be either quiet or violent as it reaches its conclusion
um I think you know maybe this is just kind
of an extent uh or an extent an extension of
you know the life cycle of our whole universe you know
um with new planets being created new stars being created things dying out
there is that in any shape what we would call life
well you could Define I mean you could call it that Scott if that would make your day but uh
but the facts are we don't have everything but if so then you need better days but
but I you know we we don't even know how to define life right they're they're
more than a hundred uh if you will academic descriptions of what it what life is and uh no single
one of them is probably any better than any of the others but you know it's very hard to do to Define what life is and
yet we continue to seek it elsewhere um yeah I mean that may not have much
consequences maybe the thing is to Simply adopt the the policy that Judge
Potter adopted many many years ago in some cases in which they were discussing
pornography but Justice Potter's was asked well what is pornographic any hour
and he said well I'll I know it when I see it I'll know it when I see it but
it's kind of an operational definition uh but you know it doesn't maybe help you if you're
trying to Define what life is right
there's other big questions out there too Seth I mean you know uh is the universe infinite that is still one of
the big questions yeah well well I don't know but I mean it
could be that it's it's uh it's boundless in other words you never come to a wall
right at the end of universe right or last gas before end of universe you never see that sign
right but on the other hand it may not be infinite in terms of its contest in
other words it could be finite and yet unbounded and these are terms that you
know physicists like to throw around but for example like the uh
well a globe is a good example right I mean you can just keep moving on the
globe indefinitely there's no there's no wall this is the end of the globe right but it's it's also finite there's not an
infinite number of Acres if you will or hectares if you prefer that uh so it may
be that the universe is like that too that if you just went off in what you think is a straight direction for a long long time you might just come back to
where you are that depends on things like the curvature of space and so forth and so on about which we don't know
terribly much yet but uh it's it's possible that the the entire universe uh
yeah is is finite there's you could count it up they're this number of galaxies and this number of stars but
you never get to a wall right now there's a question from Maxie who's
uh presenter here uh he says how uh this is how how do you choose the nearby
stars to study and search for an indication of Life at study yeah I'm actually well in in the old days old
days not being all that long ago but what we would do is we would try and find uh
star systems that we suspected might have a planet more or less the same size
as the Earth and at the right distance from the star that it's neither too hot nor cold or liquid water and all that
the usual the requirements in other words if it was a system somewhat like our own
I I think that uh while that's okay and probably very safe it's maybe a little
bit too safe maybe it's too conservative because you know one thing you can say about life is that it's very plastic
it's very adaptable it can adapt to you know really tough conditions they're very few places on the surface of the
art where you don't uh surface of the Earth but you don't have life because life can adapt and that doesn't mean it could start in such places but at least
once it gets life going it's gonna be tough to keep it down it survives almost uh everything so uh yeah I I don't know
I let's go to another question I I can't say anything it's going back this is from the audience Curtis horn from the
YouTube is uh he says uh what does South think of the explanations of Galaxy
motion that uses general relativity well
I I don't know what those are actually that's that's my first comment but I
don't think in general you don't need general relativity uh for such things as Galaxy's motions because they all sort
of collapse to Newtonian physics at least on the kind of scales both time
scales and dimensions of astronomy so you you need you know relativity for
some aspects of astronomy but surprisingly few I think was that a that was kind of a
disappointing answer that that guy might want to get his money back justifiably
uh let's see uh Ben Crossway watching again from Facebook he's he's asking is
the universe flat yeah well what he means by flat of course and what does that mean yeah yeah
the geometry of the universe uh can it be described as being flat as opposed to
the curve well I don't know the answer to that but if the questioner does I
would suggest that he write it up and uh then book a flight to Stockholm to collect his prize
right right um
okay uh you know you are someone that also debunks pseudoscience
uh UFOs and um you know other things
um that that is in the pseudoscience realm uh what's your greatest story
of of debunking pseudoscience well I don't know about debunking but I
I certainly do I I view the idea that we're being visited
on skepticism I I and you know that's an old Story I mean the first claims that
we were being visited or at least that people in New Mexico were being visited go back to 1947. right and Roswell and
all that stuff anybody who's been to Roswell by the way uh will notice that the entire downtown area which consists
of you know four corners basically it's given over to shops selling you know plastic aliens wind-up aliens
battery-powered aliens and so forth and so on uh the the story that aliens crashed nearby Roswell in 1947 was the
greatest fan that ever happened to the city of Roswell because otherwise nobody would know nothing yeah I mean it
actually has other claims to fame particularly in rocketry but nobody knows that uh in any case
uh yeah what was the question I don't know what's your question my question was
this what is your greatest story about pseudos well I I certainly get a call several times a week I get calls or
emails from people who are you know experiencing difficulties with aliens uh in their personal lives and sometimes
they call up uh there was uh you know one guy who claimed that his dog had been abducted by aliens and uh
you know he was concerned about that well he might be other people of course just think that they have been abducted
by aliens and in fact if you look at the polls that are made of this you know how many people think that the aliens are
out there well that's like 80 percent right well maybe not I mean maybe that's just
a slam dunk but I mean out of the I mean crazy in this sense that so many people are like yeah this this has definitely
happened you know but if you ask them you know uh uh you know a sighting of a celebrity or
or anything like that many people have never seen a celebrity you know in person you know uh walking down the
street for example um so but a lot of people do believe that
there's aliens out there and I I think that that is um
I don't know where they come to that conclusion you know based off of no one no you won't find aliens in the
encyclopedias you won't find them uh you know in any science papers
um you know they're they're kind of absent you know in that regard so um you know I I'm wondering what what is
the what is the strongest factor to make people believe that they're there is it is it just popularization in movies
newspapers you know uh I used to like to read the weekly World glove where they
had the you know the alien that hang out with with uh W you know so that's right they
were always infiltrating the White House yeah well I I think that it is as you imply the consequence of the media
popularizing the idea of aliens uh Hollywood certainly likes aliens and has for a very long time actually yeah uh
okay getting close to a century in fact and the reasons are not so hard to find
I mean to begin with you can make the aliens as ugly as you want right nobody's going to complain the aliens
don't have a big Lobby in Southern California uh the other thing about the
aliens is that because they're from another you know another world they have knowledge that we don't have and
consequently can do things that we can't do right they're capable of doing all sorts of nifty stuff that you know you
might wish you could do but the aliens can do it and uh as I say the fact that they're
made up means that they can be perilous they can actually be perilous and that's
a good thing for a movie where you have an enemy that's implacable one that you can't massage into behaving a little bit
better um yeah okay I think I think by the way
there's another point about the aliens and they never ask and that is they never ask for residuals so from
Hollywood's point of view that's a good thing okay a couple more questions and then
we'll uh we'll we'll uh call it a night I guess um uh and move on to the next speaker
but um uh uh Chuck Allen from the astronomical League uh is asking he says
from what range could we expect to detect electromagnetic Transmissions
from another civilization that was using a similar level of technology to our own
yeah well it depends on you know how you're looking I mean if you're looking for radio emissions and I suspect that's
what Chuck Matt uh it depends on whether they decide to deliberately Target us
right because if they say dog on it that third planet around that star over there
that looks interesting because we found oxygen in the atmosphere and that's you know very unusual uh so there must be
some sort of biology down there so we're going to Target it directly uh with our
you know used car ads or whatever they're going to broadcast to us and if that's the case if they're willing to
spend the money to build big antennas to focus their Transmissions then you
know they don't have to have a whole lot of power at all I mean you know the power of the light bulbs are 100 watt
transmitter with a big enough antenna would make a real honking signal here on Earth now if they're you know ignorant
like most of my relatives if they're ignorant and just broadcast to the entire
universe and omnidirectional Transmissions then for us to hear them at any reasonable distance even the
distance of Proxima Centauri then they have to you know put many many millions
of watts into their transmitter so it all depends on indeed what the aliens are trying to do
an unsatisfactory answer I can I confess but it's reasonably accurate
okay and um Maxie is asking what is your opinion
if someone uh answers or we found indication of Life what do you think
will happen to society well in the beginning we sort of know that because actually there have been
such claims in the past and while they turned out to be either hoaxes or misinterpretations of data I mean you
know many people believe that they were for real and what happens right away is
that the media grabbed the story and you're going to get you know all sorts of Story I mean that's going to be
number one story on the Nightly News scientists claim they found aliens or whatever the story is that's the first
thing that happens but eventually you know people are going to be asking well okay so where is it coming from and so
forth so you point to you know this right essential declination up there and that's where the Signal's coming from
and people will say well are we going to speak back are we going to respond and we could we have the technology to do
that but some people would say that's not a good idea because if you respond they'll know we're here and that could
you know threaten our future so uh it it will just be a huge story until people
have accustomed themselves themselves to the idea that not only did it seem
reasonable that we have company Among the Stars with that we've actually shown it's to be shown it to be true
the long-term consequences you have no idea it would be like asking you know Chris Columbus hey Chris you're getting
on the ship here and you know what if he stumbled across undue continent or something like that I'm sure nobody said
that to him but if they had you know what would be the consequences of that well Chris would have zero idea what the
long-term consequences of that Discovery would be and I think we're in the same situation here do stuff do do countries have any
protocols in place in case that you know life is is determined outside
of the off of planet Earth yeah there is a there is a protocol at least for seti
researchers uh okay and yeah it's good it's called Declaration of principles following the detection of whatever
right just because this was set up in the 1980s actually by people who work
for NASA and uh there was one one gentleman in particular who did that because he was concerned
that we should have a uh you know a white paper on this question if if we
pick up a signal tomorrow night what happens do we keep it secret do we tell everybody you know do we write our
grandmom and tell her hey and as a consequences this document it's about
four or five hyper written pages but it says only two things maybe three things it says if you find a signal first thing
to do is to confirm it make sure it's real and of course you would do that and not only would you do that but you would
call up people at another Observatory and say Here's here's a position on the sky and here's a range of frequencies
you check out this to see if you can pick up a signal so you know that that's an uninteresting point the second thing
it says is don't respond to the signal without International
consultation now that at least is interesting but it's totally ambiguous
what does it mean International consultation yeah right you know you you talk to your cousin your cousin Vinnie
who happens to live in you know south of uh London or something say hey Vinny should we talk back to these guys or not
so it you know it's it's very ambiguous it it's never well it has actually on
occasion been looked at when we thought that maybe we had found a signal and there were some people who were partial
to the idea of bureaucracy must be right who looked at the uh the protocols and
tried to decide what to do next right okay
um well I I think that uh
I think you've covered a number of different things I I am um uh
I am still uh someone that is always in awe like as most the amateur astronomers
are of uh of um the uh you know looking up at the Milky
Way and wondering you know what's out there uh and I think that uh kind of something
that keeps me going is showing other people the universe you
know I'm I love being a sidewalk astronomer I love showing people the rings of Saturn for the first time I
love showing somebody their first nebula their first Galaxy and talking about the
distances and kind of their connection you know with the universe uh and um you
know this is something that's been uh has driven me my whole life and we
talked Seth you and I talked earlier about uh you know why so many people are
drawn towards uh astronomy and you know I think that there is um
it is something that it's something so vast so unexplained
that it kind of draws you in it's something that you know you can get a small telescope and you can
participate in a very personal exploration and you get these feelings
uh this Russia Discovery when you see something new
um and uh you know I think it takes us from the mundane you know of where we are on earth I I myself I mean one of
the things I make myself do when I wake up in the morning is I notice that the sunlight that's coming in through my
window I tell myself that you know this is this is just some light bulb that turned on
and it's daytime okay this is a star you know and we are we are uh orbiting this
star we're actually flying through space at incredible speeds and uh every little
piece of information that we find from uh new observations uh really uh uh get
me going I mean I'm just uh uh sometimes thinking about it all it makes me a bit
busy you know you know with uh with all of that and you know you have spent uh
and you know your professional life looking at the universe and uh and now
you're kind of at the Forefront of trying to find life elsewhere in the universe what what is what is it
um what is it like to be uh in that uh space for you Seth I mean are you are
you just are you just as awe-inspired as as uh are are you like yeah you know
this is old hat you know this is are you uh how is it for you
well Scott uh I'm not even asking that question very correctly but you know yeah what's it like to be you Seth I
don't recommend it actually but but that aside uh I I mean even as a kid I got
interested in astronomy when I was eight years old I saw a drawing of the Milky nothing the
drawing of the solar system I asked I asked my mom about it she said those are planets which was a word I hadn't heard
anyhow so that's that goes back a long time and I happen to be uh fortunate enough to have relatives in New York
City whom I would see fairly frequently and I would always go to the Hayden planetarium where they had this
wonderful Clockwork they probably still do this wonderful Clockwork or array you know this model of the solar system on
the ceiling you could just sit there and watch Saturn go around the Sun uh you know it took years of course but you
know they usually didn't kick you out I I was interested in astronomy as I say from a very early age
um lamentably I was interested in other things as well but in any case when I
got to grad school I decided to that the astronomy Department looked more interesting than the other departments
I see I see well anyways so thank you very much for
being on global star party and uh we are going to
um we're going to head off uh to our next speaker um but I really do want to thank you for
being on with us and um so I'll introduce Chuck Allen Chuck
um glad to have you on global star party thank you yeah and uh I know you've been
busy um uh you know made some trips uh uh you
know I think some some of it involving some astronomy as well but uh
um you're getting ready for Alcon uh and um I think that some of you are actually
going to the Northeast astronomy forum is that correct yes Carol orange and myself uh and Terry Mann all three of us
will be there that's great that's great well I'll turn it over to you
um Chuck thank you for coming on fantastic thank you very much uh and by
the way uh Seth was probably gone but I do want to say that I had the privilege of hearing him uh at Albuquerque at our
national Convention and he's one of the most humorous and entertaining and informative speakers I believe I've ever
listened to so if you need a great speaker uh you need to get him he's
fantastic I think you probably got a smattering of that during uh this presentation tonight
um I'm going to cover just a little astronomy tonight and I don't know how much time I really have but we'll we'll
try to do this since um Dave iker's not here he likes to talk about minerals a
great deal and I'm a little more basic and so I'm going to talk a little bit
about elements um this is an element collection that
I've put together over the years I've got 90 of them and it's uh it's fascinating when you
realize that over a hundred million compounds as simple as water or table
salt on up through complex hydrocarbons DNA chains and so forth are
composed of these elements some of which are highly corrosive some of which are pyrophoric some of which are highly
toxic some of which are radioactive and some of which you can chew like chewing gum
uh nonetheless there's a question about where they come from
um and Scott can you see this slot okay yes yes okay I just want to make sure uh
these are a couple of my more exotic uh samples the polonium is undoubtedly the
deadliest of all the elements uh simple gram of that properly distributed could kill 12 million people oh my God uh
astatine and plutonium are uh found in these samples in detectable amounts in a
mass spectrometer and uh so you can actually get this naturally the plutonium was delivered to the wrong
address um but a neighbor nonetheless and so
what I want to talk about tonight basically is where all these elements come from these elements that you see here there
are about 95 that occur naturally down through amerisium and uh
of those I'm missing five the rest have to be created in particle accelerators
and exist for only a very short period of time um the reason it's hard to obtain some of
these francium for example cost a billion dollars a gram that's a little out of my range and you're buying
something with a 22 minute Half-Life so that's a little difficult actinium is 215 times more radioactive than
uranium-238 and if you have a sample large enough to see a speck you will see
a turankoff radiation glow around it and be well advised to get rid of it or stay well away
we all know that elements are created in the process of fusion
the fusion of particles to form heavier particles heavier atoms and
one thing that might surprise a lot of people is that when you have a nuclear explosion such as a hydrogen bomb which
we often liken to the process that goes on in the cores of stars
not a single subatomic particle is lost now we're told that matter is converted
to energy in these explosions so we would anticipate that a lot of atoms
would disappear into a burst of energy but that's not the case not a single proton not a single Neutron disappears
in a nuclear explosion and to explain where the energy comes
from uh in this conversion of Mass to energy we need to talk a little bit
about the atom here you see a helium nucleus two protons and two neutrons now
those two protons are positively charged and the electromagnetic repulsion
between them is enormous bear in mind that electromagnetic radiation
is a do a decillion times more powerful the electromagnetic force is a Duo
decillion times more powerful than the gravitational force that's holding you in your seat right now that's a million
billion trillion trillion times more powerful than gravity so the idea that the repulsion between
these protons would be enough to cause the nuclei of atoms to fly apart seems rather obvious and yet they don't and
why is that what holds them together inside of protons and neutrons we have
quarks that are held together by an even stronger Force called the strong force which is about a hundred times more
powerful than the electromagnetic force and it binds these quarks together confines them into a certain radius if
the quarks wander too far apart the force actually becomes stronger and pulls them back together
and some of that strong force leaks out just far enough to hold the nucleus
together it has a very limited range only about the width of a nucleus unlike the electromagnetic force and the
gravitational force which have infinite range now if I take a ball and I throw it I
know from uh Mr Einstein that the mass of that ball
will increase and in fact if I tried to accelerate that ball to the speed of light I would
need an infinite amount of energy and as I try to reach that I have to reach that because it would the ball would suddenly
take on an infinite Mass if I were able to get it to the speed of light so you can't do it there's not enough energy to
do it but similarly if I apply a strong force the strong force to a nucleon and
by nucleon I mean a proton or a neutron and an atom it too picks up Mass and so the more strong force that's
applied to the particles in the nucleus of an atom the more massive they become
and that's the key to this chart here which is called the mass per nucleon chart and what you're seeing here is
basically how heavy the protons and neutrons are in different elements you can see you start with deuterium and
tritium takes a lot of nuclear binding energy or strong force to hold those together
as you go to slightly heavier elements like helium lithium oxygen and so forth
on down the list you need less and less strong force per proton and neutron and so the protons and neutrons are slightly
lighter until you get to iron which is the most stable nucleus of all
then you start working your way back up the chart for uranium and as you go up the charts you need more binding energy
per nucleon to hold them together and herein lies the key to the fusion process so let's suppose we take a
simple fission of uranium the secret to the atomic bomb we take a slow Neutron fire it into the
nucleus of u-235 we get a fission to occur it breaks into
perhaps barium and Krypton and fires off three extra neutrons now you'll notice that when we started we had a hundred
and we had 92 protons and 144 neutrons when we're finished we have the same 92
protons in the same 144 neutrons but we also get this burst of energy where did
that come from well when we broke apart the nucleus of the u235 it became barium
and Krypton and the amount of strong force needed to hold those two nuclei together is less
in total than the amount of strong force that was needed to hold the original u-235 nucleus together and that's the
energy that gives us these types of explosions Fusion works the same way
take the deuterium and tritium Infuse it you'll get a burst of energy and a helium nucleus and a neutron but you
start with two protons and three neutrons you finish with two protons and two neutrons but you get this massive
explosion the reason because as you fused deuterium and tritium together to
form helium you're moving down the mass per nucleon chart these protons and neutrons and the helium are slightly
less massive and that energy is lost in the explosion so where do all these
elements come from this will be quick and dirty not as detailed as I would like it but time limits one is Big Bang
nucleosynthesis the Big Bang of course was an incredibly hot event at the very beginning but it
was progressively cooler and there was enough time for quarks to join together
to form nucleons that then bound together to form deuterium and tritium and
eventually helium and we ended up with the universe that had about 75 percent hydrogen and 25 percent helium for a
variety of reasons mostly because of the cooling that was taking place it was a non-compressive event it was a
decompressing event if anything um that's where it stopped and so we
ended up uh with two elements basically being created by the Big Bang hydrogen
and helium mostly hydrogen now that means that as we look out to
the current record holder for the most distant object we've ever observed which is Sears 93316 light travel time of 13.6
billion light years we don't expect we'd find planets in that proto-galaxy the
reason is it's only about 200 million years after the big bang what we're seeing here hence we would not expect uh
anything in that Galaxy to have been composed of anything but hydrogen and helium time needs to take its course to
form stars that become supernovas that then create heavier elements as we'll see
another source of elements is something called Cosmic respellation which is something involving cosmic rays striking
the upper atmosphere we have a very high speed proton that comes in as a cosmic
ray and Strikes oxygen in the atmosphere we get a spray of protons we get an
alpha particle we get a neutron and we get beryllium 10 which then decays eventually to boron 10.
