Transcript:
7:00 p.m..Martin Ratcliffe
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7:55 p.m..Marcello Souza - Astronomy Outreach in Brazil
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[Music] ERS seem to have revealed a puzzling
detail in the way Dark Matter behaves they found small dense concentrations of
dark matter that bend and magnify light much more strongly than expected
dark matter is a mysterious invisible substance that makes up the bulk of a
galaxy the gravitational pull exerted by dark matter is thought to tie galaxies
together throughout the Universe there is so much regular matter and dark matter concentrated in massive Galaxy
clusters that their gravity magnifies and warps light from distant background objects we call this effect
gravitational lensing we can map where the dark matter is in Galaxy clusters by observing how the
light bends gravitational lensing distorts the appearance of background galaxies into deformed shapes and
elongated arcs pictures of lensing Galaxy clusters are filled with the
smeared images of remote background galaxies the higher the concentration of dark
matter in a galaxy cluster the more dramatic its light bending power is smaller clumps of Dark Matter associated
with individual galaxies in the Galaxy cluster create more distortions
in some sense the Galaxy cluster acts as a large lens that has many smaller lenses embedded inside of it
but strangely astronomers found that three Galaxy clusters used in their
study had concentrations of dark matter that are so massive that the lensing effects they produce are 10 times
stronger than originally expected Hubble's Crisp Images coupled with
observations from the very large telescope in Chile helped astronomers produce a more accurate Dark Matter map
by measuring the lensing distortions astronomers could trace out the amount and distribution of dark matter
this recent study could signal a gap in our current understanding of the nature of dark matter in its properties it
shows us that there's clearly a missing feature of the real universe that we simply are not capturing in our current
theoretical models with studies like this astronomers look forward to continuing to pin down the
Intriguing nature of dark matter to better understand the secrets of Our Mysterious Universe
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hey everybody Scott Roberts here from explore scientific and the explore Alliance and we want to welcome you to
the 125th Global star party tonight uh will be the theme is staring into the
dark now this could have lots of different meetings but for astronomers
of course uh most of us contemplate the universe by staring deep into the sky
and um you know trying to just absorb our place in the universe and to explore it
to see all those beautiful Treasures that are out there with our telescopes where binoculars and just with the naked
eye um it also has to do with uh the glue
that uh supposedly holds the universe together uh and that would be dark matter and so tonight we've got a great
lineup of speakers they'll try to give their impression of all of this uh
starting off with David Levy who will be giving some poetry and some commentary
uh we welcome back David eicher from astronomy magazine he'll be talking
about exotic deep Sky objects um Chuck Allen from the astronomical
League explore scientific was just at the 2023 Alcon in Baton Rouge Louisiana
and it was my honor and pleasure to meet up with the national young astronomer
Award winners tonight we have um uh Leon Garcia who will be joining us
and his research that did actually get him first place are tied for first place
uh was in fact the his research into Dark Matter so he'll
be talking about dark matter and kind of giving you a beginner's introduction so
this will follow up with astronomy Magazine's Martin Radcliffe Martin has
done Outreach programs probably most of his life and uh so we're real honored to
have him he's this will be a first for both Leon and Martin on the global star party uh Molly Wakeling joins us again
with one of her astronomy programs this will follow with Dr Daniel Barth who is
taking the there is no Dark Matter stance with the uh what's called m-o-n-d
This is a a theory that this is maybe gravity misunderstood so
um Maxi filari's uh joins us with astrophotography to the max we've got
Marcelo Souza from Brazil with us Caesar brolo from Argentina down at Buenos
Aires and um Adrian Bradley with his Beauty beautiful night sky images and of
course Josh Schwartz in his amazing drawings of the universe so
thank you again for joining us and we'll get started with David Levy thank you very much thank you Scotty
um it is a real pleasure to be here I remember a few days ago you wrote and
asked if I had any thoughts about dark matter and I certainly do my passion for
p.m. 01:15 Cesar Brollo - Southern Sky Astronomy from the Balcony
the night sky the reason that I put it above virtually everything that was in my life
spiritually not everything but almost everything else is that I can see when evening comes
and David Rosser and I were at our Dark Side a couple of nights ago and we can
see the Earth Shadow coming up from the East as clearly as we would have from an airplane
and to me being able to see uh and the radio astronomers to hear
and perhaps other types of astronomers to feel or even to touch is what the magic of the night sky is
and also the Poetry which brings us tonight to John Milton
John Milton when he was when he got his undergraduate degree he did what a lot
of graduates of Oxbridge do Oxford and Cambridge do when they graduate and then
as they go on a trip to the continent and John Milton very very much wanted to visit
Italy and he really wanted to visit Galileo who was still living at the time
and he was told if you visit Galileo and you really must do it before you get to Rome
because if you do it after you get to the room you're not going to let you see him he's under house arrest and he's not
allowed visitors so make believe you don't know about that and visit him before you get to Rome which is what he
did and they thought for hours and Galileo was really pretty upset
because he had just lost his daughter and um
letters to follow and uh Davis over his book about the correspondence between
a Galileo's daughter and Galileo really are two of her most powerful powerful
books and so tonight I'm going to quote from John Milton
and while we're listening to it I mean you might want to think about the Dark Matter theme of this week
um the person who really turned me off to dark matter is Clyde Tomball right away he didn't like it he said I like
things that I can look at and I totally couldn't agree with me more and the idea
is that he says astronomers tend to take everything they have no idea about do
not understand and they put it into this dark matter Dark Energy box
and I'm really looking forward to listening to the one person who has the
opposing theory about dark matter and maybe I'll learn something about a dark matter as well
as a matter of fact Scotty maybe I'll be a convention tonight maybe but in the
meantime let's have some notes on now came still evening on and Twilight
gray had in our sober Livery all things clad silence the company for beast and bird
they to their grassy couch these to their nests were slunk
for all but the wakeful nightmare she all night longer I noticed that's been
some silence was pleased now below the firmament with living
sapphires has Spurs that led the starry host World brightest till the moon
rising in a clattered Majesty but lends apparent Queen
unveiled her Peerless light and door of the dark are silver mantle
through thank you Scott and all and back to you thank you so much David it's wonderful
it's really fabulous to hear uh your poets or your sightings and um and to
get your take on on each uh each time we do Global star party I I really love it
okay all right so um uh we will uh move on to David eicher
David has been uh uh David has so many uh deep interests he's like one
of the guys that I know uh where I'm I'm just totally amazed at how deep he goes
into something I mean he he is um of course so well versed on astronomy and
that could fill someone's whole lifetime in understanding any little facet of what
he knows volumes on but uh you know then he's got uh he's got a passion for
history and uh you know and that that that knowledge that he has could you
know fill rooms uh and I think does fill rooms and then he's got he's got
passions for a shared with us is uh his his mineral collection and uh his gem
collection and his meteorite collection and again these are just things that are just uh they Stun Me on on this and and
to know Iker uh as I do uh he has a
lightness about him a humor about him uh and uh you know it's all mixed up in
this wonderful wonderful guy and so David I'm glad that you're back on global star party and um and that you
are uh back from your tour of the South
thank you so much Scott and it was so much fun to see you and Martin and David
and Chuck and all sorts of people down at the Alcon that was really a good time we had it it was fun and I encourage
anyone who hasn't been to a league meeting to to get there because it is a great great time and I think we returned
to some normalcy this year with it um on the back end of the pandemic here so I'm going to present to you just for
a change and object tonight that has a dark matter Halo sorry David
um but as galaxies do and if I can share my screen
and I'll share the right aspect of the screen and I will start a slideshow
and I will talk about yet another object can you see hoags object a ring Galaxy
yes okay pay no attention to that has nothing to do with anything to do it
um but uh it's completely irrelevant but what we do want to talk about tonight we're working our way very slowly south
from the north Celestial pole there's a really cool Galaxy IC 342 and it's a
bright Galaxy but it's extremely heavily obscured because of the dust that is in
the this part of camel apartilus it's a barred spiral and it would be one of the
brighter galaxies in the sky if it weren't behind a whole lot of dust so it's a kind of an oddball Galaxy it's
also face on so that it has a really low surface brightness it has a ninth it's
about ninth magnitude altogether but it's large so it appears faint
individual parts of it appear faint uh in large part because of all the dust in
the Milky Way that is in front of this Galaxy and this part part of the Milky Way in camel apartless
it's large it measures uh um more than 20 arc minutes across so
you know two-thirds of the diameter of the Moon all together but most of it as I said is really faint and it's a nearby
Galaxy it's closer than 11 million light years so really close and in one of the
closest galaxy groups to us it's nicknamed by some the hidden Galaxy
because of its delayed discovery of of being so faint at surface brightness being so faint it's only discovered in
1892 which is pretty remarkable when a lot of extremely faint uh index catalog
objects were being found in that era long after most of the NGC was put
together um and it is one of the brightest members as I said it's a there's a
Galaxy group called The IC 342 Mafi group and we'll get to the Mafi galaxies
at some point later on Matthew 1 and Mafi 2 which are much fainter yet and
heavily obscured but this group contains about 18 galaxies and and uh ic342
itself is about 75 000 light years across and has about 100 billion stars
so it's a smaller Galaxy than the Milky Way or the Andromeda galaxy or m33 even
in our own group of galaxies but it's a relatively robust Galaxy as galaxies go
because as we've talked about before most galaxies are dwarfs just like stars
numerically so it's a pretty cool object and if this will is this going to
cooperate it's not going to Coop on a deer um there we go there we go Fifth Fifth
time on the key was the churn so here's a field that just kind of shows you the stuff that's around it um in this
relatively Stark Area of camel apartilus you can see the Galaxy there in blue in
the middle and there are you know it was a Berkeley star cluster and a few other things in the area for some really faint
galaxies but there's not a whole lot going on in this area of the sky so this
is kind of the most interesting object there and the master Tony Hallis has
produced this image of the Galaxy and you can see it has a relatively condensed nucleus and a lot of dark
matte okay I'm not going to say it I'll say dark nebulae involved there I don't want to upset David here
um is he listening still okay no he's not listening okay yes he is okay but
but the Dark Matter Halo of course seriously of this galaxy as the
irascible Fritz Wiki first raised in 19th 33 on this scale of course would be
three to five times larger than the frame size of this image you know way
out there the Dark Matter Halo of this Galaxy and you can see there's some bright uh and colorful colorful
Milky Way stars and and you can see in this image there are a lot of star-forming regions a lot of H2 regions
in this galaxy here which makes it kind of neat uh it's a great object for Astro
imagers but it is challenging if you have a dark sky you know in a 12 or a 16
or a 20 inch scope it looks pretty impressive this galaxy but it's pretty faint in small telescopes as a lot of
these challenge objects are this is a somewhat similar object image
it's an older image from kit Peak from the atom block Imaging programs at Kitt
Peak that's probably about 15 years old now the Tony image is pretty new
here but you can see again so much star formation going on in in this galaxy and
you can see the Bard spiral structure in relatively close to the hub pretty well in this image additionally too
so that's it that's my weird object which is actually a pretty bright one overall this week I'll get to some
stranger things in the next few weeks uh again we have the 50th anniversary of our magazine going on this year with all
sorts of special fun you want to peek in on astronomy magazine I'll mention the latest book that bakach and I put uh
together that came out last year as this child's introduction to space exploration which was a lot of fun to
work on um and then I'll mention uh also we have another meeting coming up now this is
for next spring starmus the seventh incarnation of starmus we're gonna put
together and we're going to be focusing on Earth there's a Richard Berry the old the fellow who hired me many years ago
at astronomy used to have a slogan he said Earth is a planet too you know we need to pay attention to Earth which is
of course absolutely true so we're going to talk about the future of Earth and and how we can take care of the planet
that sustains Our Lives which is probably in our best interests in the long run this is going to be in
Bratislava which believe it or not is pretty easy to get to even for Americans
who aren't used to traveling Around Here There and Everywhere it's pretty close to Vienna Austria which is a major