similarly if we get a high speed Neutron coming in that strikes a nitrogen atom we get a proton an alpha particle and we
also get beryllium 10 and Boron which rain down on the planet giving us the
elements beryllium and boron then we have our explosive massive stars
supernovas classic supernovas that process really invokes that mass
per nucleon chart again as the hydrogen begins to run out the star begins to collapse because the
radiation pressure from the core is not as high as it used to be and gravity starts to win
but eventually that compression creates enough heat to begin fusing helium
to form carbon and the radiation picks up again and holds the star up and this continues
this process of burning the ash left over from the prior fusion reaction until you get to iron
now when iron when the Silicon Runs Out and the star begins to collapse and
tries to take the iron and fuse it to form yet a heavier element the trouble is when you're at iron and
you start going to heavier elements you need more energy in to the fusion reaction then you get out of it
because you're now moving toward heavier nucleons again and so the star collapses
at that point and that collapse creates enormous temperature increases in
pressure which therefore generate elements Beyond iron which is right here on out through Krypton basically so the
this upper tier of the periodic table comes from classic type 2 to supernovae and that material that heavy material
gets strewn out into space as a result of supernova explosions where it can be subsumed by the
formation of new solar systems which will then have heavy metals in them heavy metals that can be used to form
planets and second generations of stars exploding white dwarfs are another source of elements
exploding white dwarfs undergo a
process of runaway Fusion uh when they occur basically what's happening is that
the red Giant's gas is accreted onto a white dwarf until it closes in on its
Chandra say car limit almost becoming a black hole at which point you get ignition and the creation of uh enormous
amounts of heavy metals including about half the nickel in the entire universe
and so these elements which are also created in type 2 supernovae are also readily created in the exploding white
dwarfs dying low mass stars are another source our sun is one of these low mass stars
that will die eventually creating a planetary nebula and ultimately a white dwarf
these stars like the Sun have cores that are too small to collapse like a major Supernova So eventually we'll end up
with a slow process of nucleosynthesis occurring as the star
becomes a planetary nebula the S process or slow process means that you have an
atom that's being bombarded by some neutrons it gains Mass becomes a heavier isotope
converts a couple of those neutrons to protons becoming therefore a heavier atom but then it decays fires off an
alpha particle and becomes lighter again but then gets bombarded by more neutrons in this Decay and so it's a slow step
process to increase the size of the atoms that are being created uh as the
star dies and this gives rise to these elements lithium carbon nitrogen and more or less
the middle tier of the periodic table but in 2017 we discovered something else
at ligo and Virgo observatories we found a an event in NGC 4993 that you see here
it's called gw170817 it's 130 million light years
away and this event was the merger of two neutron stars
when you have a lot of neutrons packed together and they Collide you're going to get a lot of nucleosynthesis because
Neutron bombardment is exactly what under creates these elements by the way
this event is estimated to produce between 3 and 13 Earth masses worth of
gold wow don't you wouldn't want it though because if you had that much it'd be completely worthless anyway the process
when two neutron stars collide is much faster it's the r process or rapid process you have so many neutrons firing
in so fast that you get heavier elements before decay can occur and so you get very rapid creation of heavy elements
and that creates a lot of the rare Earths down here thorium uranium
plutonium americium and a lot of the heavier elements on the regular part of
the periodic table here finally of course we have man-made nucleosynthesis the elements from curium
on out to organicin at element 118 are created for very brief periods of time
in most cases in cyclotrons and particle accelerators the remaining elements
occur simply because of radioactive decay and the elements that you see here
which include most of the five elements I don't have yet in this collection are
created that way and so here's the chart showing where
all your elements come from all the building blocks from big bang cosmic ray vision dying low mass stars like the sun
merging neutron stars exploding white dwarfs and regular type 2 supernovas all
contribute to the process of creating the building blocks for the universe if you want to know where you come from
well you're 65 percent oxygen that comes from supernovas
you're an 18 carbon that comes from low mass star death like the creation of planetary nebulae 10 hydrogen from The
Big Bang 3.2 percent nitrogen from low mass star death again like the sun
uh 1.5 calcium from supernovae and white dwarf explosions and one percent
potassium from supernovae if you want to know where your gold and silver rings and your fishing sinkers and your
bismuth crystals and iodine antiseptic and tungsten filaments and mercury vapor lights and radon come from that comes
from the neutron star mergers and I'd like to uh to close this out by inviting
you to join us for astronomical League live which is
coming up and why the data is not listed on this I don't know can you see the date at the top
uh April 28th yeah it's blocked it's blocked by my it's blocked by my panel uh our Eastern thank you our speaker
will be uh Michael Baker author of eclipse Chaser total solar eclipse and
uh he will be talking about the great eclipse coming up in 2024 so I'll invite
you to enjoy us uh to join us at that time thank you Scott I appreciate the time thank you so much yeah I love that
yeah I would um uh I'm curious are those uh some of the the slides of the
elements is that available anywhere for a download uh of my collection yes
uh well I haven't yet I just took those pictures today so
well we have a client I'm fascinated by especially the breakdown of what's in
our own bodies so it's it's very cool stuff anyhow thank you for thank you for
coming thank you Global Star Party um we are moving on uh to have a comment
I'd like to oh please do come on okay thank you anyway I'm sure I've told this
story before but it's too good not to tell those who may have missed it the first time
my story about the elements I was in Dallas about to give a lecture at a large
private high school and I believe it is the high school where um
where the fellow who is running the New Horizons uh when to
oh what is his name Scotty oh
you're talking about Alan Stern Alan Stern yeah is Ellen from alma mater anyway I was walking to the auditorium
and I passed a very large and beautiful um
um periodic table on the wall and there was a young boy sitting
a sort of teenage boy sitting on the chair right underneath it and I was in a pretty good mood and I
stopped and I said why are you here and he said well honestly I was bad and
my teacher has sent me here and he's ordered me to learn the periodic table
and I thought boy you must have done something really terrible to have to do all that
and The Economist sort of has looked down a little bit and I said well let me give you a hint
I said hydrogen and helium one and two on the periodic table
comprise well over 95 percent of all of
the elements in the universe of all the matter in the universe the all you really have to do is learn
hydrogen and helium and then you're done and he just looked at me and laughed and laughed
and I'm really glad I had that conversation kind of sort of give them an idea
of where we are it's a complicated periodic table but at its basis it's
very simple I just wanted to say that and back to you and shut I really did
enjoy this I'm really glad this is one of the best Global star parties I've been to thank you Dave I appreciate it
thank you very much guys okay so we are going to
transition to pran Vera hycini Prim Vera is uh coming
to us from Europe you're in Europe right now is that correct
I know I actually came back last week oh so you're back in the States yeah I was
there for two months I just okay yeah last time I actually spoke to you I
was in Dublin and it was it was an amazing trip I got to see a lot of observatories across Europe including
the Greenwich and the Paris Observatory and so many telescopes it was amazing
um anyway I will try to deliver my talk on special properties of
asteroids and comets uh because this is what I'm currently working on my thesis uh since this is
gonna be only a 15 minute slot and I was all day in school I just got back and in
fact I was a little bit late because it was stuck in traffic I did not get there with a lot of slides together so you
know it's uh something you know maybe tell us what you know and and uh you
know that's yeah just some things that are gonna be here are gonna be really important to
okay can you all see my screen yeah it's full screen now oh perfect okay so uh asteroids of
course we all know them because everybody when we mention asteroids especially the young kids they're always
asking questions like when are they gonna impact or when this when that they kind of consider them as a threat but in
other words asteroids are like everywhere in the solar system and not all of them are close to us
and there's so many of them they're like hundreds and thousands of them and uh
most of them are fairly small in size uh we are you know we have asteroids that
are like from starting five kilometers up to a thousand kilometers which is series uh the largest asteroids we have
in uh solar system and most of the asteroids actually are between Mars and
Jupiter where it's a Snow Line um so why do we study asteroids like why
do we care right now all planetary scientists and astronomers they mostly
Focus their research or you know they probably they just go after the big
stuff of their planets exoplanets uh their IC moons which is all a lot of fun
but I just don't feel like asteroids and comets actually uh get enough attention
and they're really important because asteroids uh are the building blocks of
the planets and they hold some of the most primitive stuff that we have in our
solar system uh if we want to study how our solar system was like billions of
years ago we go and look at asteroids because the material that formed these
planetesimals has most of the time not gone through any heating episodes or any
of that so it just got together a creative like that and it remained like
that without changing so it's like one of the best Labs we have to study the
past and how do we study asteroids it's a very uh big question and a lot of
people think that we only study asteroids by sending a spacecraft and getting sample returns and all of this
but they're like hundreds of thousands of asteroids and we cannot send a
spacecraft to each and every one of them so in this case there is a technique that scientists use to study asteroids
and that's the called spectroscopy so spectroscopy allows us to study their
reflected lights from these bodies because they do not generate their own light like stars so all the sunlight
that is being reflected from the surfaces of these bodies we point the telescopes and then the telescope is
hooked to a spectroscope and that's how we receive this light and then we study
the slides and of course if you can see here you can see a large dark asteroid
which is quite big in size and a small bright asteroid but if you look at the reflected light it's pretty much the
same amount because the large one is pretty dark so it has a very low Albedo therefore it's not being able to reflect
as much light whereas the smaller one which is fairly bright it's been able to
reflect more light so when we look at these two bodies we're getting the same amount of reflected light although
they're like different sizes and of course different composition as well
so also depending on their size we can have um infrared emissions so infra Dimension
can also be explained as heat so these asteroids are being receiving light and
absorbing it and then they kind of re-emit this in infrared and most of the
time when we look at asteroids in in you know with our spectroscope sometimes we
do not want all that infrared and Mission we want to only focus at the
reflective light therefore scientists have created like models and softwares all of that so we
can correct that so we can in fact remove it and we can only study the reflected light and it's same with the
Sun so when the sun is pointing at the asteroid and we receive the slide uh
when we receive it the Spectra the reflective light it's actually mixed with a Spectra of the Sun so we have to
subtract the Spectra of the Sun so we can isolate only what's reflected from
the surface of the asteroid so what's all about this reflection light well
asteroids are mostly composed of different minerals so all all minerals will have a different
absorption feature and reflection so they will absorb some light or reflect
some depending on the type of mineral so when we see that when we receive the
slide then we look at the Spectra we know exactly what minerals are composing
the surface of these planetesimals asteroid these small minor planets and
we can therefore uh assume what they're made up and when we know that we can
then make hypotheses on their formation like how did they form where in the
solar system they formed and where did they come from because although we have hundreds of thousand asteroids they're
not all the same they are very different and we have of the main belt which is this one even
in the main belt we have different spectral classes like different compositions and
um so I just put here the electromagnetic spectrum because when we study the asteroids
the reflected light sometimes we want to focus it in a very particular
um the region of the electromagnetic spectrum we can do visible light we can
study them in the ultraviolet we can do them in the infrared all of them and
each of these regions will give us very specific absorption features which we
then can tell what type of minerals because some minerals are more sensitive
in the infrared some are more sensitive in the ultraviolet Etc so for instance when we study them
in the visible light we can tell if an asteroid is going to have a water for
instance or if it's going to have pilosilicates or if we do them in the
infrared we can even tell more details about what types of Isis if it has
ammonia or not or what types of Organics it's it's really cool how much we can
actually tell about these asteroids without even having to go there just by
here right like ground acids that we have so scientists have been studying
asteroids and comets over the years in different regions of the electromagnetic
magnetic Spectrum most of them have been concentrated in the visible light and
that's because that's we have more spectroscope that operate in that region we do not have a
lot of equipment that operate in infrared or ultraviolet now we do but we
did not have in the past so when scientists have um studied these they have noticed
patterns they have noticed that several asteroids are giving us similar
absorption features and then some other are giving us some different ones and then they have been able to make
taxonomies to create a to come down like what classifications
of different objects so we have the Fallen taxonomy bust taxonomy bus the
male so every time we talk about asteroids and we are trying to tell about their composition you always have
to be sure that you mention what class does this asteroid belong and which
taxonomy you're using like if you're using stolen or bus or any of those so
this is for instance another graph that tells you uh the types of the asteroids based on
the Fallen taxonomy um with regard distance to the Sun
so you can see that we have a large number and also their distribution so we
the the largest amount of asteroids that uh make up the main valve are the C
types and then we have the acetypes and the M types all the others the EDP types
they're like subgroups of those and each of them have spectral features that
tells us different things about these objects for instance the C pipes are carbonicious asteroids they are
characterized with very low Albedo and they're very dark so in order to
study them you better have better equipment because you're not going to be able to see a lot of them because they're super dark so they're not
reflecting as much light and also they are you know they contain a lot of carbon and they form much more further
away from the Sun so you can see the distance from the Sun is concentrated around 3 Au which is pretty much in the
outer main valve and then we have the s-types which um are closer to the Sun and they're
mostly uh made of um silicates mixed with iron and nickel and
these have a slightly higher Albedo than the C types uh the M types we don't have
a lot of them but they have the highest Albedo and they are all composed of
metal in fact the one of the missions that goes to Spade psyche is going to
visit an m-type asteroid because it's it has a very high density and scientists
think is just all made of metal like how how come that happens so they think that
probably it is a left over from the core of a previous planetesimal but it was
differentiated and had you know formed the core so an impact happened or something that kind of exposed it like
that uh but it's interesting how much we can learn about these and then once we
know the composition once we know what minerals are there we can make assumptions for instance when we look at
the C types okay they formed in the outer main regions of the main belt so
if we look at the solar system we have this frost line that we call so anything
beyond the frost line that's formed there that's where we have you know that's where ammonia methane
carbon dioxide and water was able to actually condense into like solid ice
grains so if we have asteroids that form in the outer regions we kind of have an
idea that they must contain this minerals and when we see them we can
even prove that and it's also amazing because a lot of these spectroscopy
tools can um and tell us about specific minerals that
um show us that previously back in the day some of these asteroids had actually
liquid water running in the surface and of course the water is not there anymore
because it was all consumed by akia's alteration which is a process that uses
water to form um all kinds of minerals which some of
them are like carbonates like calcite and Dolomite they are very common here on Earth and uh by seeing these minerals
we know exactly that they could not have formed without having liquid water running through that surface and then
the ones that formed closer to the Sun in the you know and the interior of a
frost line they're primarily made of heavy metals uh you know iron and nickel
and uh silicates because uh that's where heavy elements are mostly concentrated
closer to the Sun so when all of this what I spoke about was pretty much
focused in the visible as I mentioned because we do not have a lot of um
spectrometers that run in the infrared so we have telescopes uh some of the
largest ones in the world like cat telescope in Hawaii and irtf and
a lot of others that now have spectroscopes that allows us to study
asteroids in the infrared region which is really cool and I'm just going to show you a really quick photo how a
spectrograph looks like I mean you cannot see anything through that because you cannot just go and put your eye like
you're doing a telescope you have to like hook that up with all your you know computers and a new software and and you
know take the images and process them and in fact here I was with my advisor
Andy Ripken uh Dr rickkin is um a scientist at John Hopkins University he
is one of my advisors for my PhD and we were together looking through uh the
NASA's irtf uh we were looking at one of the asteroids I didn't know but we were
collecting their Spectra and we were focused in the infrared region so now
that's where we were focusing because around three Micron it's where you can
pick not only water but you can and pick as I mentioned ammonia you can tell if there's like organic compounds and if we
can study organic compounds on asteroid surfaces from our you know ground assets
we can also make assumption about how life started in Earth like did we get these
um organic compounds delivered to Earth that's you know the earth started I mean
the life started here or all kinds of like assumption about astrobiology which
is really cool so this is how a cross dispersed image like a raw image of the
Spectra of an asteroid look like I mean you don't see much here because this is just a raw data that you can then upload
in your software I use IDL it's a software that you can
buy it's a couple hundred dollars and I use that for my studies because that allows me to get images like this data
like this that I download from the irtf database which is online and everybody can access and then I download it into
my computer I put it in my software and then I can process the Spectra I can
actually come up with a really cool Spectra and and then you can use this Spectra you can use different methods
bit methods you can use polynomial methods or all kinds of to make the
Spectra more smooth so that you can easily study or analyze the absorption
band apps and all the Peaks and you can tell like what is going on with the
mineralogy in the surface of this planetary body and what's cool is also that sometimes we look at asteroids like
one evening and then we look two weeks later and it's not the same Spectra and then you can also
see like okay this asteroid has been rotating around its axis so we're looking at different parts of the