destination city in Europe of course and it's going to happen next May and we
have Scott will be involved David Levy will speak I believe at starmus this
time and and I will be doing my usual Shenanigans with the starmus board and
with Garrick and Brian May and others and I think we may get Scott up on there
to help us host Michael bakich also as someone who helps us host some of the days we'll have a lot of rock and roll
and a lot of astronauts and Nobel Prize winners and lots of other people talking about all aspects of science astronomy
and chemistry and biology right on down the line as well as some rock and roll from Brian and friends so we hope that
you'll join us in beautiful sunny next year
so Scott that's all I have I'll end my show and uh call it a day and stop my
screen sharing and and thank you for having me back it's been a little bit of a of an absence with some trips and
driving around and you know going and photographing Vicksburg and New Orleans and Baton Rouge again but
um what you do into your life it's really it's stunning you know so
and fun to look back in history as well as back in time in the universe as well
right and Dave is talking about the fun that we had at Alcon
I can't remember a time Scott you beat me to it from everything
I remember we had a hell of a good time yeah as far as my recollection will take us and I think Martin could back us up
and David oh yeah yeah Jeff was part of this this uh as well and Martin
Radcliffe of course was part of this as well and uh and so it was uh we had uh
uh maybe more fun than we than we actually deserved we did yes yes we'll
have to behave ourselves for another year now yeah that's right until the outcome and rolls around again so there
you go yes indeed yeah all right Kansas City I think is on the horizon yeah it's
right there and uh they have the um uh the Linda Hall library is which is one
of the if if you want to see astronomy book after astronomy book dropped into your lap Each of which is worth a
million dollars per book that's a good place to go that is one of the great collections of astronomy book as well as
other subjects but astronomy books from the first edition of the principia first
edition galileos all the way through on Earth it really is an extraordinary
collection there yeah I can't wait really yeah maybe Chuck can find a way of uh moving Al Qaeda quicker you know
so well you all have me convinced that I
haven't lived as an astronomer until I go to one of these conferences thank you for
continuing to sell these things I I gotta talk with the wife and make some arrangements oh it's it's right in the
middle of the United States uh this time so there's no I should be able to do there's no excuse you're right that's
right it is a good good time with great great people there involved with the league yeah and we wouldn't say it
unless it was absolutely true so right oh I believe I believe in both of you
all righty well great well thanks David and um uh now we are going to move to
Chuck Allen and Chuck was in rare form at Alcon as well so so it was a lot of
fun uh having him there and uh uh he was um
he was our uh resident attorney uh which apparently we we kind of we almost
needed uh because we were laughing so hard so uh we were getting some
attention it was all harmless we had a good time and so it was great Chuck thanks so much
for uh putting together being part of the coordination of such a tremendous
event um we really should have some of the other people that were uh you know the
the club that put on uh Alcon this time but um uh we do have uh uh Leon uh
Garcia which is very important and uh I love that you're on this time I know
that you guys do rotation uh for the global star parties but it's very appropriate that you're here at this
time uh because of uh we get a chance to talk about the national young
astronomers award so I'll turn it over to you great thank you very much Scott and I was laughing driving home after
that conference remembering some of the evenings so yeah
uh it's definitely a great thing to attend and uh all of you guys and uh
made it made it especially so um I'm gonna talk before uh introducing
our one of our Naya winners um I'd like to talk about something that starts in darkness and ends in darkness
and I'm going to start with uh on items I have an element collection with 95
elements in it and this is my favorite uh object it's a cubic inch of tungsten
I would prefer to have a cubic inch of osmium but acute osmium costs thirteen
thousand five hundred dollars and I said well I'll deal with a smaller amount of that but this thing is Hefty it's 0.7
pounds it's unbelievably Hefty and I'm going to be talking about it a little bit as we talk about density for a
moment so let me share a screen and we'll get on with that
okay I assume that's visible to everyone
perfect as most people know we've been sending satellite telescopes into space to study
the cosmic microwave background and in particular the size of the anisotropies
and that background to try to determine uh whether the universe is open whether
it is precisely flat such that parallel light beams would remain so or whether
it's closed finite and unbounded and all of our studies within uh 0.4 percent
margin of error conclude that the universe is flat that's where it stands right now but
with that margin of error it still lapse over to open or closed but that critical
density is amazingly low the critical density is the average density of the
universe and that density is just about 9 times 10 to the minus 30th grams per
cubic centimeter that's about 5.7 protons per cubic meter if you can
imagine something that empty a cubic meter with only with less than six
protons in it on average that's the average density of the universe and amazing even more amazingly perhaps uh
the visible matter that we see the baryonic matter that we see only
accounts for about five percent of that critical density which is why we've been searching for dark matter and dark
energy uh in the universe well on to the tungsten Cube I also have
a cube of carbon that's one cubic inch and the cube of tungsten and it turns
out it takes nearly nine cubes of carbon to make up the mass of a cubic inch of
tungsten which is really as I said very Hefty and kind of shockingly so when you
hold it osmium is a little bit denser uh and uh would be even heftier again I
wanted to spill that much money to have a cubic inch of metal um a cubic inch of tungsten has one
septillion atoms in it actually 1.03 but close enough right so one septillion
atoms that is more atoms than there are stars in the entire observable universe
by any estimation wow and along one edge of this tungsten Cube 100 million atoms
so if you were hopping from atom to atom going from one corner to the other you'd have to hop 100 million times and that's
just the atoms the particles in the nuclei these atoms are just P size
nuclei sitting in the middle of baseball stadium-sized atoms when you consider the electron shells
so what you have here is an object this tungsten Cube that is two no million
times denser than the universe is um and yet this tungsten Cube
is mostly empty space how much of it is empty space here you go
[Music] 99.9999999996 empty space
so it's really like a little Universe it has more things in it than there are stars in our universe and it's mostly
empty space like our universe though not quite as empty as we move up to something like the core
of the Sun for example we get into something denser it's about eight times denser than that tungsten cube in the
core now the pressure is unbelievable the pressure at the center of the sun is about 265 million Earth atmospheres of
pressure that would be the equivalent of taking a submersible to a depth of 1.7
million miles in an ocean to give you an idea of the pressure that is causing that Fusion to occur or the Sun
but then we move on to white dwarfs these of course are Stellar core remnants following the deaths of stars
that live their lives with generally less than eight solar masses as they Slough off their outer shells
and become planetary nebulated they leave behind these white dwarfs that are composed of something called electron
degenerate matter this is where the electrons can no longer orbit normally and are pressed
into their lowest Quantum states around the nuclei of the atoms there's no fears
in occurring in white dwarfs it's just a residual thermal radiation that comes out of them the most famous and closest
of them is perhaps the pup the white dwarf called Sirius B readily visible in telescopes If You
observe serious particularly with an occulting Rod or eyepiece
the size of white dwarfs is generally about the size of the Earth but they generally have the mass of the
Sun and the density in the average density in a neutron star
is about 1 million grams per cubic centimeter that means it's about 52 000
times denser than this tungsten Cube and if it were crammed into a cubic inch
it would weigh 18 tons so that's the average density of a white
dwarf but there are denser things still for something called neutron stars that
are left over from the collapse of stars that are generally greater than eight solar masses in size that end their
lives in bright type 2 supernovae which can outshine entire galaxies in which
they occur indeed as bright as a supernova is in
its ability to outshine a Galaxy that visible energy that you're seeing is only one one hundredth of the energy
produced by the shock wave of the Supernova and only one ten thousandths
of the neutrino blast that results from that explosion um now what happens in a neutron star is
there's too much pressure too much gravity for electrons to stay in orbit at all the protons effectively absorb
the electrons and spit out neutrinos and become neutrons and so you end up with a pure neutron star and here is a neutron
star to scale with New York City um they're roughly 12 kilometers in radius
and they have a density about 800 million times greater than a white dwarf
now if we subsumed some material from a neutron
star into our tungsten Cube it would weigh 14 billion tons give you an
example now there are theories that go beyond this there have been a couple of stars
discovered RX 31856 and 3C 58 that are neutron stars
that don't seem to match the physics that we expect from neutron stars rxj is
smaller than normal for a neutron star and 3c58 is cooler given the fact that
we know resulted from a supernova just 842 years ago
what some scientists believe is that the neutron stars of the these two neutron
stars may have passed through molecular clouds and accreted material that caused them to become even more compressed to
form something called a quark star now in a quark star according to MIT the
bags of quarks which we think of as neutrons here get crushed to the point
where confinement is lost and the quarks just form a suit in these Quark Stars
and when that happens if we took material from a quark star and put it into our tungsten cubic inch it would
weigh 2 trillion tons instead of 0.7 pounds there's even a theory that is extremely
hypothetical and not well supported that there may be something called Freon Stars these are composed of
supposedly the constituent particles that make up quarks very few physicists
believe that there are such particles they believe that quarks are indeed fundamental point-like particles so this
is extremely hypothetical and not well supported but if it did exist we would be looking at two quadrillion
tons per cubic inch in other words this cube of quarks dorm of prion star
material would weigh about 1-3 millionth of the entire Earth's mass
um now we get to the point where the density
becomes so high that we start approaching black hole density in the
case of the earth if we cram the earth into this size right here 0.88 centimeters diameter
this would weigh non-octillion grams that's about 300 septillion pounds and
it would become a black hole at that point and Back to Darkness we go and so uh with that I would like to turn
now to introducing a new friend of mine uh who impressed me very greatly and
with that I will return to screen share and
okay I think we're there yep
be nice if it would Advance okay as you know the astronomical league has had a
national young astronomer award now for 32 years and during that time we have seen some
of those amazing projects done by young people that you can conceivably imagine uh
the support we have gotten from explore scientific and from Scott Roberts in
particular even when he was with me before that uh has been a linchpin to the success of this program Scott came
to our support right away in the 1990s and his with us ever since providing amazing prizes to our winners
here are our winners uh opposing with the award telescope which I will show
you it looks a little smaller than it actually is in this picture I'll show you a better one in a minute Caitlin
Wang is one of our co-winners she is the senior at the Harker School in San Jose California and engaged in the discovery
of the smallest Ultra short period planets using a novel parallelized phase
folding detection system and she discovered three of these uh Ultra short period planets
and to the right Leon Garcia who is our guest tonight a really wonderful young
man seen here with the telescope in the foreground as it should be it's a fantastic instrument that Scott
contributes to our winners each year and again we're very grateful to him for
his loyalty to this program over so many decades I'm sorry I said that's very
kind Jack well it's also very deserved and no one more than I knows how
credible credit Borton has been to this program over the years um Leon is a remarkable young man he
gave a interview this is Caitlyn doing an interview with Scott uh in Baton Rouge a couple weeks ago and William
also having a good time talking with Scott as well and I guess these will be
posted at some point they are posted now they are posted down yeah uh Leon uh I
I've created a web page for Leon which I will post in the uh chat here and I will
be doing the same for Caitlin and we will embed these videos in there so people can see these interviews that's
fantastic thank you uh well anyone gave a program for us at Baton Rouge entitled
simulating the Dynamics collisions and morphology of Galactic ultra light Dark
Matter Halos it was a fantastic program I don't think I've ever seen a young person give a more relaxed humor and
thorough and incredible presentation in my life and with that I would like to introduce Leon Garcia
who is from Corvallis Oregon by the way and will be attending Stanford University next month
all right well thank you so much that's that's really high praise
all right um so I'm here today to just give a little bit of a rundown of uh what dark
matter is what we know about it what we don't know and some theories that we have um I'm gonna share my screen
you are muted
you are muted dictionary so when I shared it muted
hmm that is unfortunate let me let me just try find that one
uh you should be able to flip back to the controls and then meet yourself there um alt tab might get you there
thanks Paul there you go one more time Leon
there you go there we go that that should work a little bit better now perfect all right so now I'm ready to tell you a
little bit about dark matter and what it is and how it's uh played a massive role in shaping the universe's development
so we think that dark matter makes up to 80 to 85 percent of the universe's mass
and what dark matter is is kind of the stuff that we don't know what it is it's
out there in the universe and it does not like to interact with electromagnetic fields what that means
is it's not like you and me it doesn't emit or reflect light and it kind of um
avoids any sort of electromagnetic interactions and that makes it really really hard to detect because we our way
of interacting with the universes by looking at the light that different things Emit and so
um that's how we've kind of formed our entire view of the universe thus far but we know that it exists because of
its interaction with things that do emit light and so that means that it does
have some gravitational interactions this image at right shows kind of how we
think that dark matter is distributed over uh the visible Universe we can't
see something like this but we can perform exhaustive simulations to kind
of get the image that's shown here and what this is is this is a web of dark
matter and the bright areas are showing areas where there's lots of Galactic development and the darker areas are
areas where there's uh basically nothing there because there isn't enough Dark Matter to provide the gravitational
potential energy to form things and forming things is how we got here today
without dark matter we wouldn't be here because uh primordial gas clouds
wouldn't have formed in the early universe and out of those galaxies and other structures could not have been
possible so we can thank dark matter for all of us being here today and
um I'll get to how we know that it is dark matter that's having these effects
so you may have heard earlier today from David eicher about
um the concept of a dark matter Halo and what a Halo is is it's this Cocoon of uh
stuff around galaxies that provides this gravitational potential energy or this
gravitational pressure for things to form inside of it and for Galaxies to not rotate out their matter which I'll
get to a little bit later so these Halos are what's fundamentally
simulated uh by different dark matter simulations and my project was focusing
on simulating the Halos as opposed to individual pieces of Dark Matter themselves
and um Halos extend far beyond the reaches of what we can see it for a visible
Galaxy for every tiny little Galaxy there's a Halo that's um extending out potentially tens or
hundreds of uh times larger than the original Galaxy itself so it's uh pretty
big and there's a lot of matter there that we haven't accounted for
now this may anger some other people on the call but we do know to a certain
degree that dark matter does exist in some form and that it has played a large role in forming many of the structures
that we see in the universe today it we know this for five main reasons
um number one is this concept of gravitational lensing the video at the start of this kind of uh stole my
thunder a little bit uh this is an image of the uh web Deep Field it's one of the
first images that the James Webb Space Telescope took when it was first pointed into the sky and it's a very important
image because it showcases one of the fundamental phenomenon in the universe that supports the existence of Dark
Matter What gravitational lensing is is you get a massive object you get an object that emits light behind it and
light likes to travel in the shape of the universe so the light travels around the massive object gets to us and it
looks lensed or warped as if we put a fisheye lens around the center of whatever Mass it was bending around and
we can actually measure the degree to which galaxies are bent around large masses uh by using like complex Vector
operations that I won't get into now but we do already have a really great way at
determining the amount of visible Mass through the mass Luminosity relation which is basically we point a telescope
at something We Gather the amount of photons and we know to a great degree how much visible light were is emitted
to the amount of mass that's there and generally when we look at these lens
Galaxy clusters Across the Universe not just in the web Deep Field we see that
the amount of lensing or the amount that the light is bent around this large mass is not actually accounted for by the
amount of light that's emitted at the center so there's too much mass here that light alone doesn't explain and you
can go and look up this phenomenon for yourself of gravitational lensing micro lensing and in other kind of ways that
gravity plays tricks with light that show us that dark matter is playing a big role because the amount of light
that's emitted by structures that we can see isn't accounting for the amount of
gravity that's affecting everything else around it another way that we've looked at a
completely different area of the universe and seen how Dark Matters played a really large role is how fast
galaxies rotate galaxies are generally predicted to rotate according to
rotational kinematics which is the science that Isaac Newton developed in the 1600s and it's been very accurate at
predicting how smaller things like solar systems rotate where they'll Decay as we
go further and further out so this means that things further on the outside will rotate slower like Uranus and Neptune
rotate slower in the solar system than say Mercury and Earth because they're further out but in galaxies we don't see
this happening we see things that are what way far away from the core rotating very very fast and so we think that
there is significant Mass outside of the galactic core that's causing the Galaxy
not only to rotate very fast but these speeds wouldn't make sense because the
the uh the Stars would be basically flung off at the velocities that they're
going unless there was some Mass pulling them to the center that we haven't seen
yet and so that's the The observed curve that's shown here in B and to illustrate
this phenomenon is uh kind of a gif that shows that on the left we would expect a
Galaxy to be rotating like this where it's basically going very fast in the
center slow on the outsides but we have actually observe this in most uh large
galaxies where the Galaxy rotates more or less the same speed uh the entire way
out another way that we've not only been
able to determine that dark matter exists but to put upper limits on how much mass it is in particular Galaxy
clusters is by looking at galaxies when they uh interact and collide with one another so there are two prominent
examples uh with this uh um there are many others that you can
look at on your own time uh the coma cluster was the first detection of dark matter which was uh one of the
forefathers of modern astrophysics uh Fritz Vicki who was mentioned earlier uh
was the first to look at the coma cluster and say wait these are moving way too fast to be accounted for by the
amount of mass that I I can see in my telescope and so he coineded the term don't go Materia or darkened matter and
he was laughed at by all of his contemporaries about 70 years later he's regarded as the the original discoverer
of dark matter in 1933 and another really great example of uh how dark
matter affects Galaxy clusters is shown in the bullet cluster at left this one's a little bit more nuanced it's not
necessarily that galaxies are just moving too fast to be accounted for by the amount of mass that we see but more
about the distribution of math as that's there so the the parts that are shown in
blue here are the areas where we see gravitational lensing occurring but the
areas in red are they are kind of the areas where gas is emitting light and we
can see the physical mass or the light the light emitting mass or baryonic mass
of the cluster actually is and those two aren't matching up so this
is showing us that there there are these um gravitation areas of higher gravitational potential that seem to
have passed through each other during this uh Galactic Collision that are not accounted for by the amount of light
that we see and so this kind of um makes us ask the question how do we explain
gravitational lensing in areas with no visible mass and the answer is that we
can't even if we modify the way that gravity moves we can't fundamentally account for the fact that we are seeing
gravitational effects where we have no reason to be seeing them in this
Collision but I'm hearing I'm hearing some disapproving sounds uh in the background
there but I'm gonna I'm gonna continue on uh the early Universe was kind of
like a cosmic soup where it was uh more or less a uniform substance it was uh
not an incredibly exciting place to be given that it looked more or less the same everywhere that you looked but out
of that seeming uniformity there were little bubbles in that soup that emerged
and these are known as primordial gas clouds the way that we think that they emerged and we being theoretical
physicists um is that there were significant uh
Dark Matter effects on the early universe that caused early structures like primordial gas clouds seen here to
form and without uh a force like dark matter causing differentiation in the
early uni numbers we couldn't account for this even if we
exclusively looked at inflation which was the universe being ripped apart in all directions by
um by the force of cosmological expansion and finally
when we look at the leftover radiation from The Big Bang uh which is the cosmic
microwave background and count up all of the little pockets of uniform temperature which are by the way not
necessarily that different from one another we we can create this power
Spectrum shown at right and this this is basically the amount of blobs that are the same size at um
at different temperatures and we have um great statistical analysis that can
show us the uh kind of the effects of dark matter that it would have on the
early Cosmo uh Cosmic microwave background and when we run different
simulations we've arrived at the 80 percent um number of uh or mass budget of the
universe being constituted of dark matter by just adding more and more Dark Matter to the
simulations and some people say that it's a fudge Factor but we've seen uh
its effects on completely different areas of physics Across the Universe and
at completely different scales so a theory of modified gravity for instance would have to answer a lot of different
questions that dark matter currently is doing a good enough job at answering
right now and so um we have a lot of different theories
for what Dark Matter could possibly be dark matter uh could literally be
anything but we have restricted it to a couple different leading candidates
and the reason that we have so many is because we can't see it and the way that
we've had with interacting with the universe has been by detecting the visible light that different things Emit
and um actually being able to uh quantify different things but with dark matter we
we have to just look at its gravitational effects so some believe that dark matter could
be this weekly interacting massive particle or a wimp for short these
particles are almost so large that they're almost macroscopic and
um we think that they may weekly interact with electromagnetic magnetic fields uh and there are a lot of
different experiments that we've come up with to try and detect this particle but
um for the past 30 years we still haven't had a detection which has uh severely placed some pretty strong upper
limits on what how much could actually be this wimp particle and
it's not looking good for this Theory currently there's another um theory of what Dark Matter could be
that's more it that sits better with a lot of people that it could be machos or
massive complex compact Halo objects which is basically saying dark matter is
just the stuff that we already uh we already know is out there but we just haven't detected it yet and so this
could be like rogue planets this could be uh brown dwarf stars white dwarves
neutron stars and small black holes that we haven't detected but one of the
issues with this theory is that um currently we uh we have no way of
actually explaining all of the dark matter by just things that we haven't detected yet
so although this could be a significant proportion of the things that we haven't seen we we can't use it to explain away
all of this gravitational effect that we haven't been able to kind of
determine what exactly is causing it yet and finally there are some even stranger
theories for what Dark Matter could be it could be effects from extra dimensional uh space or it could be some
sort of fourth dimension that's interfering with uh gravity as we know it and is uh forcing structure formation
on on the universe and kind of we would really have to uh delve
a little bit more into theoretical physics but that's not uh
and finally there's a sterile neutrinos a neutrino is a fast-moving particle
that's very very small and uh some people think that it could have enough Mass to explain these effects in uh on
cosmological scales but what I was doing with my project was
using these teeny tiny little particles these are like 10 billionth the mass of an electron to simulate how dark matter
behaves on a galactic scale and the reason why this uh this particular
theory is super promising is because when it's been applied to stuff that we know a lot about like the Milky Way it's
been able to come much closer than other theories at simulating the amount of dwarf galaxies that we see around it so
other theories are approaching around 300 or on the order of hundreds of dwarf
Galaxy sized sub-halos that are large enough to host a dwarf Galaxy
as opposed to ultra light dark matter which comes very close
um within I think two sub-halos of uh simulating the correct number of dwarf
galaxies within the Milky Way and then um another thing that's intrinsic to the
type of particle is that these tiny little particles that are 110 billionth the mass of an electron cluster over
space to form these waves that um that we can simulate to kind of explain
Halo behavior these uh these waves bear a greater resemblance to what we expect
Dark Matter to look like than most other theories of dark matter which show a
Cosby distribution what a cusp is is it's a kind of angular
um or triangular shape that approaches Infinity at the center and
um infinite densities are probably not good good for physics in general and we
know that galaxies don't have infinite density at their cores they have they approach some finite density as a as
shown in red here and so the core profile or the solatonic Halo profile of