surface which could not be the same because sometimes it could have an impact that could expose more of the
Interior minerals so the surface could probably not be the same and it's all kinds of interesting so I mentioned how
scientists have made these classifications of asteroids but mostly based in the visible light so a recent
study of just last year impact came out where they did a similar classification
of asteroids but they were doing it based on the infrared so this graph it
just shows you I mean it's really detailed so you don't have to like be confused about any of it so the main
points or getaways from this graph is that by looking at the infrared Spectra
of these asteroids low Albedo asteroids most of them are like C types they were
able to to tell that even the C types that they were only classified as one
letter C even they have differences from each other for instance when we were
looking at them in infrared we were seeing that some of these have a very sharp free Micron Bend up and some have
a rounded um three Micron bender and so they classify
these as shark types and not sharp types and you can see this dashed line where
it's actually sort of separating them so what's the coolest thing that I found
about this graph is when we plot meteorites the meteorites that we have in our collection all the meteorites we
have carbon issues contracts and all of these when we look at their Spectra and we plot them against this graph you
notice that none of these meteorites actually falling in the not sharp types
region and that's very interesting and you can also notice the comet 67p is
also falling in the not not sharp types and theme is so all of these objects that
are sort of falling in that region which is to the bottom right uh these are
thought to have formed much further away from the Sun therefore they contain a
lot of Organics a lot of Isis dioxide carbon and now why don't we see that in
meteorites that's the big question like is this a thing because of orbital mechanics maybe they're too far away so
meteorite did not reach the Earth ever or is it because once this meteorite are coming to our surface they're being
um contaminated or something is going on so my thesis research is actually trying
to explain this trying to see what exactly is controlling these band up and
why do we not have these meteorites in them NSP side region and I will be conducting
an experiment at APL the Applied Physics laboratory John Hopkins University later
this quarter where I will be studying some of these same samples that they used most of these are Antarctic and
meteorites which are owned by the US government so they have to build a proposal to request the sample so it's
going to take a while until I get them but once I receive these samples I can go and you know to Baltimore and use
their instruments that we do not actually have in my department here at UC Santa Cruz so that I can use their
fpir system which is an instrument that allows you to study the infrared reflection light of these uh samples
and then maybe I'll come up with a groundbreaking explanation for this um classification and hopefully that
will be something interesting for the future science so if anyone has any questions I hope I wasn't too long
please uh yes yeah go ahead hi first of all I
enjoyed being on a panel with you on the boat back in 2019. it's good to see you
again um I had a question just about the basic process here
um are are the minerals adding absorption lines that are not attributable to incoming solar radiation
uh how do you mean like they're just emitting light yeah well what what are
you looking for in the Spectra absorption lines emission lines yeah we're looking at absorption lines okay
are they absorption lines that after you subtract absorption lines of the solar Spectrum yeah we are we're getting the
reflective Spectrum we're looking we're subtracting the ones the Sun and then we
look at the absorption line that's that's what I want thank you very much thank you and it's quite a process also
I forgot to mention that there is the 2.5 to 2.8 Micron we cannot even study
that because of the Earth's atmosphere that absorbs all that so we just have to have something in space like James lab
telescope would be a very good example to for a good telescope to use to study
further these objects sure thank you and thank you Scott for yeah thank you
thank you having fun I'm happy to share yeah all of this I really like asteroids
and comets and spectroscopy so anytime absolutely well we will definitely get
you back on when uh when uh whenever you're available so I know that you're
quite busy so uh but the audience uh really enjoyed your presentation and uh
I think we all learned something so so thanks very much I think what we're
going to do right now is go to a 10 minute break and come back with Maxie filari's uh uh to talk about some
astrophotography and some of the great images that he's making uh down under in
Argentina so stay tuned grab a sandwich and stretch your legs
hola Maxie hey Adrian looks like you're in a car
yeah I do this all the time I'm out somewhere when Global star party starts
but then by the time we're near the end and I'm presenting I'm in front of my computer
but um yeah I I enjoyed your presentation as
well I was listening and listening in on it while I was heading home so
fast because I was trying to like hurry up so that I don't you were you were just fine
um you know great slides I'm I'm no uh
presentation expert but um I could follow along just fine I was trying to think of some other questions about
asteroids versus comets and you know subtle differences can comments
turn into asteroids or things like that and um wasn't sure if I wanted to ask the
question because I know there's some pretty distinct differences between the two but um but they're both out there
and so um are have you done how are you hey Cesar is
here have you done um have you done any work with uh Interstellar
um visitors Interstellar asteroids or comets that have come through no I have
not we only have two of those pads by and at that time I [Music]
typically doing my program here in in yeah access to equipments that would allow me
to do that kind of research but oh to get some others in my lifetime and I
could be able to study them yeah I have a feeling we will um now that we're beginning to detect
them um I think it was that uh Dr Alan Stern may have said this you know we've they
may have been coming along the whole time we just may not have seen them or recognized it but
oh I guess we'll see and we'll find out
Cesar we'll discover one while he's on his uh balcony doing his uh
astrophotography I I'm just only discover clouds
me too yes that's what's going on outside right now something something Adrian you are
you are now um for example pram beta came to Buenos
Aires um she knows the balcony and she knows the
rooftop of this with the welding yeah because because after the comment
in 2019 Ram Bella and or yes yeah I think
that's when they when the eclipse was 2019 in July I think
um yes yes um
[Music] she came to to
our home and and with a gray a gray visit
yeah fine is the dinner time here
um my wife is cooking because today is my it's my day of the song
Yesterday and um
Agustin is working in systems
is study and working and look at the the youngest is studying and
it's it's all okay and
and well we are we are making we are going to to Mendoza star party in two
weeks more San Rafael Mendoza we went in in San Juan and I went I went
to San Juan uh one month ago to the observatories uh
are not so big like uh like the Chilean side but
two meters 15 and another one are two refractors of Health matters
um I am happy I'm happy from to know that the observatory in your country is
not more a dream if not that it's a reality I know I was so happy when I
went to Kosovo I went exclusively just to see the progress and see from close
how is the construction developing over you know a few weeks and I spent there
three days and it was really nice because I went there and when was that
end of February and actually it was March mid-march and now it's just the
beginning of April and they already have put everything under roof excellent it's
going really fast in fact I'm gonna share some new pictures that my board sent me but we're very excited because
we did never have a science center before so you know having the first one
and having so many people supporting including the government of Kosovo it's been it's been a dream come true and I'm
very much looking forward to everything when it's finished and we can basically
open to public wow it's amazing and and you're you're
um watching for for the planetary projector and the telescope it will be
the telescope that Celestron donate or you are in another one you have secured
a projector and a spherical mirror from an American donor yes so we have it's
gonna be like spherical mirror and the projector you know projecting everything to the down through that uh I mean it
would be nice if we had like a more advanced version of projection like a fisheye model or some sort but those are
super expensive and unless yes willing to donate it to the Planetarium it's
sort of impossible for us to be able to secure that with our budget but yes that
spherical mirror will do fine for now and yeah I'm also waiting for that c14
from Celestron to come over when all the building is complete so uh the building
should be complete by July of this year like fully ready however we are not
gonna go like public until probably next spring so we can set up all the exhibitions and everything we planned
the Summit is one of the most iconic of all Hubble images called Mystic Mountain
and uh it is a place of enormously Active Star formation
[Music] this entire pillar is about three light years in duration that means it's so
long that it takes light traveling at 186 000 miles per second
takes it three years to go from bottom to top and the entire area is filled
with this really condensed collection of dust and gas that's created this Stellar
Nursery we see on the outside edge here where the material is heated and evaporating
off the surface of the cloud but you also have Stellar winds that are
sculpting this like a like a Michelangelo that would be sculpting a statue knocking pieces of the nebula off
into Interstellar space so we have a mechanical sculpting process along with a heating process from radiation coming
off of the Stars so the two together are what combine to create this gloriously
detailed image see these Jets coming out of two sides
of that top pillar and down here again those are signatures of stars actually
forming material is coming down collapsing onto the star getting heated
up and when it tries to get out it has to shoot out in Jets this bow shape that is actually a shock
wave from the material in the jet hitting the interstellar medium and heating it up one of one of the best
images I think that we've we've gotten but this one is just the right angle that you get a gorgeous view of it
it's become an iconic image I think for several reasons one is that it has such
incredible detail in there but also because it holds a Fascination as being a place where we can actually see
Stellar systems forming before our eyes it's also famous I think because of its sheer
Beauty I mean there's a lot of Art in Hubble images a large fraction of the value of Hubble is not just to give us
the science data that we need but it's to appreciate the beauty of the universe [Music]
hey everyone I'm making sure that my microphone is still on here so I hope
you had a nice little break there I was actually really enjoying the background conversation that was going on and I'm
sorry that the video kind of interrupted that but uh pram Vera thank you for for being on with us it's it's always a
pleasure to have you on um uh up next uh we're going to Maxie to
discuss uh his astrophotography adventures in Argentina uh Maxie you
want to come on and take the stage here hello guys good night everyone
and well I what I want to show you tonight is going to be what I've been
doing last week if you've been watching our last GSB and we were what I was
taking pictures of the Carolina I show some live view
three minute picture frame and well that night I from my equipment
almost at 3am because I didn't know it will come rain but in that case
I put inside all of my equipment and the another day was all wet so
luckily I was to do that and so anyway I
uh the days I will come and I started to
process because in this case I was taking pictures uh using
um an extreme filter and because I I'm doing astrophotography
in my backyard and I have portal 6 and 7 so if I have a colored camera I'm
pointing to the South Region I hope they core of my city a shining the the sky so
I will have a a lot I I will miss a lot of information of that object but anyway
let me show you my screen and a few seconds
let's see sorry
it's not here
okay do you see it yes Eclipse shot
yeah this is for the 2020 Eclipse we say that all the time
yes I hope to give one like it in a year so so sharp and uh so detailed it's
great yes I reprocessed this I tried to give more practice and give more shape
of the surface of the Moon and you can see there is not a circle because it has all the relief
in the in the in the border of course is the surface of the Moon
so well in this case this is not for tonight I want to show you uh this is a picture
that I took last year in January in Alberti using
the same equipment without filter and this was the same region that I captured
but in this case you can see there's a lot of colors of the stars and and
the nebula and of course details of a global box
and well but I want to try to capture it with this filter because I want to
increase the the information that I get and that you can see there's dark nebula
but I try to give more color because
it's a lot of a hydrogen alpha or H2
um and also kind of a oxygen free so these filters uh will help you to give
more details because that's all the light that will come so the other the
another thing that's it will get out so
well this is a single cell that I took last week and you can see the colors are
different but in this case I I thought that when this is the ETA
Karina star and of course surrounded star is the I'm Uncle nebula
but for three minutes to take the picture it will be really a a
shining so we can't see it uh so anyway
I've been doing almost a six hours of taking data and then when I started to
to stack the this image you can see the difference between this one let me
see if I can turn like like the same
place for example
uh that's I reset this soon but anyway
[Music] um I only see for example in this corner
and let me because you can see this box
nebula and the red background but for example
in this case is get more a difference
so that the the elements are coming up
so when I get stuck
I have this picture uh let me stretch it
so in this case I give it a little of blur
exterminator and if we go to the that place that same place
and let me put in more
sorry for the okay there it is so well that's my dog
by parking uh well you can see this
thing enabled us or and double box uh coming up from the background that in
this case there they are almost seen it I I couldn't capture a lot but
in this case sorry uh there it was so
of course I tried to capture this box levels
levels like for example this one and there's another one but these places
when you took pictures of almost one minute or maybe less they can show up but anyway I try to well capture it and
for example this is the Finger of God like a informally named or God's beardy
you can see the shape like a finger pointing but also
uh it's here okay but this is a how to stretching a
picture um let me Zoom it and
a of course the what this is a picture it
is the same picture reprocessed more with blue exterminator so you can see this place like the Hubble image
for example this is the Hubble image and this was
mine without stars in this yeah so it's really amazing what
you can get in the amateur images with careful processing you know
collecting as much data as you can and uh and then you start to compare it
against Hubble you know it's it's yes of course it's like a it's amazing less of
one percent of data of course or I think much more or less but anyway
uh doing amateur astrophotography you try to reach that and of course
that's always one to hey that's I want
dream always to capture the same objects that they have a Space Telescope of
course now they change web but I try I I now I realized that I have
[Music] much less
details or um it was to to through it but anyway
even with the cell phone for example you can capture the the the the details or
some details of the deep space deep space objects
um well in this case you can see a lot of box labels and of course the the
another part like you show in the in the 10 minute break of the video here is the
region of the Mystic Mountain Time of course I will not have the same detail
like this I hope one day but
anyway there's the same place uh of course I'm this is the resolution
for uh to one now it's I I can't reach
that but but it's incredible when you did reach
exactly see the you can see the shape very similar to it's you know that you
know super Hubble it's it's got a little bit of an advantage in the uh amount of aperture
and uh time spent but what you've got is still fantastic there it goes of course
I'm using an eight inches with an F4 a focal length it covers the face Tesco is
like two meters of mirror so it's a huge
difference and of course a lot of focal length so but anyway I'm really glad for
taking this data you know it still looks really good thank you Adrian and of course the the
things nebula and the velocity uh that there are peers and well this is a
starless picture so when I process this one uh
well I turn it the 180 degrees uh
this is what I take of course when I added again the Stars
let me put it full screen
and now you can see more color for example they they bought levels
and they the Finger of God that I show you a couple minutes you can see there are two
stars that they are this well I think the
there I think but anyway this is a really good
a place to to capture because you are watching like the the video size uh
um in a nursery of stars they in this place they are born a burning stars and
of course because they are massive they live much more or less than our sun for
example uh so well this is what I've been doing
in in these days I hope that you liked this picture if you want to to to watch
any full resolution you can find me on Instagram like Astro Max okay and also
on Flickr or Facebook if you want you know this is a really good picture to
have it on on your wallpaper desktop yeah that you
see maybe hanging on your wallets to just your wallpaper also exactly
and to get printed and if you compare this one
um for example I think this will be
ah more a little more uh to rotate
for example you can see the missing data that we have in RGB
a picture that I took last year and while we see here there's a lot
of that neurosity and elements that with
this filter show up and also uh doing in
my back here important almost seven for the left light
so there's a huge difference
and and I hope that that you like it so well thank you again guys
or invite me and thank you Scott I hope that you like thank you very much thank
you beautiful work as always so um we are we're gonna see some more uh
amazing stuff here um we're moving on to Robert Reeves uh
who uh is known to most of us as um
you know someone that does a tremendous amount of lunar work uh which we're
going to go take another uh Deep dive through his Postcards From the moon but
uh um Robert it was also a an accomplished deep Sky Astra photographer and has
written several books on the subject so we're very happy to have him on I'll also mention that Robert is one of the
organizers of the Texas Star Party which is coming up so great to have you on and
uh and I will also be at the Celestron booth at neef okay so we'll see yeah so
uh so if anybody is attending me if I really would appreciate it if you come by say hi uh let me know what you think
of our Celestron products let me know what you think about my comments on the moon a little feedback never hurts but
uh yeah tonight uh you know past three weeks I've been talking about various aspects of the
Moon and tonight uh I'm going to talk about mountains and valleys on the moon uh mountains and valleys on the moon are
not made the same way they are on the earth uh but when you say Mountain you automatically think of Valley on Earth
so I'm going to combine them in the same talk even though there is absolutely no
relation between them next is to
do this experiment where I see if I can get my
okay do you see my uh postcards from the Moon introductor great it finally worked
oh my God yeah I I saw your video about how to show uh images from PowerPoint but I do
not use PowerPoint I have no clue how to use PowerPoint I've always used a different program that just shows
individual images and it's worked very well for the past 20 years so let's speak see if it works here
anyway so uh I've been talking you know past three weeks so I figured well maybe
I better get myself an introductory slide postcards from the Moon and here they all go
so uh and of course it will not Advance alrighty I'm still in I'm still in limbo
here my image won't advance what's going on
ah you might go out of it and come back in I'm trying to I
it does I can stop the sharing everything I am pushing is not working
okay let's go back to here let's try this one and see if that brings it up
yeah that's all the thumbnails okay it's just thumbnails damn it that's
the same thing that happens every time I try this and I haven't mastered how to do this yet is it a slideshow or yes
it's just it's just images but you you click from one to the other I know what you're correct correct so if you double
yeah well let's try it so if you double click that title you are screen sharing so it should be