ultralight simulations is very realistic
um to what we actually see in space and so that's why it's a really promising Theory and
I used it to simulate four different instances where Dark Matters played a super large role in uh How the Universe
has developed but I can talk about that in uh in a later talk and thank you so
much for having me and um if anybody wants to ask any questions I I I'm open
yeah yeah we we do have a question here this is uh from
um off-road uh watching watching YouTube you've got an echo
I think I think it's gone now
anyways this is about NGC 1277 which is deficient
it's deemed to be deficient in dark matter um uh is it what do you think it's
completely absent of dark matter or what's your take on this galaxy if you
have any uh any thoughts so I uh I'm just looking that up now I
it did come up in the uh the literature review that I did for my project that
there were some galaxies that were deficient in dark matter but um
potentially uh there isn't there is an issue with galaxies forming in kind of
the uh The Intergalactic void so to speak where there's like basically no
dark matter but um I guess there
there might not be a way to explain that yet um under current theories unless it was
taught tossed out so to speak after the structure had initially formed like when
um smaller galaxies Collide to form larger ones you can um
in in essence provide enough kinetic energy to throw it out of uh
kind of what you would see as a as a region that's uh higher concentration in
a dark matter but I don't know if that would necessarily
explain the lack of dark matter in the Galaxy itself because I'm not sure how
the Dark Matter would just uh go away if that makes sense right
right okay I I don't think there's any other questions there was lots of nice comments
about um yeah
yeah I think I'm getting Echo from your uh I'll turn on my bike okay okay
there we go uh and um anyways Leon uh Leon I I hope that you come back on to
Global star party uh maybe next week and and finish up uh more about your talk on
Dark Matter so fantastic yeah great uh let me uh come back on here
with you guys and we will transition
thanks again okay and um uh so
um at this point uh we are going to transition over to Martin Ratcliffe
Martin has uh made a name for himself in the planetarium world but uh he also is
a gifted writer he writes currently for astronomy magazine I think for a column
that he's done for many years and so uh Martin why don't you come on with me and
introduce yourself and kind of fill in the gaps because I was literally getting to know you at Alcon
um yes but once I met you I was like you know sometimes you just connect with someone and it's like you feel like
you've known him your whole life so that's years
anyways yeah great pleasure to uh finally get to meet you in person well for me to come out then it was a
great pleasure meeting everybody Chuck as well at um Alcon it was such a great meeting uh David of course well both
David um and by the way David Levy I have a little treat for you later on so uh look
out for that uh something we spoke about at El Con um that'll come up in a few minutes yeah
I've written uh for a little while for astronomy magazine as Dave iconos it's actually
um when the 50th Anniversary issue came out I went oh my goodness I've done it for 27 years which is more than half the
life of the magazine and I vividly remember being a little kid in England where I grew up uh getting very excited
when I could buy astronomy magazine off the bookstand never imagining that um I
will be involved for more than half the life of the thing so I I'm very grateful for David for um keeping me evolved for
so long um yeah so Scott said my main full-time job is in the planetarium world I've
been in the planetarium world since the mid-1980s starting in in the UK and then
moving over to the U.S where I'm now resident and and when we were talking about you know dark matter and things
like that and by the way Leon that was simply an outstanding presentation um and so I I thought well I'll just
delete a couple of my slides uh because you did such a good job there
um but I will uh just go ahead and and talk to some of my slides um
and and just mention a variety of things uh let's see if this is
coming up okay there we go um and I have so many things I could
talk about I teach part-time uh at a couple of universities uh just remotely
and and um one of them is in Wichita Kansas where I lived for 24 years uh and I
actually do an introductory cosmology class and so I thought I'd start out with this uh chart that I use when I
talk about dark matter just to illustrate the to students without any Science Background what we're talking
about and the basic idea there is you know there's a lot of light in the in the world and uh in the universe and it
doesn't always exhibit where the true you know mass of things are and so this
uh Christmas light tree uh illustration kind of does that fairly well I think
um but what I thought I'd do is just really talk about my amateur astronomy experience
um as well I'm going to show you a couple of things from the planetarium world first though and then go into my
other passion which is astronomical photography and and so one of the things we could do in in the planetarium world
is I worked for a company called Evans and Sutherland here in Salt Lake City where I am now and and I get to play
with cosmological data sets and Stellar data sets and asteroids and whatnot I
programmed some of this stuff on the Dome so that it's distributed out to all of our theaters around the world and
this model and I think I may have these in the opposite order I'll use this one
first on the left this is a full Dome view of most of the galaxies within
about 500 million light years of our own Milky Way and the way I've displayed this is to place our Milky Way uh plane
of our Milky Way vertically where you see that dotted line and you'll also notice that that's where there's a
possibly of galaxies because we can't see through uh not dark matter but the
dark dust in our own plane of our Milky Way galaxy and so that blocks out galaxies from the distance but the rest
of the um universe in our local Universe at any rate um up to about 500 million light years
is filled with galaxies and clusters of galaxies and the way I've oriented this
particular thing on the left is you probably see a band along here
um and that's not a mistake our local group of galaxies is right here the
Virgo cluster is right here and this is what Gerard devocola returned the super
Galactic plane it's kind of a local plane of galaxies that sit in our local
universe and I use this to explain a few things about the Dynamics of Haram Milky
Way is moving um and you'll see a few large superclusters over here in red you'll
see a bunch over here but as we move out um oops I have to go back one did I as we
move out uh into the farther Milky Way these yellow lines delineate the Motions
of distant galaxies and how they're being influenced uh away from the Hubble
flow of the general overall expansion of the universe uh under the expansion law that we have that Hubble discovered back
in the 1920s away from that flow because of the gravitational pull of these
supermassive clusters of galaxies so this diagram on the right is supposed to
illustrate we are somewhere in the middle down here uh
over in this direction are a number of very large superclusters of galaxies
over here is a little I think you might be able to tell is slightly more sparse
maybe you can tell that you can tell it in the dome when it's moving uh and really in a you know it's very hard to
do this statically but I didn't dare do it in real time using uh Zoom because
it's very difficult but what I've done is overlay a measurement from the cosmic
microwave background um Planck satellite which instead of
looking at the cosmic microwave background itself what I'm looking at is the dipole uh
it image which tells which direction our Milky Way is moving in the universe and
so it's like a background um as speed measure if you like and what
you see is on the left hand side uh the sky is a little bit warmer indicated by
this dull red color and it's a little bit cooler on this other side and so
what that means is that our Milky Way is moving away from this direction and is moving towards this direction which is
where the bulk of the mass in our local supercluster is sitting and that's what linear care represents is in fact our
local supercluster um that's kind of just by way of a quick intro into some of that stuff I do in
the planetarium World um but I'm going to skip and change topic completely now and talk about where I live I live near Salt Lake City
this is a dark sky map and you go good grief how can you see
anything there well I live in Stansbury Park on a street called Cambridge way
which for a British guy is very nice it actually sounds like a tube stop on the
London Underground even though it's in Utah um but I like it anyway so and and so
you'll notice maybe down in the middle there's a mountain range here this mountain range goes up to nine and a half thousand feet or about 2500 meters
uh immediately to my East which is where Salt Lake City so I have this natural
barrier of um light uh blocking uh by a
large bulk of mountains and if I show you where I'm building my um Observatory you'll see what I mean uh
this was about three months ago running a cable app to an observator fan it's
still in the same state by the way I haven't done anything during this hot summer but I'm planning to put three
telescopes in here and you see the mountain range in the background which is blocking uh well it partially blocks
start uh street lights from Salt Lake um so I end up in about a bottle for
four and a half kind of Sky which is really not too shabby and I've now uh we
had some Landscaping done so we now have grass and you can see um I have this little pathway which I
realized when I was putting this talk together is very carefully planned so that in the middle of the night when I'm walking back to the house I will trip
myself over and and fall into the grass somewhere along the way uh very anyway
we'll I'll try and avoid that foreign so
um onto some dark skies and astronomical photography um which I love and I'm gonna kind of
touch poetically on Dark Skies or dark not not in Dark Matter per se but just
on things that are dark um this is a photo I took a few years ago when I visited Flagstaff which I
know Dave I can knows and loves very well um and it was before the aavso meeting a
few years ago I decided to take a weekend and spend it on the rim of this little canyon that some of you may know
called the Grand Canyon um and it was in a quarter phase moonlight so I was able to experiment
with some really nice photography and I love doing this stuff and I think part
of it is you know all of us on this call and and people who are listening we just love
the darkness of the night sky and that's part of what the theme is about here uh
you know how do you feel about being under the night sky it's it's so relaxing you just feel embedded in you
forget your daily uh or even nightly worries um walking around in scenes like this
and I love being able to capture some of that in photography and so that's what I was going to talk about for the last part uh for what I have here
um a little bit of History um when I worked in the in Northern Ireland
um I worked at the alma Planetarium and at the alma Observatory they have the
10-inch group refractor that uh jle Dreyer used to finish up the NGC catalog
um and I just loved sitting at the end of the same telescope
um and uh on October 6 1985 I recovered Halley's Comet with that telescope and
across Brian was the last person to observe it with that telescope so that still gives me tingles
um yeah it's a really beautiful memory um and also I did uh drawings of comets
this is common Hallie in 1986 when everybody was reporting that it was a
bit of a dud uh this was in 20 by 80 binoculars it was stunning
um and I also took a Schmidt camera down to Australia where the really out Dark
Skies in the middle of Australia so this is me with a Schmidt camera which I
still own and uh this is a photo of Halley's Comet over I don't think it's
over as rock it was over another rock um but uh I know it's not a comet talk
but I have to share comments because I love comments and this was a shot that
um uh showing uh Holly it shows the Omega Centauri globular cluster and over
here is Centaurus a Galaxy I actually have a shot somewhere with a meteor as well but I couldn't find it uh so it's
it's one of those magical moments David Levy this is the photo I talked about at
Alcon um I mentioned to David that um I was at a conference in Seattle and
then flew down to Chabot observatory in 2007 and the amateur astronomers outside reviewing comet mcnaught in daylight and
inside the building was Carolyn Schumacher signing autographs along with a bunch of astronauts like Alexa leonoff
and Wally Chara and Walter Cunningham and she was part of that group I ran inside and I said you must come outside
and look at this comment in daylight it would be just magnificent so this is
kind of a special moment that I captured was a very famous comment Discoverer
looking through binoculars account so my best to you David I wanted to show you that um I'll send that over
to you at some point so uh other things I've done in my
planetarium travels is I get to travel to interesting places like bloemfontein in South Africa this is the Dome of a
magnificent old Observatory that housed a 28 inch I think it was
um and they they've recovered the telescope and it was found in a a an old
fire engine shed and they've refurbished the whole thing um The lenses in the University of Michigan it was actually run by the
University of Michigan and it gave me opportunity to go out to Boyden Observatory I could I do a whole
talk on this stuff um but I'm going to cut this really short one of the Magnificent things that
this Observatory is the very first camera that took a color photo of Mars uh use uh which all Slifer did you can
see us life was book on the left this is the actual camera he used he used the telescope uh that I just showed you but
not only that oh and here's uh hovered plates uh from that telescope
um of Mars I went down to the observatory in 2018 to do observe the
perihelic opposition to Mars with a 13-inch Clark um here's Mars on the right I'm going to
do this very quickly folks because there's lots and lots of things to show you I love photographing the sky from
the southern hemisphere um and this telescope was just magnificent here's I took lots of
selfies with me and the glow underneath a giant telescope it's a very historical telescope this is me looking over the
refractor at Mars which is one of the evocative moments I didn't want to forget that's my camera attached to it
doing some video capture and on the left is my video capture in 2018 on the right