yeah we see it okay now if I advance I'll show you oh you know what are you
sharing the whole screen or just like one window I think you're sharing the one window
yeah that would explain why we're not seeing it yeah and when in that case I
tend to just share the whole screen you are a screen sharing okay stop share
let's go whoops yeah go back to screen share it's like I gotta do this every darn time I do a
zoom meeting you think I'd figure it out okay we'll get you we'll help you get there
all right so now you're showing the screen so now if you double click that we should also see
the uh picture you've got multiple monitors don't you no I do not oh you
don't okay so I'm working off my laptop because it's the only computer I have that has a uh a camera on it okay yeah
so it should that's a good camera we should see it um because you just clicked on it okay
are you seeing uh thumbnails or the types of your thumbnails yeah and
they're beautiful Tommy the thumbnails alone are beautiful I'm looking at these regions I'm just sort of going through
those but um but yeah so I'm a little at least to fight how to uh
proceed so we see your mouse moving so if you okay so we double click that okay double click on the slide and up it
comes on my screen but it's not showing on your course it's not showing on yeah you're just sharing the wrong screen
okay stop sharing go back to screen share and
uh when you go back and share you'll see the image that you want to talk about
that one but it won't advance now that's postcards from the Moon right but it's
just sharing that yeah so it's just try up there at the top there's like a forward and backward Arrow
you see that at the top oh up here and on your in your uh about the letter c yeah
I see it you see the uh two blue arrows yeah on my screen
hey we we see them the two blue arrows in the toolbar underneath the menu
options nope all I see is you are sharing and stop share oh because you're probably
you're probably blocking it's probably blocking that um I try using the arrows in your
keyboard though the air is forward and try that try try the does that work there you go that
worked great thank you saved the day we ever say that it's a
special condition but a global surprise members fail
sharing the sharing the the screen
well till we succeed so now all right now we may carry on okay yeah pran
remember when you borrowed my laptop when you were here last year yeah my laptop still thinks it's you
okay uh that's just between me and pran uh she visited us and stayed at our house for a while and I let her use my
laptop and it still thinks my laptop is pan Vera but anyway let's move on to the
Moon that's how she knew how to fix it yes she she is in my laptop
okay the lunar mountains mountains and valleys on the moon uh Earth's mountains
are continuously created by plate tectonics and volcanism and they are
eroded by Earth weather Earth's oceans uh subducted by uh plate tectonics uh
Earth's mountains are constantly changing however lunar mountains were created by an entirely different process
uh impacts giant massive asteroid impacts that created the giant basins on
the moon and lunar mountain chains are the raised rims of these impact bases basically a
mountain chain on the moon is the rim of a giant crater now uh there are individual Peaks that
can form at the center of large craters uh uh from uh creating the uh the
central Peak um but uh those are are different than Mountain chains now lunar mountains have remained
unchanged since their formation billions of years ago whereas Earth mountains uh
well they're lucky to last more than 100 million years before they undergo an evolution and completely change be
subducted be eroded away new mountains formed uh so uh mountains on the moon
were created approximately 3.8 3.9 billion years ago and they've been there
ever since mountains on the Earth a few of them or more than a couple
hundred million years old so uh two totally different processes create mountains on the moon and
mountains on the Earth now the embryan basin or as we see it
here filled with Basalt creating Mari embryo known as the sea of rains on the
moon and when we see the full moon rising we will recognize the Sea of rains as the man of the moons left eye
but here we see Mario and it's full Glory and you'll notice the rim of the giant
crater that created uh the Basin Mari imbrium lies within uh the raised rims
create these Mountain chains and we'll go through them one by one but curiously
you see many mountain ridges on the east side of mariambrium but you don't see
any on the left what happened there well actually Mari imbrium probably
formed on top of a pre-existing Basin on the Moon called The proselyum Basin
which was created prior to the nectarian apoc when all of the major basins on the
moon were created so the embryo Basin is tilted it's it's tipped down to the left
because it lies within the pre-existing proselyaran Basin so the Eastern Rim
excuse me the Western rim of the imbrium Basin is submerged under lavas or a
Basalt from the lava flows that completely submerged or covered over the
imbrium Basin and the proselyum Basin creating uh both uh Mara embryo and
Oceanus proselyum so uh we do see the Eastern rims
and these create individual Mountain chains such as just the east of Plato
crater we see the Alps mountains which are highlighted by the slash of
the Alpine Valley which we will talk about in a few minutes because we're discussing valleys
as well as mountains on the moon going a little further we see the Caucasus Mountains on the Eastern side of
mariambrium just south of the little snake-eyed crater Cassini up
at the upper left continuing down the
Eastern rim of the imbrium Basin we have the uh alpenine
mountain chain which kind of Point like a finger down toward eratosthenes crater
and then on the southern Edge just above Copernicus crater we see the
Carpathian Mountains now all of these mountain ranges on the moon are named after terrestrial Mountain chains that
helps the appendix carpathians the uh the ones we've been talking about
they're all very familiar names from a terrestrial map so uh Mountain chains on the moon are
named after terrestrial mountains now uh the Cordillera mountains and this
image just turned sideways the uh the uh
Cordillera mountains are the impact Rings surrounding um Mario Oriental on the Eastern excuse
me of the western limb of the Moon uh Oriental means East but strangely it is
on the West Side of the Moon because in 1960 the cardinal points east and west
on the moon were reversed uh prior to that from the beginning of
telescopic observation up to 1960 uh the um
left side of the moon was regarded as the East Side of the Moon because it was
closest to the Eastern Horizon on the earth when it Rose above the Horizon but
when I realized hey 1960 we're space programs moving along here we may
be sending people to the Moon soon the Apollo program so they re-re-did the
lunar map so that West is on the left just like terrestrial Maps so Mario
Oriental the Eastern Sea suddenly became on the western side of the moon but we
keep that convention Oriental is still Oriental even though it is on the west side but the Cordillera mountains
surrounding Murray Oriental are the impact Rings The Basin impact rings that
were created during the Oriental impact now these are very
um elusive mountains to see two days before the full moon they're
still in the shadow the sunlight Sunrise Terminator hasn't reached them uh one
day before full moon we can see the show the the rims of the mountains
highlighted by the Shadows they cast one day later during the full moon
when the moon is very flatly lit those Shadows disappear and we no longer see the Cordillera so these are very elusive
mountains we get to see them one day a week oh one day a month and uh they're mountains like the Jura
mountains which surround the Bay of rainbows sinus or Rhythm up on
the northeast corner of uh Mara imbrium a substantial Basin in its own right but
it merged with a rim of the imbrium Basin so it created a Horseshoe Bay when
the lavas from imbrium flooded in and merged and created a a unified flat
floor now some prominent Mountain chains on the moon such as the Western Christian
Basin impact Ring gradling Mario chrysium remain unnamed on the opposite
side of Mario Christian not seen here because it's now in the sunset Shadow uh
the Pyrenees Mountains uh make though the Eastern Rim but the Western Rim remain unnamed there are many many
features on the moon that yet remain unnamed and these mountains are one of
them a rather strange oversight now talking about valleys on the moon
uh valleys on the moon are created by an entirely different process than on Earth on Earth valleys are an erosion feature
uh running water washes the Dirt away over eons over thousands of years uh
creates a valley but on the moon such as the Alpine Valley up near Plato
bisecting the Alps mountains this is a feature called a grab it that's where
land slumps between two parallel faults on the on the moon particularly near the
Maria where there's a lot of subsurface volcanic activity sheets of magma push
up from the molten core of the moon or are used to when the moon had a very
active volcanism the moon has been volcanically dead for about a billion
years but back when it was volcanically opted active sheets of magma would push
up from the core and split open the surface now if these sheets of magma
didn't reach the surface as it eruption they just split the surface the land
between the two false would collapse and we see this in the Alpine Valley
this split that you said you can see my my cursor the split right here going
through the Alpine Valley now for years and years it was thought that this
feature was something thing that was created by a gigantic
Mountain sized Boulder that was thrown out of the ambient Basin impact but no
we we now recognize these as volcanic features uh these grabbins that were formed by the subsurface of volcanic
dikes that pushed up and split the surface now getting closer to it
now we begin to see some detail in it notice there's this this real running
down the middle of the Alpine Valley and then we get out to
where it spills out into uh Mari imbrium this region in here is actually several
hundred meters higher than over here so it's not like lava flowed out into uh
Marie imbrium we have to be careful of the elevations here but here we have
these two kilometer high massifs on either side we we
unofficially call those the Guardians because they're they're guarding the entrance to the Alpine Valley but this
real running down it uh is a curious feature because it's very narrow
technically it's too small to be seen telescopically from the Earth but we can
see it because it's a linear feature and not a point source this works the same
way we can see telephone wires at a distance we can easily see telephone wires
threats between telephone poles but if you tried to see an individual
point a small spherical object the same diameter as that wire
you would not see it it's the linear uh form of it that allows us to see it and
that works the same way on the moon we get to see these these reels on the moon there could be as little as a half a
kilometer diameter wow but we can still we can still spot them because they are
linear features and our eyes work like we're looking at distant telephone wires
Now telephone wire is probably about the thickness of a BB you know and but if you held a BB out at the same distance
you would never see it so it's the linear feature that that works and
getting a little closer to the Alpine Valley here we see that that reel running down the middle of it and if if
you're observing the moon in your telescope and you can see this real uh cherish it because you have got some
really good seeing going on it takes a really steady atmosphere to be able to to resolve this feature
now another popular well-known Valley on the moon is it really a valley at all
it's a sinuous real which once carried
flowing lava now Schroeder's Valley is what it's called it's the aristarchus
plateau is this squarish elevated volcanic region on Oceanus Pros
alarm and here we see the real this this curved sinuous real
that once flowed molten lava from
the little tiny dark spot there the source of it we call it Cobra head it's
volcanic pit where this lava once erupted from flow down eroded this this channel in to
the lunar surface just like a flowing water erodes the stream flowing lava
will also erode a channel and we see these on Earth as well but uh on the
moon uh this particular one we call it uh valish schroederai Schroeder's Valley
even though it is a real a a volcanic Channel instead of an actual physical
Valley like we're used to on Earth uh getting closer uh
the the dark spot dip there uh uh Cobra head uh an official name it's it's a
nickname in the in a future episode of postcards in the moon I'll talk about nicknamed features on the moon uh but
here we see the the channel where where a billion or more years ago molten lava
was flowing down this Channel and today we call it Schroeder's Valley uh another Valley on the moon valleys
uh I'm gonna butcher the name palitz K I will spell it
p-a-l-i-t-z-c-h I challenge you to spit that one out in a heartbeat but anyway
uh here on the uh outer the Eastern rim of batavia's crater we see this long
elongated Channel move up to the next one we can see it in better relief
because of the Shadows but here we see I cannot pronounce it it's beyond my my
ability I I just did not have the Germanic language capability to get that
one out but anyway this is an impact feature that has been modified by the
rim of uh batavia's crater so uh here we've seen multiple different
ways these valleys on the moon are created the first one was
created by a volcanic dike a grab the second was a sinuous real uh created by
flowing lava here we have one that was a volcanic I mean excuse me an impact
feature that was subsequently Modified by the uh arrival of batavia's crater
now another very popular Valley on the moon is um
the Raider Valley it almost slipped out of my mind so named after Raider crater at the top
uh this thing is almost 600 kilometers long now notice it does a dog leg
in the middle it's not a straight feature I have long argued that this is
two coincidentally lined up independent features I will agree with the upper
part should be called the radar Valley but I believe the bottom part of it is a
separate feature created at a different time and therefore it should be called
the Mallet Valley after Mallet crater right here where the dog leg is
but that is my personal opinion and uh I don't have much Sway With The iau so uh
lunar names will remain as they are but uh a better close-up of it and you can
see uh this is a substantial gouge of the Moon uh the upper part of it the
raida valley the Mallet Valley as I call it down on the bottom I believe these are uh were created by gigantic blocks
of material that were blown out of the basins on the moon when they were
created uh 3.8 3.9 billion years ago and these monstrous blocks of material
bounced across the face of the Moon plowing these gouges into it
so uh uh here we've got uh the Mallet Val uh excuse me the uh well it's it's
still technical called a radar Valley I mean I'll call the bottom part the Mallet Valley but uh that's unofficial
these were created by uh uh an impact so uh
again a uh a different way of creating valleys on the moon now the final one
I'm going to talk about uh you'll be hard-pressed to see it but on the plains of Maori
um ceratitis the Sea of Serenity uh which you can tell it is Serenity because
there's very few features on it it's a very Serene flat uh
Maria that has very few uh impact modifications on it but right here where
my cursor is circling there is the intersection a v-shaped
intersection of two volcanic
depressions on the moon the upper one which they call vales crystal is only
two kilometers long the bottom one is uh Valles Krishna and
it is three kilometers long so this thing there these two valleys on the moon
uh they are technically named valleys these are iau recognized
names but most people in their telescopes cannot see them they're too
small I going to see if I can yes it is working
all right we are well I don't see where my uh there it is
over here okay get it up here yeah hopefully it's enlarging the image and
we can see uh uh Valley's Crystal on top and Valles Krishna on the bottom uh the
v-shaped intersection of these two volcanic depressions on the moon and they each have official names as a
valley on the moon so uh uh these were named in the 1970s
uh the uh iau lunar nomenclature committee uh I believe that was probably
about the time Dinsmore alter was in charge um went through a period where there
were they were naming very small features on the moon with
first names we're used to uh big craters on the moon being named after uh
prominent scientists and philosophers and by their last name but there was a
period on the moon uh Moon's history right after the Apollo missions where many small features were named with
first names and indeed uh within this field of view but so small that it
doesn't show up in my own picture here that I took there is a crater excuse me
two craters within walking distance of each other each or a half a kilometer in diameter
but their names are Mary and Robert the names of me and my wife and the fact
that they're so close together officially named not after us just by
coincidence it just just kind of almost brings a tear to my eye that Mary and Robert are
immortalized and Mary and I have been together for 45 years
so uh that's uh pretty much my presentation for the evening mountains
and valleys on the moon and uh I hope you've gotten a little bit
about it uh out of it and some really incredible lunar photography I mean it
it almost looks like the I mean there's no uh seeing disturbance at all in many
of these images and well it takes a while to get these uh the pictures the
pictures that I I show are taking over about a 10 year span wow and they're
they're taken from the roof of my garage here in San Antonio Texas and uh and uh
sometimes the seeing works sometimes it doesn't you just take what you can get but uh I
try to take advantage of it and I enjoy showing off these features and uh and hope that people uh pick up a little bit
about it and understand the moon just a little bit more great with the full moon coming it's a
perfect time to share those features on the moon so uh yeah very well imaged and
um very informative thank you very much okay all right so um uh we will
um uh now go on to um
our next speaker and that would be uh Cesar brolo Caesar's up there on his
on his patio and um it's great to have you uh here with us on global Star Party
Caesar how's the sky for you tonight hi everyone well you can see the clouds
moving from oh yeah right yes it's not like a
giant nebula right absolutely something that we can talk tonight is
something about the weather how we can planning the things I I prefer I prefer
to this night using the telescope in the balcony
against the the weather report
that call about the the win
the wind sorry that came for example for Buenos Aires uh
a wind that came from Southeast is a formula for a disaster in the sky or
because you can get slow clouds or high not high if not
suratitude clouds moving fast forward from the south
South East to the West the Northwest and this is
the Constitution you can see and here do you have the sound here do you have the south of the
southeast is it in this position and here is as you you can see
the Moon all the clouds and let me share
if I have a yeah Caesar are you still able to do
some photography even though you have clouds like this where maybe sometimes
there's some opening in the clouds and you get a few years yes yes now you can
see the clouds and here sometimes we we can put them away when the cloud uh
passing uh you can see a serious star sorry
Scotty you asked me about
yeah I I was asking uh when you have clouds like this yes you know sometimes
there's some openings between the clouds are you able to still yes some images
absolutely yes for example um two hours ago I took a picture of the
russet nebula region let me share
because I have this open
I'll share my screen on serial and here is the the ration of rosette
nebula to one and a half hour ago
and here you haven't in real color green
[Music]
something that for example you start to to make some pictures uh you lost the
the clear part of the sky of course that you can't steal taking pictures to the
process or to stack uh normally when I use something that we call it a live
stacking I need to be
I need to be watching all time even if the clouds
coming to cover the area where you can if you can
need to take the picture in the sky um it's something that for example now
for example now maybe we have serious we can change and
higher I'll show you the part of the sky now without
[Music] clouds in this moment we have a few
seconds and we can we can uh of course this is a
a kind of of to make astronomy in a really bad way but you know
uh we for example we are changing
we have changed the the games
I love it again and I putting for example you can see this ration Full of
Stars comparing this magnitude with this another magnet is very very
they're all manisters about you know maybe
over nine magnitude Stars well here you can see how
how clouds are coming again
we have few times yes yes I can Center a little
and people I mean they just stop if there's no you know if there's clouds outside they go oh there's clouds
sure and sometimes it's maybe for a picture you can maybe you can say okay I
go to sleep but sometimes many many people need to to take a measure of a
start of a variable star um they told me that in this kind of of
uh night with a low altitude clouds you
have a a close move in all times but you have a few minutes between like now
where maybe if you can need to make an automatic work you can take your time
and approach the opportunity to have for example like this like a cereal star
region you can you can still enjoy and
astronomy and then maybe the night that normally you can choose for observation or you
know but this is something that we can call up to the people that now is
something that is is great that you can see the telescope to the clear part of
the sky really and you can watch in the screen
uh 10 seconds 10 seconds image
from the from the camera it's something that is
his whole is working in a live image um
something that you can you know you can ask yourself to the people as they
yourself about who is how is this region how kind of Stars Do you have in this
area um or an open clusters not always nebulas or in
in open clusters or reasons or asterism of the sky
do you have a lot of very interesting information and you can
learn a lot of part of the sky that are not the the most typical you know Orion
region or the typical nebula or sometimes in a in
an empty integration of the sky a
another difficult place with the sky with nebulas or galaxies you have a
local stars of our arm of the Galaxy or
around cereal you can ask yourself questions about if these stars
are far from cereal are in the same area of simply do you have
um it's for example it's a bigger star far far away or is a small one in the
same region always pretty well you can see the the clouds coming
and covering the the this the cereal
for the people we can change and I can show
uh I'll share another I don't think
I'm moving the telescope with this program
the telescope is here now and I'll try to to move here
okay
I put a new one it's the same telephone for example now I changing
because for example here I can put
two degrees of of cycle of vision yeah
[Music]
well now I prefer don't touch more at the telescope but but
um if if I have a better conditions later I
can do another uh picture of a small a
little behive cluster that is is a little
um in this area here in my finger is so easy now is the clouds and series stars
yes here here is the little bit High cluster this
is a open cluster maybe you can try uh why martello sauce uh salt with us I can
try to take a a picture to show you to share but this is my presentation is
is there go to sleep you can enjoy look that Serio the telescope the clouds this
is impossible to watch something more real you can ask me let me share with
you again the live image
spring okay this is real when when do you have
you can see they're both image here you have the the you can you can watch the
cloud covering serial now and the screen is coming to me yes in the
same time this is like it's live this is the things that uh uh that uh we looked
at a lot of life and you have a real here now do you have a real sensation of
a light pollution because a lower altitude clouds reflect the all
light pollution of the city look the quantity of life that you can see it's incredible
well it's a it's a different experience maybe we are talking about the real
experience that in a story sometimes I have beautiful pictures but uh
tonight is is a real thing that you can you can still enjoy
um maybe uh for example tomorrow you can see the the you can watch the weather
report um after this condition you can have you
are having for example like like for tomorrow tomorrow or three days more of
completely uh clear sky okay with full moon but
you can still uh working with your telescope
um this kind of night maybe you can you can approach
to to use your your ear better to to to know more about
your gear that's right um maybe yes you can for example you can
put your guidance systems and if work
good but you can use maybe in a not good
nine of forces it's totally cloudy maybe you can go visit or process image but
but like tonight something that that if okay despite that the telescope
for cloudy night is was not invented how many people ask me
um something like tonight is is great for for
different things about astronomy about your astronomy
enjoying it's fun thank you Caesar thank you
yes it's an open Observatory from yes
absolutely well you know the important message here too about getting out uh in
almost any kind of condition with your telescope is that um you know the
working with your telescope becomes like muscle memory you know and and you want it to be that way because you know you
want to understand uh how your gear can perform uh you know at any time and it's
not like uh having to remember how to um adjust something or where that knob
is or uh you know how this works um yeah it's like an expedition and a
guitarist you know uh they take their guitar everywhere right and they are playing it all the time and uh yes and
the same thing is true of course with uh astronomy and telescopes so if you have a balcony you have some place where you
can set up a telescope at moments notice anytime uh it's a good idea to spend uh
you know a few minutes or a couple of hours if you can afford it absolutely you know out there with your gear and
and uh and then when conditions are right wow okay yes they've practice the
practice is implemented 19 years old
ER instrument is the same and you enjoy more the night that you have a better
conditions that's right so this is something tomorrow we we have it here a
clear skies um I know that I will soon enjoy more
because I I just I single needles of my software
workshops in my ears and this is for everyone
knows that like me that I I saw telescopes that's a year from many
years and now they complicated I told today uh with the customers
only in the whole changing the look everything
and these have a lot of different components here something like I said in
Asia as your component uh you know it's a lot of different things that can
fire and if you put all to work together and no more the year in a night that is
living looks so good when you have three foreign Stars and this is the same if
you have practicing for that for a clear Style
thank you see you sir thank you thank you Scott to you thank you
disregard thank you so much okay all right so up next
um we will bring um Marcelo Souza from Brazil uh Marcelo is uh the uh uh senior editor of Sky's
app global astronomy magazine I can show you um this is uh the newsstand here uh and
you can see uh past issues here that we've put together but there are contributors from around
the world um that uh
write interesting articles uh make illustrations
and fantastic astrophotographs many of them the contributors as I mentioned are
from around the world uh and putting all that together is uh not such an easy
task but we do provide the magazine for
free so you can of course get your own
copies here at explorerscientific.com forward slash Skies up and um I think that you'll find
the uh the magazine to be worthwhile so anyways
um Marcel thank you for coming on to Global star party I know we're running a bit late um but we've had uh lots of information
to get across to uh people um and uh unfortunately this will be the
last Global star party until maybe like in possibly in may we have uh the Northeast
astronomy Forum to go to and we're going to go visit some of our dealers and so
um anyways uh Marcello thanks for coming on to our 118th Global Star Party
thank you very much for adding the patience part it's a great pleasure to be here nice to meet you all of you
whatever and even in the check
and for me it's a great pleasure and we are now organize our international meeting
Andy it's in the next edition of this guys I think of that sooner I have a new
edition of this guy's app and I'm sure here my screen I have some
informations that I'd like to to show let me see if you today you are okay my
computer will be fine here is our
astronomy club and this week happened a lot of things
here and I thought I will show yeah these are social medias and here was the event
that we organized the black side of the in a city nearest
ah here is my wife
and here my youngest daughter yeah right they all together our family participate
in these events are events
yeah I also the the group there and a lot of people participated with the the
main Public Square of the cities is a small City
and they we stayed there during the night and here now who is working with the
telescope my youngest daughter she
all the events that you're organized she or for some moments she is responsible
for heavy telescope to to find to find the style and this is a news that I
received today but that's your eyes from
to show the importance of this guy to see this kind of dark place man a woman
that spend the night lost in Death Valley National Park her friends College
Police because she she was lost but she was only looking for the Stars she
always with a group and then she moved for a different place and stayed there
throughout the night yeah a woman personally spent the night
of the star then she stayed lies for
during the night and they called the police then this is what happened when we
are in a dark place now that you can see the stars there is some news that he said today this
information maybe it's her uh her astrophotography yes
and we continue with these schools now this was this Monday we visit another
Public School here in our seats I have to developer uprisingly started
off tomorrow now is 62 schools that he already visited and this Sunday this is
the most important Brazilian newspaper that is is called Global it's much
famous in Brazil and the the cover of the newspaper Sunday that is a day
that's a happy that people buys the newspaper to read here most of the
people buy newspaper wise about the dark sky Park here near this the first taxify
back Sky Park in Latin America and everybody knows now about the this park
man because it is
Sunday's newspaper edition of these
a famous newspaper is most famous Brazilian speaking then however
everybody is talking is make contact to know how that they can visit the first
dark Skype and the everybody's talking about this here yeah the groups of
astronomy here huh and the in our states this newspaper uh most of the people
that you read lives here in our state they called me during since it's Sunday I'm
receiving contacts from press and from many people that wants to visit this
place to see this guy and this shows importance of this kind
of recognition made by the international dark sky Association
and I'll talk today about a moon of Saturn my hair is the
wonderful planet that the Saturn I first I show some pictures of drinks all the
pictures that I'm showing most of them was taken by the casino
that's Casino mission where how we look at the telescope here it is an image
from the herbal telescope foreign
[Music]
[Music]
you have a 83 no moose in Saturn and the
in many of the images from the casino
you can see but something fantastic and here is a
short video that shows images taken by the casino
when she he it's your eyes of Saturn
is an animation but you see a lot of fantastic images taken by oh yeah this
is spaceship during the Shadows on the planets this
is Titan I will talk with you today these are fantastic maze
yeah this image was taken from begin to in 2004
that's when the cousin arrived the
um [Music]
and there's here um a fantastic image you know
now I have that I I show in my
presentations in school this video those features are incredible there's
something here amazing ah the ring you you can see how thing is
doing this ain't sellable enceladas
and there is you can see many moons moving in these images
uh here is one of the Moon that is passing
I have three moons here
there's something that is a special show of images from Casino
here in one of this the bodies of Saturn
three years after I was time that you we see from 30 years
and at the end the spaceship
entering in this Saturn atmosphere
and I will talk about the Moon that Titan that it's a big mystery what you
see here it's not to the surface of the Moon here is the atmosphere of the
movies like Evans we can't see the surface you have clouds
around and this is the size of the mounted item and the what is fantastic is that in the
casino Mission we have a probe that is the Huygens probe
that's landed on Titan
and I will show here the a video that shows the image is taken by the this
project when she was traveling across the atmosphere of Titan
you can see here the moment is an animation showing the
moments that she left separated from the casino space and the
beginning the journey to Titan here entering in titanosphere
and after this moment that he has a here are real amazing strategy surface of
Titan and what is fantastic here is from 70
kilometers above its surface here you have a mountains it's like it's your
is the smallest than the Earth but it's smaller than the earth but you
have the clouds a lot of uh uh and they are heavy rains you have a
Rivers you have legs you have oceans there like this but the temperature is below
minus 200 degrees Celsius degrees then you don't have water
in intuitions and rivers you have meat training
by the river rivers and the oceans of meeting are hydrocarbonates
and the do something fantastic we found a place
like we have here everything is different
it's a very loud temperature and this is cool the main reason of this
mission to find the sinus of his life there well
that's it they match that the composition of their too much fear it's
like it's the same composition that they match the choice composition of the earth atmosphere when life
it begins here enough
and yeah is animation showing when she landed she only took you one
picture and it is one that you saw of the Titans surface
amazing here are the pictures you see here the Weavers you see everything that this is
fantastic because this changed everything because when we talked about
the life the definition of life that you have it is because it is associated the kind
of life that you have here that you know and there everything is different
because the solvent is not water is methane
I don't know if my pronunciation is correct but in Portugues I think that in English is that to say
the methane is this correct pronunciation in here here you see the rivers there
and here is for harder you see the Lakes and the big oceans that have in Titan
and here is something that's important because we have a Brazilian that you worked in
this mission that is Dr Jose Lux any in a in a presentation that she gave here
in our city she decided that this Lake that I'm shown here you see the lake
that you have here in our city in Brazil because he have made the same shape of
this this lady here and the name of this Lake in Brazil is lagua FEA that means
ugly it is the same name of this Lake in Titan because they named after
the this Lake here near us in our city in Brazil is the only place here in
Brazil that is in a moon of other planets that he is in Titan
[Music] and here is your ideal image of the surface of Titan
and now what's important now is this we are looking for life
in another place in universe but you need to change our idea of life because
the definition that you have to have is this we associate the differences and
conditions that you think animal and plants from inorganic matter that you
consider as as an organic an organic system
and it's a substance that containing carbon-based but this is the only life
that you know right kind of life that you know but to have many people that is
study different kinds of Life a life based in methane
a life based in ammonia then this kind of life we can find in Titan for example
I mean by a basic life but the problem is how that you can
find this kind of life if it didn't appear I only cheat saying greatness for
the camera we don't know how to find only if we see something moving
something saying hi Choice let you know that you have a uh that is a kind of
life but you don't know how how to measure this how that you can find
analyzing the surface analyzing the Lakes analyze the rivers but then this
is a challenge for our future if you want to find the different kinds of life
in the universe and now we are near the our events in
April 27 29 we have many people coming from Gabe Gabriel Betty from the
international sky and from Norway they may have of the northeast of Brazil
Nelson from Sao Paulo from the international
from Mozambique Argentina
and the Julio from Brazil I stayed in here is a cosmologist
and we now we arrived we have a g is there yeah this Sunday
but the Easter is associated with astronomy
how that tree knows the date of the Easter every year it is
directly associated with astronomy and the how what is the association
uh and the function of nice here in 3.5 it was defined
the ecclesiastical tables they have the
same they have the full moon the new moon
the first part the last path as we consider but they fixed at the dates
[Music]
and for many other moment they want to and they are based
in metronic cycle but I will not talk about this that but what's important is
this uh later the Greek god I don't know in English that is
the pope [Music] um uh 5 15 82
he sent it to calendar and this calendar that you use today and with the
ecclesiast table and this Saints we have now he has an astronomy that's all we feel
to change the calendar and to make your audio predictions that just indicated by
both Gregory and with this how that's it we find the date of this first we need
to to consider here it is here today it's first you
need to consider the day of Jake nox on astronomy forest in Brazil this year
Rising Mash 20. but they fixed in French first and
the church and then we find you need to find the first full moon after Jack Knox the
first full moon is here is in April 6th then after this full moon the first
Sunday is Easter then this year is in April 9th
and how that we know the date of the carnival the date of the Easter is the
the Mandate that you use to find the carnival to find the Cooper Street today
every Audi celebrations in first semester of the Year from the Catholic
Church and if to find the is this Carnival we
need to come back to 7 Sundays
then this year after we have the East and then we return
seven Sundays and then we arrive in
uh February 19th that's why the day after the Sunday during the carnival
this year then the most important date is the Easter and we need to know
astronomy to fix this data because we need to find the first full moon after
the eggnogs and then this Sunday after the first filming and the
the full moon happened the same day of the Easter of the Equinox NDT Sunday
then we need to change to the end if I I
think that is 16 or 23 they fix a date in April that is lighted like the day
that's possible to have this list and Sunday then this is how that you fix and here
in Brazil we have a big celebration here begins Thursday this week and then they have the uh I
don't know how well in English I know that is Holy Week but here we have the sisters
passion Friday that is congratulations and then we have the Saturday for her is
in Brazil is the Hallelujah I don't know how you call the Saturday
during the Holy Week in English and then Sunday you have the resurrection of
Jesus Christ that that is the main reason of this thing
I wish to all of you happy Easter
thank you thank you very much thank you you're my youngest daughter let's do
this guy thank you she's going to be an amazing astronomer
I believe I hope so yes yes I hope so thank you very much thank you yes
all right so um we will um
move on from Brazil to John Schwarz in well I'm not sure where he is actually
um and there's no telling I don't know where I'm at in the
terrible green fog has risen I don't know what is going on
let me check something real quick yeah this looks more like Halloween make sure
there's uh oh my God for a Halloween this is the zombie apocalypse this is
nice what's happening but here let's take a look here there's he's phoning home I think no oh
the alien apocalypse anyway I got that new iPhone 15. yeah he's got the yeah
laser it went to laser transmission you know yes we want to talk about streaming
let me tell you he'll stream you to the next galaxy yes all right yeah what a wonderful night by
this fog it's terrible excuse me okay so um you know we're we're
interested in if there is life out there and I kind of hope there is I believe
there is I mean I think you have about 10 000 chances of inhabitable planets
like ours in our galaxy that was something I heard years ago it's probably more now
but uh let me show you some other pictures of some other worldly ideas and
uh pictures we've seen of course this is the um beautiful
green night we're having again after all the rain so
but uh it's clearing it's been clear for a couple days which is nice did
California get some Aurora effects from uh you know I have an estimativity
it's been extremely windy lately and um you know we haven't seen much other than
clouds it uh hopefully it'll get clear it
actually cleared up the last couple days it was very beautiful very beautiful yes
but windy you know it's always uh one condition or another right not quite
sure what what you're gonna get but I'm just putting together my uh pictures
[Music] take another minute so how how was the speaker with um
Mr showstack I oh yes with his unfortunate I couldn't I couldn't make
it you know he answered all kinds of questions he you know we took him from
uh talking about dark matter and you know he I did not know this but he was
one of the uh early guys to you know because he was measuring spiral rotation
and galaxies he was one of the guys that uh helped add up uh you know there's not
enough you know material to account for the rotation
that they were seeing so and that's become a measure of uh how to detect dark
matter you know so they don't know what dark matter is you can't touch it it doesn't reflect light it doesn't it you
know there's it's a it's very strange um Behavior but they
you know they are uh you know the the gravity signature I
guess is what hinted at uh that there was something there and so they just call it dark
matter then you have the expansion of the universe and uh in that hints at dark
energy so um you know so it's a it's a strange
Universe let's just say that yeah it's absolutely amazing
so uh have they found any uh signals any good signals lately or not really no
what are they called because we're asking Seth these questions go he goes