is the very first black and white image of Mars taken in 1888 with this telescope same telescope
um this was a Harvard College play so as I say this is a whole talk in itself
um I've done some planetary photography uh with my c14 which I'm hoping to reset
up in that Observatory I was showing you and and in 2020 uh the year of covet I
really spent a lot of time trying to fine-tune my practice and I essentially went in July from this image on the left
to August a month later having fine-tuned my experience and I as I say
I do a talk on that at another time it's a lot of fun speaking of Shadow speaking
of dark things in the sky this is the 2012 annular eclipse of the sun across
um across Monument Valley and some really unique the sun went down the edge of
this Cliff Mesa which was really amazing um and uh also speaking of Shadows and dark
uh other solar eclipses and my other passion in addition to General photography and uh eclipses this was
Chile 2019 and I'm really looking forward to next year and then in the
South South Africa these are the kind of views that you get some of you may not
have seen the um uh the shape of an emu in the dark dark
bands of the Milky Way uh here's the body of the Emu here's the long neck and
here's the head which is the culsack and the soft Cross of course there's the beak so yes it's a very famous view from
Australia or South Africa if you just see that yeah see it once you see it I
know once you see it yeah right uh this is the salt telescope photo I took when
I had some access to that um telescope oh by the way I should mention that this telescope here is the
Radcliffe reflector not the rat Cliff which I am there's no relation but
you know I'll take it when I get it uh just some general you know photography
of things that I love doing um and then there's doing your own shadow against the uh Aurora uh or in
this case and I know David will love this one uh comment help up over Factory Butte in southern Utah
um which was what over 25 years ago and now I live here can you believe it's amazing
how life can turn around um and I find so just the last comment
um this was a very evocative and emotional moment because when I took this picture I walked out onto this Mesa
we're in the middle of the desert and this comic comes around every five or six thousand years and I thought you
know the last time this comic came around this landscape looked the same
and so I could stand out there as a human on this planet and just gaze up at this visitor once every five six
thousand years and just have that uh Cosmic view of the heavens which we
all strive for and this was a very magical moment so I thought I'd end just with you know my happy place which is at
the eye end of a giant refractor and um that's the end of what I have Scott so
thanks again for inviting me it's been really fantastic fantastic Martin thank you so much for coming on we hope that
uh we can get you back onto Global star party again so yeah yeah that's great
okay I just wanted to say Scotty that I thought that Martin's lecture was
fabulous I really truly enjoyed it and did you know that I also have a mild
interest in comments from time to time you know I I have heard that from time
to time yes indeed that's why I thought yeah I'm glad you liked it that's uh uh
truly appreciate that David thanks great okay all right so um uh God just so many
great speakers here on global star party tonight um as as there is almost every time we
do a global star it's it's fantastic but uh I'm feeling a special energy from
this one so that's great um uh Molly Wakeling who uh is um uh has
been giving uh presentations to Global star party over many of our shows
with her astronomy program always gives us a nice dose of science
with insight into How the Universe works with her beautiful astrophotography she
kind of mixes the whole experience of of the Mind of a researcher and scientist
with the heart of an amateur astronomer and a great astrophotographer Molly
thanks for coming on global star party again thanks for having me back I'm glad we're back up and running on on global star
party yes um yeah let me share my screen
um so I I originally made this talk for last week although I think Scott you missed my email saying I could come
because I and I didn't notice I wasn't on the schedule until about an hour before the show started so I'm like I'll
just come next week instead so uh we'll take a brief break from a dark matter
and talk about uh the bubble nebula which is a really cool nebula I've
photographed a couple of times and um it's up right now so I want to highlight it as something to it to image
and to and to go see if you have a chance um so uh what is the bubble nebula it is
an emission nebula it's uh the bubble is from a stellar Stellar Wind of a massive hot star which I'm going to go into more
detail in later and it's near a giant molecular cloud complex that gives you some really cool other stuff in that
area to see an image with the interaction of a mission nebula and dark nebula and um how in space those things
are interacting and uh it's a really gorgeous view so uh you can find it up between
Cassiopeia and cepheus is probably far too north for our Southern observers but
uh it's a nice treat for for Northern observers for sure uh kind of about halfway between uh the two
constellations there um but uh yeah that's where that's
located at um has it's a relatively bright at least the bubble part is uh with apparent
magnitude of approximately 10. it's a 7 100 light years away and about seven
light years across the actual bubble part which um I mean when sometimes like like when you think about like we talk
about sizes of objects that we look at in space and it's like oh yeah you know it's 100 light years across it's a
Galaxy that's a hundred thousand light years across so seven just sounds really small but but if you think about how the
it's so much larger than our solar system and in fact like if you have to
go all the way to office Centauri most the way back in order to cross the distance of this of this nebula so
um and these things are very large to have come from only one star uh and it was it's about 15 by eight arc
minutes across from our perspective here so it's not small you can see it in a variety of telescopes and discovered by
William Herschel in 1787 which it still amazes me how much stuff was discovered
by by telescopes in the 1700s like the instruments they had and we're still
doing this was incredible uh yeah so let's talk about that bubble this is uh this picture here is is the
Hubble picture of it a nice sharp colorful close-up view of it
so the central star is pretty incredible it is actually this the one that you think the bright one here and you can
see it's not actually quite in the middle uh which which uh is interesting and I'll talk about here so the central
Stars 45 times the mass of our sun so any really a truly enormous star and
because of its enormous size it's it's a sort of live fast and die young when it
comes to stars stars and especially at these at these masses so our son being a main actually a
relatively small main sequence star it's gonna live for about 10 billion years so it's building with a b and but these
really massive stars it's only four million years old and it's already mostly fusing helium at this point it's
burned through a lot of its hydrogen and it will likely go supernova in the next 10 to 20 million years so it's uh it's
gonna wink out uh existence in a pretty short period of time astronomically
speaking it has a a hot Stellar Wind so um think
about the solar wind from the Sun this cloud of charged particles that is being accelerated by the sun's magnetic field
every Star has something like this and this one is particularly hot and particularly fast moving at four million
miles per hour just screaming out of the star and the uh it actually is is powerful
enough to it Scoops up the colder surrounding gas and dust which makes this which makes the edge of the bubble
they're sort of like a snow plow and um the reason why it's sort of
asymmetrical where the star is not really in the center but kind of toward the edge of it it's sort of this Blobby shape because uh like I mentioned it's
in a molecular dust cloud so it slams into the dense cold gas more so on one side than the other so uh in that side
being this side here you can see some of this Cloud up here and there's a lot of gas and dust in between so it's kind of
slamming into dust here which is making it move more slowly than the side over
here so it makes this really asymmetrical kind of Blobby shape
and uh this being a Hubble picture it's in the Hubble palette so here uh red is
glowing sulfur gas green is hydrogen gas and blue is oxygen in reality hydrogen
gas also glows red but in order to differentiate it from The sulfur the Hubble palate is to colorize that red to
be green for hydrogen so it's easier to see and this being a high mass star it's
already fusing the heavier elements there's quite a lot of oxygen uh in the bubble surrounding it
uh all right so I like to show what these things look like in other wavelengths because you know we see
these pictures all the time in Optical wavelengths mostly but sometimes you can learn something about it from looking at
it in other wavelengths so uh in the radio wavelength here um probably what we're seeing here is is
the um is the um the the hydrogen Alpha line the lime
and line the 21 centimeter one uh being you know serious hydrogen here still from its from its earlier stages uh the
picture on the right is what it looks like in infrared at um this is a where let's see red is 2.1 microns green is
one and a half microns and blue is 1.2 microns so pretty near infrared
um but uh yeah so cool to look at in in infrared too you could see some of the
edge of the uh bubble here getting up into the higher energies of
light uh usually like taking pictures in in UV or an x-ray is is not the same as
taking it as we do optically so these tend to uh be not the highest quality
and especially if it's not really been studied scientifically there might just be kind of these wide survey images of
it so we kind of have this fuzzy blob here um these these two things here are are
reflections um you can see kind of the shape of the of the um telescope here nicely pollinated
um over here in uh x-ray I I didn't I didn't double check but I I think that
this is probably that Central Star because it's so massive it's probably uh
hot enough to put out some amount of X-ray light but I didn't I didn't verify this but this this might be that star
there um so yeah if you want to observe or image the bubbles some advice is uh it's
it's up now it's uh the good time of year when it's in the sky at a reasonable time of night is June to
January and it's circumpolar if you live north of 30 degrees north latitude which
is mostly United States so uh you can you can't technically see it year round but when it's pretty low
in the sky uh can be harder to observe for sure um from I I think I have seen it myself
but I don't remember what size of telescope I was looking through I have to go back and check my notes but from
some other reports um you might be able to see it with averted Vision under Dark Skies in a small as an eight or ten inch
telescope with a much larger 16 or 18 inch ish dobsonian you can't see the
nebula probably using an O3 filter or a nebula filter will help pull that out and you can kind of see it's it's
faintly elongated and probably this brighter portion is usually the the part that you see most easily on on this side
here uh photographically it's got tons of hydrogen Alpha in this area and it's relatively bright photographically as a
result especially if you're using an astronomical camera that um is is more sensitive to the Deep Reds
than your standard DSLR uh but you can still image it with a DSLR
I it's uh it's great as a wide field where you can see there's there's a an
open cluster nearby there's all kinds of dark nebula all kinds of of just a
mission nebula background but it also looks great zoomed in where you can pick up a lot of the detail going on there so
it's it's really an object for whatever telescope you have is the telescope you can image with so that's a short
refractor or a long focal length mccaster and it'll look great in all of them uh you don't need a ton of exposure time
the image I had in the title slide which I'll jump back here in a second is only uh 19 five minute exposures under bortle
about three and a half and that's that's wide band so no uh narrowband filters there and um that's this picture here so
you get a really nice open cluster over here and a cut off part of it but there's some dark ability here there's
more um maybe they hear and yeah so this is this is uh um yeah you don't need a lot
of exposure time on it back and and it's it's great wideband it's
great in Duo narrow band with uh with a color camera it's great in either
um ho or Hubble palette with a monochrome camera really this is something an object you can image with
basically whatever equipment you have which is which is always a great thing to go for and here's my picture of it in Hubble
palette uh which which I've been really enjoying being able to do a little more zoomed out than the the Hubble picture
but uh yeah seeing all those all those same colors of gases is really fun uh
this is a 19 hour exposure taken um with uh two monochrome cameras I have
my my main zwo 1600 and then I was testing a qhy 533 which I loved by the
way from my backyard here in Dayton Ohio which is about portal 7 so a lot of light pollution here that's the great
thing about Imaging and narrow band is uh you can cut through that light pollution and pick up a lot of that nice beautiful background incredible and yeah
that's what I got it's all you got it's a lot it's a lot that's great
all right so um uh Molly thank you again uh so give
us a little insight as to what's going on with your uh your your uh your uh
your studies at this at this yes so um I'm set to defend in November by hook or
by crook so I still got a lot of work to do um I've had some some trouble with some of my
calibration data and we're still got some co-development going on we're finding some algorithms but yes it's
still deep in data analysis um I'm measuring the uh the neutron
inelastic scatter cross section of Oxygen 16 which basically means we're shooting neutrons at a sapphire Target
which has aluminum and oxygen in it and measuring how often the neutron actually
excites the oxygen so puts it into an elevated State and that state will emit
a gamma ray and we'll get the scattered Neutron and detect both of those and so we're trying to measure how often it
excites those States because um I think if you think about like a nuclear reactor environment where you've
got neutrons flying around there's oxygen in the water and in all the Structural Materials and you want to
know if you're getting more high-end energy Gammas and if your neutrons are losing more energy than you think they
are because you don't have the data on how often this interaction happens so
this will go into a database which will feed into simulations in the future on things like nuclear reactors
wow okay well well I think I speak with everyone when we say good luck and go
get them we're all rooting for you thank you yes
that's right that's right well wonderful thank you Molly thank you again and we'll see you next time
all right so our our next speaker is um uh Dr Daniel Barth uh who will give a
alternative view of uh uh towards the um the subject of dark matter and uh Daniel
I from what I understand this is uh um
well I don't know if it's a popular Theory or an unpopular one or for what
reasons it's unpopular but uh this is a theory now it's an acronym right m-o-n-d
what is it thanks for inviting me back to GSP hi
everybody good to be back um I'm going to throw wrenches tonight
um as as an educator somebody who has taught both science and science teachers
I'm always challenging people to think critically and I'd like us all to take a
step back and think about a couple of things tonight I'm going to bring up my favorite science guy who's Thomas
and uh Thomas Kuhn basically tells us about how science Works he's a
philosopher of Science and Thomas goon says in contrast to this idea that
science is a steady stair step of great ideas one upon the other uh Thomas
describes the progress of science more like a cage match uh Thomas goon says basically yeah lots of people propose
theories and then we all go after them with daggers Ron and it's kind of a last
man standing sort of a situation let's take a look at what we have with dark matter
we have an effect Vera Ruben brilliant one of my astronomy Heroes discovered
non-keplurion rotation in galaxies galaxies don't rotate the Way planetary
systems do planetary systems everything goes according to Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's uh
Dynamics and the planets move more slowly as you get farther away Pluto's orbit is 248 years ours is one and uh
Pluto is 40 times farther away than we are but the time to orbit gets longer and longer galaxies don't do that the
orbital speed maintains itself consistently from very near the center to very far out and a lot of other
scientists have built upon Professor Reuben's work uh during her lifetime and since and we see that this data is real
having an effect theorists sharpen their pencils and run
it in and say let's posit a cause how does this work
I'm going to remind you of what Newton famously said hypotheses non-fingo and
yeah it was kind of a swear word with him he basically said I don't posit any hypotheses I'm not telling you what
gravity is I'm simply telling you how systems work under the influence of
gravitation and the results were so astounding and the predictions matched observations so
magnificently Newton is widely failed it's one of the most Brilliant Minds in
science in all of human history and I'll fight you over that I think Newton wears
the crime but let me remind you it took about 350 years for Sunday to come along and say
oh yeah Newton's not quite right here's how it actually works and of
course no one believed him at first this was Albert Einstein Albert did something
astonishing not only did he make the first correction to Newton's series he posited a mechanism for gravitation
space time and space-time curvature well the idea that we see in effect and
we now positive cost and we go looking for that object that causes this effect
this is an old old tune and we've danced to this before flow just on
the planet Vulcan The luminiferous Ether Remember The luminiferous Ether this is
what light is supposed to travel in and of course everybody believed it it was
taught it was written in books people refined the theory here's how it works here's the tensile strength of it here's
the stiffness here's all its physical properties just one problem it didn't exist
the theory worked great but the positive object wasn't there eventually we came
along we got this lovely experiment from Michaelson and Morley they looked at the speed of light and they said if we're
moving through the ether it has to have an effect and it didn't the same thing
with the planet Vulcan
Observatory one of the most brilliant and accurate observers of all time he
found these remarkably tiny deviations of the orbit of mercury and he said well
Newton is boss he's right and if it's right then there has to be something
causing this if Newton's right there must be a cause I posit a planet close
to the Sun I'm calling it Vulcan we search for that for two centuries actually it wasn't the searching that
failed to find Vulcan that convinced anybody that Vulcan didn't exist what
convinced everybody was Einstein's theory which said I can tell you how
gravitation works and how it changes the orbit of mercury I can match the effect
most perfectly with my theory and then finally it was
the astronomer Royal Eddington who went and looked ah if Einstein's right there
should be a deviation in the image of a star if that star is close to the limb
of the sun famous uh Eclipse Expeditions and there's been much written about that
and what we found was oh this interesting pause we posited this object
this thing didn't exist you go back to the great granddaddy of
all of these things heliocentric system geocentric system the two theories existed in tandem
for more than two millennium how why well the reason was no one could
come up with an experiment that would definitively show that one theory was
not possible where the other must be this was of course Galileo's invention
of the modern astronomical telescope his observation of the phases of Venus and
he said look phases of Venus uh show us conclusively not the heliocentric model
not only must be true but that the geocentric model cannot be true
we have two theories and there are more but these are the two leading contenders we have dark matter and we have mod
uh and it's a mordecai Milgram Professor Milgram from Israel to positive mod and
again we're in Schrodinger's we're like Schrodinger's cat right now we're in this dual State and certainly one of
these series is vastly more popular than the other oh no one really likes Mond
nature doesn't care friends nature doesn't there's no obligation to
to perform according to your mathematical series and dictates none whatsoever we on the other hand have an
obligation to adjust our theories to fit the facts and the problem is right now there is no definitive
experiment that says Eureka I have found it here's what dark matter is and we can
detect it where it needs to be in order to be causing this effect that we see
interestingly just yesterday an article came across my feed some scientists were
studying the Hiatus cluster and they said you know what the expansion of the
Hiatus cluster would make a lot more sense if there are small black holes in
the hyadis well in fact uh they said oh this is a lovely Theory and if it's true
then it's it's a nail in the eye for mod and then they went on to say oh but the
problem is we haven't been able to detect any black holes in the Ides cluster so our Theory says black holes
would make it work very nicely and if that's true then Mond doesn't work very
well and maybe we can throw it away oh but by the way we haven't been able to find the cause we're positing
right now friends we are in this lovely golden magical era where we have two
powerful amazing theories and we have people going out and it's very clear which Theory the astrophysical and
astronomical Community favors it's very clear and there's you know what science
isn't about popularity if you would ask Galileo in 1610
how many people do you know who agree with Copernicus and the heliocentric
system the number would have been vanishingly small in fact the great
overwhelming majority of the scientific Community virtually everyone in the scientific Community really believed
that Copernicus was a nut Galileo was kind of
positing this idea it couldn't possibly be true we've known for centuries for
Millennia that the Earth is fixed in at the center all of our Science is based on this idea we have all these
observations we have this wonderful Theory we have the geocentric theory with all these lovely
tuning and adjustments and we got it just about just right it's just a few little things
it's through these cracks that new science emerges
we have to be humble before the facts if we're choosing favorites among our
theories then we're engaging in well let's just call it less than purely
scientific Behavior we get data first and we modify our
theories to fit that the idea of what dark matter is where we can find it
we've been shrinking the Box shrinking the Box oh we've got a better idea of
where to look for it how much it weighs how it interacts we're looking and we've
got a smaller and smaller box to look for that Mouse but as yet we've seen no mouse no one's
detected a dark matter particle no one can tell you what a dark matter particle is they can simply tell you I have this
marvelous Theory and if there are dark if there are dark matter particles they're performing this function and
they're basically positing a course for a gravitational effect we haven't seen the cause yet
do I have a favorite on C Series yes I do that doesn't make any difference and I'm
not going to tell you my personal favorite or my ideas
influence Nature's Behavior not one bit so we've got all these wonderful
scientists and my goodness I am so impressed with all our speakers tonight
and their research and their scholarship and their precision and the way they
handle data but I'll remind you all of these scientists are working
to perfect and basically get a solid grip on a theory
that works if you were to be like Newton you would
say ah I have a theory that works but hypothesis non-fingo let other people go
out and explain what the cause is I'm simply going to tell you how it works
and the Lambda CDM Community has done a spectacular job of giving us a theory
that shows how it works we still need our Einstein we still need
our Galileo we need a genius to come and develop an experiment
and show us definitively and at some point I I'm sure this will
happen somebody will come up with a technology and an experiment and basically
kill one of these series put the last nail in it and it's dead for good because I've proven this Theory cannot
be true I'll remind you that Galileo's confirmation of the heliocentric system
didn't work because he proved the sun must be in the center
his work basically championed the heliocentric theory because he proved
the geocentric system cannot be true this is exactly what Thomas says we
have theories in the scientific workspace if you will and people are
going at it hammer and tongs because it's a very rare thing to pause
that's a theory that becomes textbook it's much easier to become to advance
your scientific career by shooting down somebody else's that is by far the more common scientific activity and uh you
know we're moving forward we're moving forward we're Gathering data and I want to remind everybody that a good theory
is not evidence of an object of cause we
still haven't detected it yet I have confidence that we will I have confidence that either one of these two
theories will be sorted out or it may be like the string theory where we had five different string
theories and then someone came along and said wow look at this mathematically they're all the same thing
it's just which side of the die are you looking at so we have a lot of work to do and we
must keep Occam's razor sharp we must hone our skepticism we must remember the
difference between talking about Theory and detection of objects and the
confirmation of a cause we're still working on it it's still a work in progress and I for one am not willing to
say oh 98 of scientists believe and therefore I do too science isn't about
polls and science isn't about belief science is about data let's go get some
there you go everybody awesome Okay so
um well I think I just needed to interrupt for a second Scotty if you don't mind that was thrilling I mean uh
I really hope someday you'll tell me what you put theory is but by totally found it it was a breath
of fresh air and I think that I could imagine Clyde Tomball sitting next to me laughing and
doing his puns and saying you know you have to look at the big picture you have
to look at what sometimes really is and we don't know
we don't know most of what we need to know about the universe one day we will
but not for a very long time congratulations Dan that was beautiful
thank you David I'm I'm humbled and very pleased thank you
would you be able to I think a lot of the audience doesn't know what Monde is oh all right got it
um mod stands for modified Newtonian Dynamics uh it was proposed by an
astrophysicist named Mordecai Milgram who works out of Israel and Professor
Milgram said I don't like the idea of positing this lovely effect
because uh of a particle we cannot see and cannot detect
he believes that what is happening in fact is that basic Newtonian Dynamics
needs a minor modification that will show that normal gravitational function
produces all these results where small systems orbit in a keplerian manner and
very large massive systems do not uh Mond some varieties of mon also posit
that some constants of nature may change over time again that's a purely
hypothetical posit uh we have no data to support or reject this idea we certainly
haven't been observing and Reporting constants of nature long enough and with great enough Precision to make any kind
of a reasonable stab at that however Dr milgram's Theory uh
does explain and as the coal dark land a cold Dark
Matter Theory does uh it does explain the behavior of non-capularian rotation of galaxies and other effects and uh
there have not been a great number of people who said oh that's interesting
well that's tested uh a few have a few have but there's not been a great
assertive interest in testing um Dr milgram's Theory
um he won't be alone if he passes and no one confirms his theory during his lifetime
I will remind you we lost uh Dr Gilbert uh Levine uh just about a year ago uh
the man who built and was the principal investigator on the labeled release
experiment on Viking and he claims to his dying day to have discovered
bacterial life on Mars uh and the scientific Community goes they don't
believe him but in fact to confirm or reject uh Professor Levine's Theory
we're going to either need a very robust sample return which we're working on or
my favorite boots on the ground on Mars it would take an astronaut scientist an
hour to dig up some soil and run a uh run
some tests and find whether or not we've had any sort of bacteria or active DNA
or anything in the soil of Mars uh that would be definitive we haven't done that test uh Dr Levine I don't know maybe he
deserved a Nobel for finding Life on Mars but you know what he had the same