well I don't you know I don't know because no uh you know fundamental evidence has
been found for this or for that you know we were this is astronomy's biggest questions right they remain astronomy's
Biggest Mysteries you know so uh and it's for future generations to uh to
tackle you know we may be tackling it for a long long time yeah I hear about people going out with lasers and trying
to see um you know signal the uh
the space brother or something yes I mean it is a pretty scary scenario
overall yeah well no but anyway oh man now
they're beaming down this could get really bad oh yeah right yes this is my
um creation you know what scares me is that I can actually paint aliens I I don't know if I was one or that I might
know one or I want to meet one you want to meet one I definitely would and uh I
would just ask him to take me on a quick exploration I'd like to see the solar
system on my way out to um Andromeda sure daughters I think I want to go
but uh it would just be absolutely amazing to go on their ship and uh you
know anything you saw back in the days of Star Trek you could um you can
imagine that this is going to be reality in in uh probably a few more years a lot
of this stuff so well you know I have like something that looks like a
tricorder it's my smartphone you know I've got uh wrist wife said I can take
phone calls on you know from anywhere and I'm waiting for the taser phone it's amazing
so you know one day I might be able to say hey Scotty beat me up you know yeah
and I could either go up or you know you know anywhere but um so this is a muamua
so you know when that thing came around that object it was really unexplainable
how uh where it came from and how it accelerated and it moved free of its own
trajectory and so um there was speculation some theories were that it
was perhaps an alien craft and um you know because the the stones
are very good against radiation certain rocks and um you know minerals inside that stone
are really good for blocking radiation so say you were on the moon you would
have to go underground and you could probably survive so what a better thing
than you know to have a ship that doesn't have any issue with radiation
you know somehow it has to be shielded through a magnetic field
you know that'll protect you inside the magnetic field of radiation solar wind
and other things that you know we can't even go to space for like two years and
come off the ship back on Earth and you can't even walk because your body is you
know degraded from not having gravity so you also need to create a centrifuge or
create your own you know gravity like here on Earth but who knows so we'll
move it along these are uh this is another picture of and what struck me as funny as
I don't know if it's fake or real I was hoping it was real and this is uh uh
Apollo 17 supposedly or one of the later Apollo missions they went back to
investigate this thing on the dark side but when you look at it I mean what is
it it looks like a muamua kind of and there's like a cockpit and look at it in
the back it looks like a little radar dish or something and supposedly busy though yeah I know
I had to really you know work on it I'm sorry it's just an example that how's
this I cleaned it up I went oh that's better that's much better image processing
it's a real hard picture I mean it looks so much better than what I gotta put the right legging on it I wanted to share it
anyway because the the nose cone was fashioned after my there you go this one was done by
Christopher he does a lot of beautiful I asked him if he'd put together a couple of them for my presentation so he made
these for us that's beautiful actually yeah it's like a beautiful Milky Way set
and you know who knows if there's other green plants on planets I would assume
they would be very similar you know I mean it seems like commonplace this
one's more of a desolate planet uh that one Chris did as well so
you know wouldn't it be great if it was the mothership but who knows
we want to make sure we don't uh yeah right this is another uh futuristic
crisp work strange uh AI
interpretation of other worlds and that could be the eye like a whale
that lives in the atmosphere like on Venus they said there could be something living in the atmosphere
uh this is another one of Chris's this one was great I wanted to show this earlier
because it shows The Big Dish and um you know it's searching out through the
Galaxy for other life and potentially a habitable planet right
as in there and now that we have the technology we've been able to see a lot of these planets
and um through you know putting a disc or different ways they do
it they black out the Sun so you can actually see the planets uh behind there
and I think James Webb is doing very well at this to actually see them and
check for a signature of you know oxygen or water hydrogen the elements that we would need
for life that would be a great starting point for us to look
this was a futuristic um of if you were to fly to another galaxy
and come in from the top you would see this beautiful core with these spiral arms just
spiraling and clouds of stars being born
and um just a magnificent Starscape to be
get above that disc of our own Milky Way you could see so many stars
this was a total conceptual and it started looking at my blanket I
was it was the weirdest thing because my blanket had these Ripples and I go wow that looks like Spiral arms I was very
tired that night but you know it's amazing what you can see inside of other things this was uh
supposedly my M51 when you arrive to the Galaxy you could see this I see another
Chris's uh other world beautiful colors yeah I mean
you know our Earth we see blue but in reality it's actually I think a violet
or something Have you heard that before no but that um just the way we see things we see
more oxygen than uh you know like our planetary nebulas we always see as green or blue
so I'm not quite sure I'd like to see pink you know or violet
sure this is uh one he made for me Chris so we would always do these star parties
in my backyard I'd call them up like a dude I got some Scopes set up I had these two and the 24 and Chris would uh
always come back with a picture after our evening of viewing and this is like
a uh Egyptian you know sarcophagus but it's illuminated like it's a space
traveler you know so when you do astronomy it's like a time machine because you're looking back
in time at everything you look at is you know light years away and um so you know some of these things
have been traveling for millions of years and when it gets here it's basically
what it looked like back then which is really intriguing to wrap your mind around
it's really cool this was my alien female creation they always said that the female aliens are
in charge uh for whatever reason you know those uh shows that speculate
and uh the 51 they said they had some and they were very protective of their
children like us that too knows it's probably all propaganda but I sure would like to know
someday be interesting to see
this was a piece I made called Sunset Earth but I mean imagine any other planet that
was uh had you know gases like ours in an ocean with uh weather different types
of weather so you could have their sun shining through and and then the ice
crystals coming down it could be you know a different atmosphere
altogether beautiful thank you this was conceived just walking my dog I saw these beautiful
Rays coming out of the clouds and I I just created this one from it
because it's just so beautiful to live on this planet and have a place where we
can actually breathe and plants that's amazing I think you like that and I just
go out you know how is that I know if you look back at this
complex gases everything it's just and colors I mean you know with the flowers
and all the animals have different colors and it's just amazing how
repetition things repeat themselves in um large scale or small scale and you
know John it's weird to me that people can get bored you know because if you
just sit back and kind of Take It All In yeah you know it's anything but boring
you know it's amazing to to watch the sunrise and
watch the sunset yes and because at that point you see the most amazing things
and right now Venus boy a couple people said John that Jupiter is really high up
I go that's not Jupiter that's Venus and Jupiter it's gone it's long gone right
for now or is it it'll come up in the morning I think I think it's a setting with the
Sun so yes it's like going behind the sun right now be able to see it for a time but it'll
return I used to love spotting Venus in the daytime they said Abraham Lincoln
saw it one time but to be able to spot that in the daytime it's so hard and
even or Jupiter so I remember one night I was looking at Jupiter and it was right next to the Moon
and so what I did is I kept my scope out and I knew kind of where it was so I was
looking next to the Moon with my scope and it looked like a balloon at first I
didn't I thought it was something else and then I had to concentrate it was actually Jupiter but that's a tough
thing to do in the daytime find the planets so back in um Antiquity you know the
Renaissance days it was quite amazing because so if
aliens aren't real and they haven't been visiting this planet then why would
somebody painted in the background a ship a little craft see it up on the
up above her shoulder right it has a glowing little blow the guy standing there looking up at the sky
too right yeah that's Galileo Galilee I know it could
does he have a telescope he's looking through something yeah he's looking at something they might be explore Scientifics let me
see probably not but but you know if they
had it they'd be stoked I could tell you that well that's that's true and you know it's amazing even back then there
were so many explorers you know uh of course guys that set off in the sea and
is in human DNA as to you know it's in our it's in our genes to explore that's
for sure it's so cool because if you think about being on a ship out in the
middle of the ocean at night I mean back then it was so pristine and clear yeah
and literally you were like an astronomer more than a a boat captain
you know a mariner because you would use the Stars to guide you uh to travel and
to keep Direction and it was like that's how they did it it was all you know very
strict knowledge and Mathematics that they used on the sexton to coordinate their you know
their travel path and they would actually document where they would go and they just followed the Stars
different Stars it's kind of amazing you know when I went down south I I didn't even know
where I was it's a scary feeling to get lost in the sky when you know so much
about this guy here is another one strange because why would they paint
these things from that time and there's people in craft it's just I
mean they don't have social media back then or newspapers I mean who would
really want to you know get all the attention by painting that why why would
they even imagine that I mean back then it's kind of confusing to me
if they're creating this just to create you know propaganda or or
um just you know like a lot of YouTubers say they see uh aliens craft and and I look and it's
geosynchronous satellites because I see them all the time and then you see satellites and there it is it's it's the
mothership Mothership how come it's always the mothership I don't know I mean because
supposedly there's numbers out there of them you know and and they send out
patrols I mean it's much like we would do is if you were gonna go cite something out you would send a drone in
you know because sure so I mean who knows right
I just think that someday I think we're gonna find out and and even with Egypt
it was there this one you saw before this is my moonshot I might have missed that one
here's an ipcu let's take a look through my scope there's one through the
eyepiece my favorite Galaxy so I created that feed M51 yeah
uh to make it look like it's in the eyepiece did you notice that
so like when you go up to the scope that's exactly how it looks because you have a dart and then there's some light
scatter I'm pretty I like it came out really cool
you know one time I was at the Texas Star Party which is coming up here pretty soon and I took uh a effectively you know
like a toy level 70 millimeter refractor and um the ones we saw have inch and a
quarter eyepiece holders and stuff so I I put I put like a um uh 32 millimeter
uh inch and a quarter eyepiece on there and you know Texas Star Party so dark
and so transparent no I could easily easily see M51 you know and you could
start to make out the spiral arms um of course it wasn't like a you know view through a big scope but uh I was
shocked at how well I could see it through only 70 millimeters of aperture that's the thing that uh do challenges
like they try to observe the Messier 400 with like 60 and 70 millimeter
telescopes you know so uh if you get the right sky and you're a good Observer you're going to find a bunch of stuff
yeah it uh you know that's the thing there's just a lot of nights it doesn't
even look this good in the big scope but other nights it looks that good in a little scope it's pronounced when you're
in that portal one sky where there's no light pollution you have super transparent air and good you know seeing
you can really get some good views uh Merkel and I were actually looking
through binoculars to um see M101 and M51 on our way to New Mexico to get a
scope but I mean right away I knew we were in for a surprise because when you
see it in binoculars yeah it's viral you can't imagine what
it would look like um you know in the big scope it was it was like it looked like this picture
really I mean you could see that much detail it was amazing this was just a rough up I I didn't do that much detail
on this one but oh no I had to rotate it it's m88
this is another cool spiral that we we looked at it looked amazing uh when you can see structure in in the
arms you know it really helps um if you do that I
wanted to go back to this you know that was like the view we were getting through those explore scientific 92
degree eyepieces because the eye relief on those things you literally are back
it's so comfortable and it just it looks just like that actually I would say nice
it's amazing how that works um but okay I'm gonna do another quick slot
Adrian how are you by the way well I'm hanging in there um enjoying the drawings the the alien
theme um very interesting um we could be being watched or
or they were here already and they left but either way
um just the fact that it's on everyone's Consciousness I think that
does mean something um all the alien um and uh craft that you spotted during
uh of course Easter is coming up and so I thought it was very fitting that you
uh you had we had Christ on the cross and you know I noticed that the folks were
flying craft that represented the sun in the moon uh but they were flying Kraft which was a very interesting uh way to
put it and you know now that we're space-faring uh people it almost became
a uh sort of a foreshadowing of where we would be um and yet we would still celebrate the
uh The Passion of the Christ and uh his resurrection so
um very very interesting how some religious themes tie together with
some of the uh some of the um themes in the universe
and uh it all ties together um and I guess I would say regardless of
belief for those of you out there um we are still all connected
um one way or another whether whether the aliens live in our houses or we do
believe they're coming or we believe that you know we just we know
that there are life forms we just don't know what those life forms uh may look like unless they're you know we know
about carbon-based life but we we may not know what sort of weird things are
crawling under europa's surface for instance so um so there's there's more for us to find
out that's that's one thing Scott you mentioned it's in our DNA to explore I
think it's in our DNA to find out you know some you know we know that a great
percentage of us are content to listen to what is said by
um leaders you know all all countries have their leaders and some are content
to just let's kind of listen to what's said there but some of us want to know for ourselves and we're the ones that
have the telescopes that are doing these Global star parties because we're we're sharing our experiences from actually
getting out there and trying it you John you share your you say that that's
exactly how M51 looks and I agree with you I've seen him 51 in a large scope
it's a little fainer but that's exactly what I saw too and um
you know that's transparency so that's what I'm saying like I looked I haven't
seen it like that since New Mexico but uh ironically the other night when I was at Ojai After the Storm it just opened
up they didn't even predict the weather to be that good but you have to just get out and do it because otherwise you just
don't know that's a it's a good point I think if one thing I've learned from you
know doing my own landscape astrophotography try and see the uh try and see the night
sky After the Storm washes away um you know or comes blowing through it
leaves it leaves a transparent sky and so I was hiding the better
yes he had to hide with the mask so they didn't recognize me they thought I was one of them it was creepy
yeah very scared so when we do the um when we do the Halloween edition of
global star party you should really redo you should do this presentation because
I think it will fit very well I am am the pumpkin carving Champion by the way
I made some you know I have to find that picture I made a creepy green one uh one
time I used to use clay too uh to claymation the heads I was a sculptor
too in school I I did this big head of Medusa and it was about 80 pounds of clay and I didn't
finish it because I was going to do Hydra stone with glowing eyes and rubber snakes but I still got an eight for the
semester it was actually Peter Paul rubin's uh picture of Medusa and I turned it into a sculpture oh cool yeah
I was keeping it alive by moisting it in my dorm room and you know I was getting the worst
luck having that hat around I had to throw it out of the window and get rid
of it because it just I think it was cursing me I don't know it was uh but we
were Paul Reuben's probably afraid of turning the stone that's what it was you know but it was a
it was a cool project so this is uh my Star Tours thing so when I go up to
Mount Pinos and wherever I go my deal is uh right now we haven't been
observing much because of the rain but when I go out in the summer my whole thing is dedicated to giving it back and
showing people views through this scope and and getting them inspired to look at
this stuff and um you know that's what it is for me most of the time I'm just doing star
parties Wherever I Go when they see that scope because they come running I'm like I have to fight them back
single line you know and uh they figure scope that size they they're looking for
aliens on the moon unfortunately and we have to tell them no the Moon is that
far away even a large scope can't see the American flag no or any other any
other uh sign of humans being on the moon you have to actually be close enough to it
yeah those folks probably won't believe you but no larger scopes at Star parties
do always get the long lines yeah and that's you know bigger bigger
is better yeah I definitely you know is getting the people on board
like all the people tuning in tonight you know this is there's great stuff here there's a a lot of neat you know
fun stuff there's interesting knowledge and things you can figure out and really
enhance your observing uh just by coming on and uh watch what we're doing and
stuff so there's a lot of good stuff that people are presenting here uh like yours Adrian amazing the stars
and just getting out and being under it at night you know it's late and you're
going what am I doing but then you have that moment when you see this and there's nobody to show
and you're like wow can't believe I'm seeing this you know I wanted somebody else to see it so that's
just described why I started uh or why I continued doing nightscapes amids uh
a lot of folks in a lot of clubs are prefer the classic astrophotography
pointing at something in space nothing to do with Earth the
interest that's generated and getting beautiful images of deep space objects
and uh you know when they're posted and everyone's saying beautiful image that's
you know that's a wonderful image and You know despite not getting as many
likes I continued to do my landscape we call it
astrophotography um I started to realize well this is what I
like to see and Earth is a part of everything we do so you know that became
a purpose and then as I continued with it just like you do um John with your
drawings it becomes it becomes more and more impressive in
the uh and folks begin to notice and they're saying you know you have a flare for
the way that you present your drawings this flame nebula I'll let you talk about it um yeah but you know eventually
what happens is you they begin to see a common theme in the photos and it's
you're presenting it in a way that shows its beauty and at the same time tells us
that well this stuff is really there it's um you know instead of worrying
about equipment and gear and you know showing off how well you can process a
photo just take a look up and um the without those deep space objects and without the
flame nebula what would we draw would we take a picture of and I think that's I
think that's important to highlight it's not just about us and our ability to image it's about showing that this stuff
is real and uh we all we are doing is capturing it and it's not something
that's on an everyday person's mind I'm worried about kind of the hustle and
bustle of life and so I think that's why we we serve a pretty good we serve a
pretty big purpose here it's it's like a metaverse without you know yeah out to
being in the computer it's a real metaverse like and um so you know when when you zoom in on these things and