problem Lambda cold Dark Matter Community does the same problem Mars mons does
no one has done the experiment to confirm or kill his theory
it hasn't been done yet and science sometimes takes time and sometimes more
time than we've got but we have faith in the process that's worked for
Millennia that science will proceed we add to it as we can while we're here and
uh I don't know I hope we have a grand sand seat after we're going to see how things turn out but either way the
process will resolve this dilemma the scientific process is ultimately
self-correcting and if mon is a bad idea mod will die and it wouldn't if mind turns out to be
the thing oh you didn't need this thing all you needed was to more completely
understand gravitation that would certainly be a much more common event than oh I've discovered an
entirely new type of particles and things that cause great impact on Galactic size and
Intergalactic size structures um we've frankly done the let's modify
gravity of things successfully more often so does that mean we will again no uh
and bond is uh mine is really interesting m-o-n-d all capitals and uh
uh Mordecai Milgram and Mordecai is not spelled quite the way you think but I'm
sure if you type them into your search engine you'll find him and it's worth looking at it's always worth exploring
the other fellows Theory uh if nothing else it gives us an idea where to look
for the next piece of data a theory we want to shoot down points is where to
look sharpens our perception makes us focus on new instruments and new
experiments um was right it's a cage match let's put on the gloves lock the door
let's go I'm ready I think also what what really sold me on
your your lecture was the appearance of your calling the big black dog that came
by in the middle of your lecture
that dog has all the answers all right well thank you very much
everyone um we are running behind at this point and need to transition
um our next speaker is uh Maxi falaris um in Argentina uh Maxi
um thank you for waiting there uh patiently and uh you have the spotlight
here I didn't see you for a long time
Molly Adrian well Cesar Leon a pleasure to meet you uh well then yeah of course
your speech is impressive I even in Spanish I could
follow you when you speak but uh I think I understand Bridge pretty much
so well um what I'm going to show you for tonight is basically what I'll be doing
last week almost um let me share my screen
[Music] uh okay do you see it yes
great so like I show you in the last GSP I
bought this dobsonian reflective telescope because my goal for now is
well when I do astrophotography I want to
and and give a a I want to
to do visual observations doing a
I'm doing a astrophotography too so I need something for say portable a
comfort and when you put it put your eye and that's it and enjoy the the disguise
so well I bought this particularly dobsonian in a good price
in second hand but anyway I also search for almost this one
because it has a really long focal length so it allows me to
after a planet for Saturn Jupiter and also the moon so
well I watch it through telescope and when I saw Saturn you know uh even my
wife said oh man looks those rings so she if she is impressive so I'm glad
to know that so basically I've been doing some
observance but I had an idea so
I made this let me I put the dobsonian telescope above the
amount equatorial amount uh well for a Nico and Cesar this is a
sacrilege because it is but I give a try to to capture
the moon and the planets you know I also like to do
planetary pictures so I want to
oh to try it but also try to do some deep Sky object first because Saturn was
a very low and the the skies aren't aren't the the
good ones but anyway in this case I this is a capture of my view
of the bug nebula that I took with this scope and my cwo
and you know this is only a one minute capture and
I give it a try it doesn't the same that the F4 maybe it doesn't have the lens
correction and everything but you know I really like to do this and and then when the
Saturn came it starts to comes up more above 40 degrees maybe uh I've been
capturing basically this but this is on Sharp
when I get through the this tax
software this is a okay pretty one but it pretty old but it
works really good uh when you open it
let me put more Summit when you only go there you can see the
stats will get a more detail and when you do the RGB balance
it goes to that colors so I run maybe
eight or nine videos of that night I
uh stack everyone and then then they rotated everyone
so I could have this and let me this bar
is bother me okay
um this is an example of what I get processing this with the 8 inches F6
cell scope and I did this well rotate this because
change you the perspective of while you see it you know and [Music]
maybe in the north a hemisphere you can see like this but here you will see this
because this is the cell so it's here is up and the the north is down for example
but it's all perspective that's all um and also what I've been doing was uh
trying to capture the Moon but I didn't change the the lens or with
the same camera and everything so basically uh when I run this
I this is a stack image but when I start to process this I get this
so the details that I get it's you know this is what I wanted a long time ago
hey this these are the details that I wanted and the shapes of the craters the
the center of the that's that creators and the the small ones you know it the
the condition of it wasn't it wasn't really good for planetary because the
scene was terrible the the chat streams above in the high winds now it's
in in um that they were they were really bad
so this is another place I don't remember the the name of this crater
but when I process this I get this so uh now the even for that bad night I
could get all these details in the moon so I'm really happy to do this
uh you know this is the that night with the
gear outside and well you can see here's the camera
the part of the lens here's the guiding camera and here's the
Asia plus commanding everything so and here's the notebook connected
only to the camera yeah you know it maybe if my neighbors
was this they think that I'm going to put down some airplane or something but
you know yeah anyway I I didn't bother about the
lights and everything because I was doing planetary and I don't need a dark
place but anyway I ran almost 2 am it
was freezing I was tired I had to work in another day so I I tried to uh
process everything all this in the weekend but well uh you know
in the last GSP we have a full moon and the super moon that everyone calls uh so
I give a try only with the Nikon a camera and and this dobsonian so I put
it outside when I finish my talk and I was trying to focus capturing and
everything so I get this a full moon of that night
last GSP so I'm really happy to do this because
it was I don't know 10 minutes only I put this outside put the camera focus
and that's all but anyway
um it doesn't the same if you are doing this guy upstairs it's depends on what
you're going to do uh the the tools are changing you have
to change so well that's that's it for a person I
thank you for watching and and well Cesar I can say you hello and I'm a real plate
that is playing now a real played so it's my very favorite football team
great thank you so much thank you Maxi thanks to you great to see your
wonderful uh work and uh we'll see you next time okay okay
all right okay so um now we're moving from Argentina to
Brazil uh with Marcelo Souza who is the editor of Skies Up Magazine but that's
the least of what he does he is a tour de force of astronomy education in South
America and um he runs one of the most successful uh programs with students uh
and is really making big changes in his country Martel thank you for coming on to Global Star Party
hi hi nice to meet you all of you thank you very much for the invitation Scott it's a great pleasure to be here
my screen that's me sure you know
[Music] oh yes it's yours I I will talk also
about the document also I will talk about documents okay I have a different
idea about the demons um uh at first I'll show reorganize an
event I want out 1000 meters high here inside the dark sky park that's the
first dark sky back in Latin America we have 26 people that participate in this
event well it was the biggest event in a dark sky inside the dark sky Park
here in Brazil the first one of Latin American until now we have only this one
in Latin America here you can see the group that's always there
into us a great experience because you have the opportunity to see four planets to see the original me at the Southern
Cross isn't sure
to the his audience information about astronomy again they Rising uh and this
is a place not to have a dinner after the event I want to celebrate the event it was
very cold very cold foreign
cross here I don't know if you can see here at Southern Cross and here you see
a meteor here near South empress I didn't see dimetia because I was
taking the the picture but I saw later and now we begin uh to develop
activities in 10 seats and the what we did we find place
in each seat that you have a dark sky and the now you're organizing an active
visitors to all of this place we we have now nucleus of our
astronomic group in all these seats then they are organizing many activities
there someone will have a new image about
different places here and this is something new that uh
was announced the yesterday that will change our idea about it from
where that came into water from the planets now they are research is
analyzing the samples that I abuse a mission that took from the
asteroidito cow and they found that he
they have evidence of fast food activity then it is possible that the jawatera
also came from asteroids not only from comets this is a new hazards that charge
publishing I think it yeah is is a few days ago I read the
yesterday there's something fantastic that's really changed our ideas about different
world that came into what and this is something that uh happened
in on May 19th if I'm not wrong he is
into any 101 man the preview Galaxy and
the uh the Japanese
he is he found he saw for the first time uh super
hangover here in this galaxy this is in me
and I think of this year and I tried to find
these Supernova today I I will show a picture that I took today using the
telescopes of the from the last group is Observatory
and here is image this is where is located this is not my base and this is
located and here you can see an image before and
the after the Supreme novel here is the reason that we can see the Supernova he is
Supernova and this is the image that I took today I think I think I'm I'm shaking
yet but I'll show here a phone default that is called project that here I have
another the Supernova is still here you can see Superman over here
I'm checking but here we have me and we are in August June three months
that the super handoff is very bright yet in the constellation but I am
checking here is the position who I am talking about this galaxy
this is a series that let me talk about this galaxy this is a video I don't know if this
video is working about the rotation of the Galaxy
let me change here I did something wrong here this is
yeah I lost everything here the rotation of the Galaxy
and when you talk about dark matter what we are look Hawaii we're using these
kinds looking for this kind of ferment is because in the field is that you have
as Daniel said uh we don't have an explanation
about what is happening with the rotation of the Galaxy because it is
different from what you imagine that happens because if you use the allows
decapolis below uh we imagine that see when you go
to the borders of the Galaxy the velocity of the rotation will be allowed
then yeah you've had comparison Regions near the center of the Galaxy
these are the capital House of planetary motion Let's see we use for the plants
of the solar system and we imagine that cities we will work out so for our
Organics and the this is something that is
you can arrive in this using the garage sales a lot of gravity from
Newton's going to love and here is what you see this from Vic Pedro from
Graphics here is what you make the observations of your specifically this is from one
Galaxy and this is what was predicted you see that it's very different to the
his Oaks and until now we don't have an explanation for Hadith
uh to explain this what to imagine that something different
is happening in the borders of the Galaxy and this can be explained if you will
find matter in this region that we can't see this is the reason that you recall
document you don't if you have this kind of matter around the Galaxy
this can affect the movements of the borders the parts of the gas in the
border of the Galaxy and this can explain this but until now we didn't find
then we have the theory that the Daniel said the mods were
a guy today Major modification in the allows Newton's laws of gravity
they don't have now in the body of the Galaxy they don't consider that you have
it a a duration is a a square they use
another kind of a third something like this but only in the border of the
Galaxy there's something that you you don't have a a complete theory for this
like something that you made a change in the
classical field to have to make a to adapt for the problem that you have
this is the reason that many people and I including these people think that
something that is on our adjustments in the using the classical Theory and
there's a reason that having strong adaptation of fields then I think that's
it and we have the correction made by Einstein's Refugee history of gravity we
have a different kind of concentration about the gravity is not a force then something different and then but he
works in with it classical theory changes practical field I I I think
that's both uh uh I'm not uh probably we will find a
different explanation for what is happening I think so because the Dark
Matter something that's also we we don't have any Theory something that we
includes because we don't have an explanation for what we see right then
there's something that's open this is the reason that you have a job for a long time it's a story because I need to
find a solution for this product like a diploma Refugee expansion of universe
that is faster than we imagine they're in the same way we imagine that you we
need to consider some kind of energy that is doing this but something that
you don't know what what is right then our view of the universe today most of
the energy of universities consider the matter of universe we don't know what is right in the the additional Theory I
work with you if it's a solution of the eye standing equation this is a the injury left part here you have the
traditional prediction ending your rights is what is measurements yeah yeah
you see that is not the simulation to show that it's not too slowly it's not
this lower the Velocity in the border of the Galaxy a difference that we may well