some of these things you actually see color uh in the bigger Scopes and um you
know just seeing these things like the veil nebular or the flame it's so amazing
uh this is the the dark gas in front of it that spawned a lot of those stars but
it's being illuminated backlit it kind of makes it look important
uh I love this one and then the horse heads right next to it yeah the horse head probably more
popular but the flame really cool it's cool on its own it's cooking me
this flame I better get rid of this one Scott I think I think John's just showing off the guns he's
continued you to work out you know I I hunched over I have to have
a Heavenly Body can you see the black light shines that's why I wore my brand new white
um but it's chilly out today so I wore a jacket you know we wanna we want to represent uh on a hot summer
night though there may be a night I have to open up shop you know just because it's hot
you're going to see the uh you're gonna see the thin t-shirt the sleeveless shirts coming out
so so all beware Global Star Party um when we get to Summer it could it
could get pretty wild at the uh back end that's what we're becoming known for we're the we're the uh life of the party
you guys don't forget we have young Navin uh oh yeah okay okay oh let's yeah
we should have him uh do his presentation um the last thing I wanted to say yeah
let me go yeah I appreciate everybody looking at at the presentations and and checking
mine out and uh that's really why I do this uh the art I mean I do it for
myself because I can live my hobby uh when I can't view so that's the neat thing about astrophotography or even
drawing you know you can always take your uh data and your body of work that
you got from the site and then when you come home you can refine it and work on it and um make it amazing you know and
and my ultimate goal is to share it with all of you and and brighten your day and
show you what's possible with all this great equipment that we have access to and and um the great people in this
you know Global star party it's just a lot of fun it's really fun to explore
the heavens thank you well thank you Adrian I'm looking forward to yours I
can't wait well there's there's a couple new pieces but I think Nathan you want to put Navan
on next don't you Scott uh we probably should he's on the East Coast time
yeah that's yeah it's ready to uh come on to a global Star Party
um hi everyone yes here we go here we go yeah right wow
so my presentations about something interesting and relevant so I picked something specific and I want to focus
on something very interesting so let me share my screen okay
[Music]
[Music] so my topics about the mysteries of cosmology since we're this big star
party is about like astronomy's biggest questions so I'm going to talk about cosmology
Mysteries the person we need to gain some background knowledge on on cosmology so
what is cosmology firstly it's the science of the origin and development of the universe
modern astronomy has been dominated by The Big Bang Theory which brings together observational astronomy and
particle physics or otherwise it's an account or theory of the origin of the universe to keep it simple
the origin of this word this word starts from the mid 17th century from French
cosmology or Latin cosmologia from the Greek
Cosmos or order of the world plus logia discourse
now we're going to look at some principles to get started
these are mostly questions because these These are many Unsolved Mysteries and
all that stuff so let me read the first one is the universe homogeneous and isotropic
at large enough scales as claimed by the cosmological principle and assumed by
all models they use the Friedman lemacher Robertson Walker metric including the current version of acdm
model or is the universe inhomogeneous or anistotrophic
is the CMD dipole purely kinematic or does it basically signal in his trophy
of the universe which results in the breakdown of the f l RW metric and the cosmological
principle and if you look at this graphic here 68 68.3 is dark energy
26.8 of it is dark matter of the universe and 4.9 percent is ordinary
matter and this is the estimated distribution of the dark matter and dark energy in
the universe let's firstly talk about dark matter
these are awesome questions about dark matter what is the identity of dark matter
to the phenomena attributed to Dark Matter Point not to some form of matter
but actually to an extension of gravity is dark matter a particle if so is it a
wimp in Axion the lightest super partner LSP or some other particle
this is basically an artist's impression of Dark Matter surrounding the Milky Way
so we see the extent survey around the Sun the Milky Way right here and this is
all the Dark Matter Halo so this is what we're talking about let's not talk about dark energy is dark
matter a particle if so is it a wimp an Axion the lighter super partner LSP or
some other particle why is the energy density of the Dark Energy component of
the same magnitude as the density of matter at present when the two evolved quite
differently over time is dark energy purely
a cosmological constant or are the Martyr or other models of quintessence
such as Phantom energy applicable now let's talk about Cosmic inflation
so this is basically the universe like expanding to keep it simple and the questions are is the theory of
the cause of cosmic inflation in the very early Universe correct
and if so what are the details of this epoch what is the hypothetical hypothetical
inflation scalar field that gave the rise to this Cosmic inflation
if inflation happened at one point then is it self-sustaining through the
inflation of quantum mechanical fluctuations and thus for going ongoing in some
extremely distant place now let's talk about the Horizon problem
why is the distance universe so homogeneous the big being Theory seems
to predict predict larger measurable anastrophes of the night sky than those observed
cosmol cosmological inflation is generally accepted as the solution but
our other possible explanations such as the variable speed of light more appropriate
is there potentially an infinite amount of unknown astronomical phenomena throughout the Universe
is there is the universe heading towards a big freeze a big rip a big crunch a
big bounce or is it part of an infinitely recurring cycle model the last one is one of the biggest questions
scientists are trying to answer and if you see this um infographic here Cosmic microwave
background radiation you see about 15 billion years
300 000 year these were over here in the universe so this is all the radiations that's
happening around the Earth now let's talk about the most interesting but disturbing one is there
a Multiverse are there infinite amount of universes each infinitely branching
into infinite universes with the Multiverse how do you test the hypothesis is the
Multiverse one of an infinite amount of the infinitely branching multiverses are there an infinite amount of high or
order versus all infinitely branching should we University
anthropic principle to explain unsolved scientific puzzles such as the
cosmological logical constant problem and the conclusion
there are many mysteries of cosmology in the universe but who knows how long it will take us
to answer these questions for now tend this off with a cliffhanger these
are all the unsolved questions of the universe and now let's go to my Outreach
um so I've been out I I got to go to DC um this Sunday that's the National ball and
I got to do some public Outreach with my unicellular eviscope and I took a couple friends with me and
we went with the club it was really fun and we got to show publicly right nebula
through the um live view planner which it was really fun and everyone was impressed with the unisteller technology
and this is the image of the Orion nibla I took there wow that is impressive
it was even though it was born I've been there I mean it's crazy like polluted
you know yeah that's brilliant man that's really good it's right into the capital like it's like half a mile
and we why not we took a stop to the Capitol and now some updates
April 15th and 16th Neath expo at Rockland Community College in Suffern New York I'm going to that I'm super
excited we bought the book tickets and I'm super and I look forward to meeting everyone there awesome
that Interstellar works great by the way you must have been like the hero of the Star Party huh
yeah everyone was kind of jealous though because you're just you're just showing
everybody the best views you know with different looks that's all you know it's a different spice a little bit of effort
it's kind of like showing off I mean it's like the newest thing people still aren't familiar with it like some most
people I'll show you mine in the 28 when I get up and running with a live view with the
melon camera pretty amazing yeah it is
April 22nd my club's having an astronomy day it's one of the biggest events of the Year
looking forward to that right um go Novak of course and thank you
thank you very much yes thank you awesome presentation yeah
all right so uh let's um let's let uh Navin get some
sleep or go back outside with his uh unisteller and take another image but anyhow thank you for for both with us
and we'll see you at neef okay and thank you see you and Eve yeah take care
have a good evening so um at this point we will hey can I show
one more conversation with Adrian Bradley I'm sure John will have a few comments oh John wants to show one more
picture let's let him show the picture I'm yeah I'm preparing to I'm figuring
out how I'm going to shut down the uh the laser the latest uh our Global it
was somebody that said uh from the Lima Astronomical Society glad to hear other
people finally talking about aliens you're going to build up a whole brand
new fan base for a global star party so you gotta keep it up now you know thank
you thank you UFOs need to look up and they need telescopes right so absolutely
yeah you have to have telescopes for sure because without them you won't be able to see you know they're way out
there yeah it's way out there so you need yeah so you know you gotta
okay here we go I'll just do two I have I have to do two notice it went from one to two this is
called the dandelion nobody's gonna say yes Scott's laughing now but once he's abducted you know he's gonna yeah he'll
he'll have even more drawings so you don't be able to drop see there's no see he doesn't rely on a camera that's
actually a very important uh skill go ahead and talk about this is uh
that is a dandelion right yes so when a dandelion you know before you blow it
it's like so I I've always seen that uh in these collabular star clusters in the
yeah dandelions look that's what I was saying I love that combination it's uh
yeah that's very unique it's physics and the physics I really like it I did yeah
I've done some stuff like that myself with like seashells and spiral galaxies
and you know yeah I love the symmetry of shapes and designs and it's very cool
stuff yeah like I said it repeats itself in micro like under a microscope the
same things as the grandest objects in the universe have the same basic physics and structure
but um you know this is just amazing to see the uh dandelion you know mixed in
like that in um that you know when the the dandelion those little things blow
away their seeds of life that drift off and eventually blossom into another you
know dandelion and that's like the stars they when they die they give off you
know a lot of stuff and out of that stuff is you know life again life comes
out of that in stars and planets and then even potentially you know people or
aliens you know that's actually another of uh astronomy's greatest questions have we
uh we've never seen the death of an entire globular cluster as of yet
so uh of course these if these things are far enough away you know we wouldn't see them so that's
that's like considering the death of a galaxy and what that might look like yeah it's just a neat concept how um
you know the like the veins in the the galaxies are all connected like
um myofibra what's that Scott the the fungus yeah mitochondria communicates
it's a line of communication yeah and like so potentially these galaxies could
be communicating maybe the Galaxy's alive and but we just don't understand maybe uh
dark matter is the mitochondria of the universe right and uh you know the stuff that we
can see you know is is growing in it you know there's uh there's an interesting
documentary about uh trees and the way that the roots grow underground and how
trees can kind of communicate with each other through the mitochondria in the
soil you know to decide which trees are going to get nutrients and which ones aren't you know and wow it's it's really
fascinating and it did make me think okay well maybe maybe uh you know the
the dark matter is is a connective uh like
the communication you know who knows there's so much we don't know
why I'll make a flight of fantasy from my part but it's been you know proven that they do
communicate through that so it's yeah it's uh both of the things are
beneficial the trees benefit in the uh mitochondria benefit from the interaction yeah it's amazing hopefully
like we could someday with a with a smarter race and they could teach us you know
how to uh take baby steps and maybe we can get out
there and I I couldn't imagine flying up to you don't want to get too close because of radiation but you would be
protected in their craft so oh yeah that would be amazing
I gotta go please I'm not gonna hurt you I promise
I just want to go on a ride what's the wife's gonna say John well I'll be back in the morning she'll never know I left
oh I see diasteryl project from my sleep that's when they get you
no I I was actually creeped out the other night a little bit because my wife had to go out of town and I'm all alone
and I was working on these things but you're working on Aliens yeah it's just scary that I can eat what they look like
and you know what it could be a reality television series right there yeah you
know it's good because we're we can uh you know distract the people from oh
yeah it's fun that's right but anyway I'll let you guys go thank you so much yeah you
probably John you probably have seen there's like uh some artwork I can't remember where I saw it it was maybe up
at the Exploratorium up in San Francisco and they there was like a whole
a whole series of uh paintings and uh you know imagined uh aliens you know and
just all different kinds it was just it was actually very interesting and beautiful too many of them
yeah it's just I I think they've been coming here for a long time long time in
checking you know it's like that's what a race would do eventually if you've made it that far and got through the
part of hurting each other and which you would have to be very compassionate in
in um focused on you know just everybody working for one cause is to get off the
planet before the sun explodes and you know we'll have to go out and um get
everybody swimming the same direction yeah it's just you know hopefully that
lesson very well yet so yeah and um you know I would say that they're probably
benign and um because really if they weren't or they're not even here because
so it's 50 50. but most likely they're intelligent enough to know you know
but when we start doing crazy stuff they probably take notice you know
but who knows who knows yeah only God knows
and maybe Seth he's if he'll tell us
I think that's a great job I really it was an honor to be on with him and I really absolutely that's some amazing
stuff what he dedicates and it's really important you know uh but anyway Adrian go ahead I'm
looking so forward to seeing your work it's been a while thank you yeah thank
you John well most of my work uh has been stymied by cloudlease cloudly Skies
but I didn't I wanted to shut down the 118th Global star party we won't be back
for a while Scott's told us yeah um so so I feel the pressure of ending on all
sorts of positive notes and maybe even a little summary you've had we've asked
all the questions um you know astronomy's greatest questions and you're listening to uh
John Schwartz tell us we are not alone in the universe but that is one of the biggest questions are we alone another
big question is what will John Schwartz do next we're looking forward to these shows I I was caught off guard with the
aliens when we come back in a few weeks and he gave me we're gonna come we're gonna come with something else and uh
it's gonna be entertaining we are the we are the back half of global star party and we hope to leave you with something
for you to uh for those of you who love astronomy we we want to leave you with
our passion for the night sky we want to let Scott know that he'll get some sleep
at some point during the night and um we and now I'm gonna be dreaming
of um aliens yeah aliens aliens and um whether or not we'll see a supernova In
Our Lifetime from the beginning not just the uh tail end and um how much more are
we gonna understand about our universe and itself so but you know all of these
questions are very very important but my only question is will I catch a meteor
when I take a photo so let's share the screen if you did
and yeah so interesting enough here is my gallery that is open to the public to
look at I update it um what I'm gonna do is shoot straight
to well no I'm gonna start from a lot of these they're beginning photos from years and years ago earlier the date
I've been doing it from September 4th 2018 actually publishing images
this was done with a Canon 30d recently here I was on a local TV show called
destination Michigan where they highlighted some art they highlighted artists from our state and um
one of the uh things I mentioned was that I started with a Canon 30d from a
co-worker who gave it to me and said go forth and see what you can do with it well that co-worker saw my program and
texted me saying cool you gave me a shout out in the program
so um I sold that camera a long time ago
um interestingly enough when I went to the 6D I haven't changed ever since I
have some Sony images in here from an a7r IV but I've used that Canon
6D for a majority of the images that I've Loved I've used a few other cameras
along the way as well but the main thing I wanted to highlight was
will I catch meteors in my shot a lot of folks are going to be talking about the
meteor showers coming up and they're going to be you know they're going to be interested
in whether or not you know those of us who do astrophotography can catch these things
well one of the best ways to catch meteors is similar to how you catch lightning
and catching lightning Get Lucky
take some risks that's me catching lightning it's uh you saw it coming across and I
held up the iPhone and uh took some photos there's another one here
um you know this this was at the tail end of the lightning strike and um
I don't recommend you try this if you you know if you're trying to drive and
take a photo or video at the same time um it's not such a good idea but
um if you do pull it off it's like catching lightning this was kind of like catching that lightning I
had but because I'm using a longer exposure it's all about whether or not a
meteor decides to appear in the shot so this is an older shot you know a lot of grain here but there's this bright
meteor and as I I think I've mentioned in a couple other Global star parties you can tell if it's a bright meteor if
you see it taper up get brighter and then dim out so sometimes the meteors
come and they are um yeah you got the comment here it's
not a meteor ironically there were no meteors in any of my common shots that's
a plane um you'll get planes you'll get satellites and you'll get meteors you
can barely tell that there's a taper here sometimes the meteor starts out a little brighter but they get brighter as
they go this is something different um it's curved meteors in an exposure
meteors tend to stay pretty straight because they move pretty fast
that could be the mothership um yeah the other one's probably the mothership look at this two what I
believe are meteors and this was the same location as that last photo and you're seeing two meteors
here um sometimes you see one two it's the look
of the draw now other times you don't see any in your shots especially those
of you that like to stack your um images you're not as likely to get meteors
because your stacking is going to eliminate the um that one streak that's in a couple of
your frames so a long exposure is your answer if you want meteors in your shot
and then go somewhere dark enough can we see that Sunset that sunset's amazing
yes it's nothing to do with meteors but I'll go back to it um some of these because this is a
slightly closer image some of these might be meteors but when you're seeing a pattern like this
you're likely looking at satellites there's that flame nebula that you showed us there's the horse head that's
by it it's it's kind of hard to see you can sort of yeah but you can see it you can see the Running Man and the Orion
Nebula this is single exposure the trees now the Stars illuminate
through the trees I always yes fascinated by that that is yep that is exactly
it's a function of the Starlight yeah just cutting right through and you know
the trees the focus was on the sky itself which isn't always Infinity uh
maybe infinity plus a little bit you know left or right um and so that Starlight just cuts right
through because it you know it because there's no Focus here that's just pretty
much yeah it's not a it doesn't treat this solid objects because it's up
close so it has it goes around it that's pretty cool yeah so these are sunrises that's a
sunset wow down here great location look at the colors yeah put the camera for a shot
like this you put the camera right on the seat and uh and shoot right across
the top of the water did you mention on those meteors how big they are a lot of those meteors which is shock um the ones
that aren't that are catching here are probably how well some of them I don't think are
very very large no I think they're like sand or something or like the yeah the
size of my the size of your hand but then um
so yeah these are Light Pillars I think there's a meteor in this shot is there
no I I went through these earlier to look for meteors to show just how
yeah this is Lake Huron yeah a lot of my shots are Lake Huron
this is Lake Huron we had an aurora Outburst recently the
reason that I didn't respond well one I was working for the Ann Arbor Film Festival I do I do terrestrial
photography from time to time and uh the outbreak of Aurora was during one of the
nights I was just tired and I went home but March of 2021 I caught some Aurora
no meteors here but a lot of Aurora and because I'm
mentioning Aurora I'll mention this photo some will mistake this is Aurora but it's Light Pillars fairly rare you
have to have ice crystals in the sky you can see you can have a hazy sky and you
can have ice crystals you've got these lower level clouds this is a these this is all light coming from a distant Town
being uh refracted into the air so life's great Mysteries but some of them
we solve for someone who doesn't know what these are this would be a great
mystery as to what are all these colored things it might look like your aliens coming to get you don't you think John I
think they're communicating they're calling that's exactly what that would look like that they're communicating but
those are Light Pillars now true Aurora looks like this
you know you look into the north side and you're seeing the green colors the purples
yeah this is why I come to this park because it's a beautiful Park and it it can get pretty dark I'm gonna I'll show
you a comparison shot let's look at this shot which is uh
is that your light you lit that no that's light coming from that's just surrounding light that's in that Park
and the lighthouse this Lighthouse goes off every 15 or so seconds or 20 seconds
you're gonna see another Lighthouse later that goes off every 30 seconds and it's gonna it's gonna be another one
similarly built to this but a little taller um brick facade you'll see it
um and it's you know it goes the light goes every 30
seconds sometimes I time my pictures with that if I'm at a lighthouse so you're seeing it here
over here yeah this one this one is actually this
one may become an image that will be for sale on on my website um I've had it
I've had a lot of interest in it because of how clear I was able to get this for
those of you that know what ISO is ISO is up to 6400 on this shot and after
cleaning it up with some of my uh tools it turned into this that's amazing yeah
notice that because I seem to have forgotten how to do that um
way down here where I took some new photos recently
I completely blasted I completely blasted that but
of course it's a horse yeah so clear yeah all of the the rest of this has got
really clear and you can see yeah you can see the Crazy Horse right there very
clear this was a fairly trans this was a good night for the um the sky meter read
21.4 sqm meter uh it read 21.2 the last time I was here on this night it was
21.4 and you can see the Milky Way Rising here
so we had we were discussing the moon and I always try and get some decent
moon photos I think we were looking at some of this mare Earl we were looking at I think this is Mara imbrium we were
looking at this mare one of the uh uh pres the past presenters was showing us
everything about this section um yep here live no I'm not live with no
he was no he was he showed his images oh he took those images yeah and this is
just uh you know this is my version of the image
um let's see all the way back to looking for meteors
when you go to a dark site that is when you run the chance now no meteors showed
up here but meteors did show up here there's one
and if I this is not a meteor this would be incredible when you see dashes you
know you got a plane and sometimes as the plane goes off and you know over the
horizon the line can get solid so one way to know whether or not you're seeing
meteors is to see the meteor
you know as it happens this is obviously a plane and um I was that first picture that I
got here oh no there isn't yeah and if you notice a lot of not a lot of meteors where I'm uh
shooting but Matt you must get a lot of wildlife too
uh like fall like uh you can hear it you don't necessarily see it because uh yeah
the wildlife isn't always particularly interested in you moonrise I've got some
streaks sometimes the I'll see parallel streaks that I believe are the meteors this
could be a plane very bright
shots like on a meteor shower where they come from one point no I haven't done
that yet I have this where I happen to have too many years going one to the
other Galaxy geez that's Andromeda wow and that's a planet I forget which
planet I think Jupiter is here Mars and the Pleiades so when planets have
been lining up for a while there's something else over here I think it's another one that's like mission of all the shades of the subtle Hues in the sky
you know yeah from you've got legitimate City Light pollution to Sky glow to
nebula that are barely showing up looks like some gravity wave there you
go oh wow California there's California right there
and um so we know you know the winner circles coming up when you see that
um and I forget oh the times that I took it are like right here there's a summer shot at two in the morning
um two in the morning at two to three in the morning is always preview of Coming
Attractions it's all you nice guy shooters you want to answer astronomy's biggest
questions wake up at two in the morning to see a
preview of what is your coming attractions for the given season because
here we're in the middle of the summer in the Pleiades is leading the way for the Winter Circle
and um that's to me that's one of the fascinating Parts about doing
night sky photography capturing moments in time the repetition that happens it
it it repeats itself to the point where if you really don't want to wait to take
a picture of your favorite constellation rather than wait for an entire season or
two just wait for a month or two and at some point your favorite object
in the night sky will be in that night sky at some point
um when it will be it depends on the um it depends on where we are around the
sun I almost said calendar year but we're more dependent on the Earth's
placement around the Sun as opposed to you know whether the weather is
cooperating you know is it wintry in April still opening day has typically been snowy for a lot of baseball teams
but when it's clear you can go out and you can go out and
accidentally catch Aurora I just fired this North you got PL I'm pretty sure this is a plane
but some of these streaks may be meteors um you've got that much color uh uh in
the Aurora without the camera or no not without I couldn't see anything without
the camera amazing this turned out to be it turned out to be distant Aurora but
it was not naked eye visible at least to my eyes I couldn't you know there's no pillars here so we couldn't see it
moving so it was just glowing
and then this is also a part of the Aurora the uh magenta or pink yeah it's intense
yeah yeah and you're seeing this is you know this is a familiar
let's see if there's meteors here no meteors here but um as you notice very
familiar this is the part that a lot of Milky Way photographers
will capture in scenes and I'm no different I'd capture it too wow that's
darker the clouds the darker Sky yeah you're in when you see you know absence
of light now notice over here there's a color underneath so what we've
captured in this photo yeah it's not just a beautiful image of
lightning bugs running along the side of the street this is actually showing two
different zones um where over here where the um where
the Milky Way is here it's dark but over here there's a town nearby so
it's like you're seeing Chicago in the background no we're I'm in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan okay that's not
Chicago that's like Sault Ste Marie or Saint Ignace it's a it's a town
um somewhere between or maybe even Mackinac City I would have to I'd have to look at a map I think this
may be reflect the light from your portal Portal 2 portal one this is
bortle three I had never took the SQ and meter out but given a chance I could go
out there I will be getting a reading here yeah this was a good night and it might be a
meteor right here look at that yeah you got it see these little and
this actually goes to my point the darker your skies the more likely you're going to catch a meteor
anywhere in the image because it's um it's easier to see them when the skies
are dark when you you get these little bitty ones you don't see these little
bitty ones too much that exposure uh right over here 30
seconds that's it so that's it 30 seconds so that's I suspect that the
numbers here are between 21.6 and 21.7 so we're between bortle 3 maybe High
portal 2. I wish I had an SQ and meter when I took this image
and I wish I had an sqm meter when I took
this image now over here we're bored we are 21.9 this is eight SEC look at the
time eight seconds portal High Portal 2 low border one
eight seconds with an F14 50 millimeter lens ISO all the way up so it it's
heightening it's brightening all of the uh you know all the data here and obviously I've got some aberration
the Lagoon nebula that is the Lagoon yes
let's see if it sharpensing a little bit it's the Lagoon it's hard man look at
that and we got a streak yes so so the theme of so all of these images if you
come through and look at all the images one when you get to my Okie text shots
from last year year before this is from the year before you're seeing a representation of a sky
that not too many people see when you're at high elevation and it's drier
this is what the cygnus region and there even when there's Haze in the sky this
is what you see everything here this was this was not taken with a modified camera
I had one of my unmodified cameras and I went and took the shot here and this is
it's representative of what I saw when I first saw that with the naked eye I was
blown away even more so than when I saw the galactic center comparing out at us
during uh when is um this year it's early September I
forgot I was going to register for it um and I should I should show up there that's pretty good you show up there
it's gonna be awesome okay taxes uh there's another one
it's at Camp Billy Joe is it yeah September 8th through the 16th yeah
they're they're they moved it up Scott because they wanted people to have the
opportunity to go see the annular solar eclipse you know give them some more time as opposed to
um you know having it and then you'd have to hightail it out of there to go see it because they would run into the
date of the eclipse right yep so so there's many more images if there's
many more images with meteors but um I started out by showing a picture of uh
captured lightning bolt and that's how I'm going to end the uh 118th Global
Star Party by showing you a couple of images that I discovered that I didn't
realize what I had a meteor now within 30 seconds of course these two images
could happen at different times within that 30 seconds but you capture them
together and I think this is an underrated thing you got a lightning
bolt and you have a meteor and I didn't do this just once but I did that twice
yeah it's cool and there you go meteor coming down part of the big Dippers over here
somewhere and you've got Thunder heads with a uh
with a visible bolt coming in we we went to Colorado and
is lightning and thundering people don't know about lightning and thunder if you live in where you live
because I used to live in Chicago it's dangerous that's some bad weather over there but so my brother-in-law said
we'll drive all the way to the Pikes Peak it will be at like I forget how
many thousand feet he told me he goes Johnny it'll be clear and it was clear and I saw m33 naked eye
and I plopped it up and then it clouded in and it rained all night long and we
were in a camper uh back of a truck with a metal shell and then when we woke up it was
beautiful clear sky but man that was amazing to see naked eye I
love that Moon that's that's your favorite picture you know what Holly is wrong we're gonna end we're gonna end
Global Star Party 118th Edition on John's favorite picture that I ever took
of the Moon there you go that's so good you got cratering up here I managed to I
managed to focus on a crater or something and caught that you know I
caught the actual crater because as you know with autofocus you're liable to catch the cloud so to catch the actual
Moon surface itself that's why that picture that's why this
picture is in my gallery and see that one reminds me of the zuatanejo one I
did right there to the right of it this way yeah the colors that's the sun
yeah I know Sunset yep oh and I forgot you know what I'm trying to end the 1
800 18th Global Star Party new stuff so yeah
keep it rolling it's got it are you interesting yeah no we're gonna get through so so
this is the new Lighthouse that I plan on um getting some images from this is
Lake Michigan so this is the other side of Michigan I traveled three hours to
get here and I traveled three hours to get back wow A Long Winter bed yeah it's a long drive so yep but it was worth it
yeah we framed the moon there we go we framed the Moon Over the Top of the lighthouse yeah a little bit of
curvature because of the lens so obviously this is blue hour yeah the Venus belt
there's oh man the sun hasn't finished setting all the stars in the sky and
that Moon I just showed you is the key light lighting up the lighthouse look at
the settings absolutely that no cameras most of you wonder can you shoot you know the
know-it-alls on the internet tell you never to take your ISO above 100. well
little do they know that well if you can track the night sky
and you know how to do a composite photo um you can luck out and actually keep
ISO at base and it can get because the sensor will pick up all of the data
regardless of this setting what I've learned from someone and I believe it to be true the iso setting in a digital
camera be it mirrorless or DSLR is essentially how much do you want to
amplify the data that you've pulled in so if you use
a higher ISO as you saw in a lot of my other photos where it's dark enough it
amplifies the uh all of the data now that can be a good
thing with the moon out it turns out that Moonlight and
ambient light at this area is enough to wear a long exposure
gives you essentially this is what I saw I love the power it's all lit from
behind it it makes it important which you know was the whole script you really would stand out as uh the star of the
yep even here when I put it in the center now I've got the tree
Venus and Orion is occulted by the lighthouse
but here you have a lot of stars we haven't made it quite to astronomical
Twilight there was a lot of there were a lot of waves in a long exposure
you end up getting ripples like this when you have a you have an active C and
you're taking a long exposure now this is only 30 seconds and then I still turned up to two times
very very Serene I was happy with it too yep I was happy with how this came out
let's see if it sharpens in yeah it everything when you when you smooth things out you
you apply the right type of uh processing to it if you move things out
you give it that Serene look and uh the best the best way that I think to do it
is try and Preserve what you're actually seeing compare
you learn to you learn to figure out what settings to use that will
you know that you can finish an image and actually you know
you can you can produce something that you saw
you know it looks like what you saw it's not too Stark like you took the picture
of of the the house and it's all crisp and has you know fine detail as opposed
right so you you have to create a seamless uh
yeah and when you do a single exposure like this it's much easier to have a
very seamless image like this so there's there's something to be said for shorter
exposures you know if I wanted to try and expose you could use software to
you know stack in our images and you know that it each technique has its
place and um you know it it helps to represent what you're seeing
um but you know the way that you you can also do some things in post-processing
to increase the texture of different parts of the
of the image but for the most part this lets you know this if it were dark
there'd be the winter Milky Way arcing over that Lighthouse so and then I've also heard that the Aurora
was visible from down here this is about middle of the way up the Northern or the
the lower part of Michigan um I'll try for it I'm not I don't know that we'll be able to
actually see Aurora from this location unless it's low in the Horizon it'll look kind of like this but it would be
like green we're we're facing Southwest so imagine if we turn right around it'd
be Northeast there isn't much behind us here but um but I think we've been on long
enough it's almost midnight eastern time yeah I think this is a good time to uh
to go ahead and end the 118th global star party we thank all of you who hung
out or those of you watching this at a more same time and um we hope that you enjoyed all of the
presentations we hope that you enjoyed what will John Schwartz do next because
I think that ought to be the uh I'm I might be talking
to spock actually I'm seeing if I can arrange
a trip that will uh that will be trippy
um looking forward to it and then all the other presentations as well so uh so
Scott John thank you for having me wonderful stuff thank you it's gorgeous
out there you know yeah I think Detroit has this much beautiful
um stuff and you know that's when I was a kid living back East that's what really got me started was laying on the
hill looking up in the sky in Chicago at the boonies and the Stars they are
really good there I have to say yeah that's what got me hooked seeing uh the
comment and then once you see the rings of Saturn for real it's it's amazing yes through the
telescope even if you even if it's a small picture I still get a lot of oohs and eyes when they notice the rings that
the Rings are very popular for visual but all right gentlemen all right thank you
thank you yep a wonderful
118th Global star party coming to a close uh Scott I will Pan the floor to
you thank you for putting these on whenever you can you're back to uh neef
is that what you're going you're going to be gone for neef yeah uh we will be
we will be at uh knee for um actually it's uh you know the Imaging conference
itself and um um say hi to Alex the Northeast
astronomy Imaging conference and uh and then the
um uh Northeast astronomy Forum so we've got a big booth and we've got like a whole center aisle and we will have
uh Vixen there uh we will have uniceller
there um I understand you know Norman uh uh
phone from Optique Fulham will be there as well which is going to be cool uh of
course explore scientific products so we've got a lot to talk about a lot to show
um you know and if you're coming to Northeast astronomy Forum please stop by and come and see us uh Frank marches uh
who's the chief science officer for unisteller is going to be there he'll be
giving a a talk with the um Northeast astronomy forums uh
um special convention uh it's kind of a convention within a convention on citizen science
and so there is a few speakers involved with that and Frank's one of them uh
and we always have a great time there and and you know if you love uh
astronomy gear you love the amateur astronomers uh you know you're gonna it
is the one spot probably in the whole world where you can go and see the stuff in person you can see Observatory domes
you can see um you know equipment of all kinds from everybody and uh so much fun huh to go
to those places the astronomical League's gonna be there of course you know you got organizations
like the league uh that will be there um and it's just a great time to go and
see a lot of your friends you know that you might have seen at other star parties or something so
um you know in the friend building uh aspect of uh amateur astronomy is a
hugely significant aspect of our community so you're going to need some of the finest and most interesting uh
people in the world that way and so and good deals I do want to thank you John
and and our audience and all of our presenters and Seth's big thanks to Seth
shostak for coming on uh to answer astronomy's biggest questions
um you know uh David who else did we have we had David Levy who had at All
Odds uh made it on uh Chuck Allen that amazing presentation he gave on the
elements that was cool pran Vera hasini uh with her spectral properties of
asteroids and comets Maxie's showing us uh uh his uh Karina nebula images which
were amazing and comparing them to the Hubble Space Telescope images Robert Reeves with
just truly mind-blowing images of the moon um you know explaining uh you know the
reals and valleys and stuff there Cesar brolo uh you know out there showing us
that uh you know even if you've got clouds don't give up on a night of uh
Imaging you know so he's Imaging between the clouds there which is totally cool
martial Souza uh talking about the IM double a uh event that's coming up in
Brazil and his astronomy Outreach activities there as well as Skies Up
Magazine John Schwartz uh you know him drawing out the universe with uh and
drawing out the aliens um here on global starfighting which is
totally cool then we had we did a little change up in the schedule and we had a young Navin cynthal Kumar who was uh
showing us um you know the aspects of cosmology that blows everyone's minds and then
Adrian Bradley's beautiful nightscape shots including some of his latest stuff so
um we will be back on with global star party with uh you know I have to come back with a schedule that's going to
work but I think we're coming back in the month of May but of course I'll let
you know if it happens anytime sooner thanks everyone um and uh keep looking up
have a great evening
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