predicted yeah according to the uh Kepler's Law and it is associated with
conservation of a giangular momentum then we need to change it out of theory
that you know the physics that you know and then you have two options we find
the dark matter and continue using the classical theory that you know and we
propose it as something that will change everything that you will need to to have
produced a new Theory to explain what's happened then have two solutions I don't
know what to happen in the future but I think that we are we didn't find the ads
a good way to explain what's happening with 50 Galaxy in my in my opinion
now this is a image that that they use to show that's probably the this graft
also lens affects what's caused by the Dark Matter then they use this probe to
justify the theory of figure the dark method by until now we don't have a
candidate for the black matter this is a distribution the composition of universe
today that's imaginary then 70 percent of the energy of universe is from the
dark energy that is associated with the expansion of universe that's faster than we imagine
25 percent are almost 25 percent will be caused by the dark matter
that you don't know what is then almost 95 is not associated with matter that
you know well then these are the theories that you consider nowadays then we have many
things to find and you need to find an explanation for ideas
and I'm finishing with the image of fish Skies of the magazine the new edition that is a fantastic
thank you very much for the attention I I think that's something that we need
to talk man due to a something important to discuss
because you have many Mysteries that you didn't find the ad solution yeah
I posted a link to uh the article in nature about asteroid itakawa and um uh
the water and organic matter that they found uh they're finding on that
asteroid and yeah it's very compelling uh that uh to have asteroids maybe join
comets and the idea that uh you know of life being brought here to Earth from
bombardment of uh of those those two uh different really different kinds of uh
objects so
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technology and the new equipments that we have is helping us to to build new
theories and they also have a new challenge
this is the way that science uh the evolution of the science
we have I don't know if that's Paradigm in English also a video that you're
saying
is something real that is like it but we
need to bring if you have a new informations new data you need to build
another theory to explain this and this is the way that the science
uh give it happens revolution of Science and with these new datas we needed to
find new models and then we are going to have an evolution
thank you very much thank you very much thank you okay
um uh up next is uh Cesar brolo we will jump back down to uh Argentina and uh
Cesar are you uh are you with us here you've been waiting very fast thank you
hi it's called it's a pleasure enjoy tonight with the audience here is my telescope
uh now uh I am um I'm making the same that the last
week but without without a lot of clouds as we have in the last Edition on us
tonight we starting talk about
we we talk about maybe somebody is okay
thank you Marcelo how are you okay um uh the idea is that uh show the in
the last uh in the last week that I couldn't [Music]
we have something of uh the idea of a
huge a huge power of gravity effects over this this
uh cluster the biggest cluster in the that we can see in the South Hemi
Fair and here
here I can I can show you uh um
uh uh live image great on the cluster
without clouds tonight yes I have clouds but but
the idea is show something that is the how many times uh I told about this
cluster um about the
The Singularity to be the center the
color of the old Galaxy that was
absorbed was taken from the Milky Way
um Disappear Completely the the arms actually is part of our galaxy
and you know the the capacity
of the huge forces of gravity um of course that here we can talk about
dark matter but maybe because we can't maybe we can
feel in this in scientific feeling about
instruments the some distribution of of the lie or
but two children astronomers work over this
cluster and they found or they think that is very probably that the cluster
have to um to black holes inside
um you know that forces huge forces of gravity are compelling
and are very connected with the the all ideas of their energy actually
we we uh we know with the big forces of gravity where
where is or much better say uh we can see how
this this [Music] um this matter is not batteries I don't know we are
talking about about the same what is this I don't know and uh but we when we
have huge the huge forces uh really uh we
um we um uh are
searching sorry
that I was in uh unable to stop the The
Guiding because I don't need guidance now and uh much better without guiding yeah
maybe I can show you in a single yes yes the focus is great yeah it's maybe you
know that this live image is not uh but but the the the size of the
cluster is it's amazing maybe we can get an let me see if we I can I can give you a
picture without movement yes maybe less
I can try ah now okay
we can put less time a little more of gain
we can try if I can give you a assumed image of the cluster with a little bit
more of gain here much better you can see the huge
amount the huge amount of stars this cluster have more than one million stars and uh
to maybe at least two uh uh here is much better to
um Paul a black hole inside it's a very interesting
cluster to study um it's a an example of forces of
gravity and it's very interesting to to understand
how work the inside the cluster the forces
of gravity is really something something uh
you know connected with with all that we was talking about
and it's something magic that we can show in a live image something so far so
far away and so magic where you can see millions of suns in a in a big ball is
incredible really sometimes we lost the idea of the time that we lived
so so with some possibilities within a small class government camera sensitive
camera and really you can see this is small
uh this is a small telescope um the sky and you have two scales the
human scale and the the size of a telescope uh image that is incredible the
sensitivity and the the possibilities to to have
this kind of image and to do it live from your back your balcony and yeah the disguise yes yes
this is another it's another uh it's not the wallpaper it's the sky
yes yes you can see you can see in the in the
in the in the screen enjoy the incredible of the the gospels this is
It's amazing it's something that that we never never uh we
uh we miss the the capacity of of uh how
do you say of um to be amazed this is something that
like like a kid like a child you know yes
thank you this is what the the live image for tonight thank you Omega
Centauri for everyone thank you it's a nice gift nice gift
um uh yeah it's also interesting to mention
I would like to know more about the discovery about of it but Edmond Halley was the guy who's credited of
discovering Omega Centauri back in 1677 so
um it's uh it's a real pleasure uh I have seen uh this uh object on a number
of occasions from the Southern California deserts um and uh it is
absolutely stunning to to observe so yes
but um anyways uh thanks again um thank you Scott Cesar and we will see
you next time on global Star Party take care absolutely with a new Option all
right all right okay all right and up next is uh Adrian Bradley who's been waiting
patiently um to uh show us his latest night sky photography Adrian has shown uh you know
to all of us on global star party uh you know his um progressively
better uh uh images of the night sky is also his knowledge of what's in the uh
in in his objects you know he's taking wide field shots but uh he's been able
to pick out all these uh uh very interesting objects in in his images
um and he's made a nice uh long trips to find those Dark Skies not only in the
U.P where he lives but um uh out here in the Okie text and I know that he hopes
to travel to many other places to find those dark skies in those beautiful landscapes so I'm going to turn this off
to you Adrian thank you very much for coming up to Global starboard thank you for having me as always
um you know I tried to plan what I was going to start off with because the
theme of course is staring into the dark and I do that all the time when I go out
to these places the only thing you see is darkness and then as your eyes dark
adapt you begin to see what you're trying to shoot at you see
lights from distant towns like pollution from distant towns
um different times of the year that you shoot um and
coming from photography but wanting to have more of a scientific standpoint you mentioned Scott images started getting
better and better well there was a noticeable time when that seemed to
happen and um that's when I stopped trying to take beautiful image and steal
from the night sky to create a portfolio and do it the way that many of you who
may do photography for a living or you know you you'll post something online
and you know it'll be the Milky Way in front of something some beautiful
foreground and there's some great images out there and I'll I will be sharing some of mine but I wrote some notes
based on the themes of you know all of the talks and uh Dr Daniel Barth in
particular looking at you and uh you uh maybe soon to be doctor in a
few years Leon Garcia with you know not so much conflicting views
if we were to post these things we're on social media but we may be posting these
things as conflicting views and I think that's a wrong way to look at it we're posting them as opposing views
um we have so many people who you know Ohio State versus Michigan Sports and
they want their team to win and I think some of this Sports thinking comes into science and that's it's hard to
especially in an American World we want to win so we want our photos we're going
to start sharing um sharing my screen if I can I thought I
could oh there we go my screen okay so
you know great images start out kind of like this
um Focus not so much you're staring into the dark
and then you and you finally take a long enough exposure and you've got these bright discs
um we're in a world today where someone would you know take
these discs and say hey I got Stars I'm done I'm
gonna post this and you know be happy with it and they don't realize that there's
something else here and then they'll take this photo and say oh we're close
you know and and they'll go from there there's a lot more here which I'll be
showing in the Lightroom screen a little later as to where I finally ended up
um but you have to believe and I know humility is a big part of it I wrote a
note that my images started to get a little bit better once I started taking images
with a with the idea in mind that I'm collecting data out here I'm showing
people what I'm seeing and not so much
you know trying to take a great image so that I can post it online and you know
get the you know get the accolades um as is in as a species I think
you know some of the questions we're trying to answer about dark matter need to be answered by admitting that
we're probably not going to be there to see the final answer at least on Earth
um this is also if you mentioned Dr Daniel Bart but it gets through and even
Leon continuing your work in dark matter now your challenge is to continue to
study as its very active field in dark matter is still going on dark energy as
well and I'm sure someone is trying to figure out how to tie the two together
understanding our universe is a common thing and sometimes in photog in
the photography world we get caught up in
wanting our best pictures to step forward
and sell our pictures I happen to sell this image of sickness and I'm going to
get into part of my Discovery tonight I'm going to talk about other regions of the Milky
Way that you can shoot our own Milky Way is it dark matter or can Mon and I
believe that theory mind it does explain movement in our galaxy it the large
Galactic clusters is where I thought there were some there was a little bit of trouble with Monde in uh Dr barthy
can correct me if that's if that's your understanding or if there's more to it than the the
simplistic common photographer that I am trying to explain it we had one of our
astronomy clubs did have a talk um and speaking of astronomy clubs I'm going to segue my own
um in Michigan there is a star party called astronomy at the beach I should go ahead
and mention that uh if you're watching this and you're from Southeast Michigan September 22nd and 23rd that weekend
that Friday and Saturday we're going to be at Island Lake um Recreation or Island Lake State Park
so quick little plug for astronomy at the beach as we get closer Scott all
send you some messages about it and have a little more of a presentation for that
but yeah but let's get back to some of the images
um Milky Way Photography in particular
um becomes a little more about
these panoramas and you got this Galactic core bright there's this other region here
that I'm going to talk about from the standpoint of capturing
all of the data that's in here you have the North American the pelican this is
uh deneb I believe in seder is a star here and there's there's so much stuff here
that is often imaged by uh deep Sky imagers will come into this region
to to image you've got this Rift here and this is Lake Huron so we're looking
across Port Huron in Michigan we're looking across at Windsor Canada over
here this tends to be a popular Target and
I'm I take images of that popular Target all the time in this case you had a
campfire so you had people on this beach enjoying
the Milky Way I did another panorama these are images that many are going to
look at and say this is a beautiful image it's the summer and when we're not being smoked out we
um you know buy wildfires you know we we really dig in
and we get we get what data we can and the more resolved
whatever we do to get resolution it makes our overall picture stand out
even more so but my challenge now is to make this sharper I had the lens that I
used did a great job of revealing some nebula here cat's paw
Lobster Claw there's these artifacts here but then you've also got
some detail ptolemy's cluster and the Butterfly some detail that
a simple image doesn't get so when taking photos
I've I decided I wanted to do more than just take a stock photo of the Milky Way
like you see here I want details to be present so that's
when I decided that's you know with my photography that's what I would focus on
and um sometimes the part of the Milky Way is not out
and I don't want to stop shooting just because I don't see the galactic core cygnus in the northern hemisphere is up
more months of the year than the galactic center so
experiments in trying to capture sickness where it's dark enough you get
all of these dust Lanes you get you get all this detail but what if it's
not dark enough such as this finished picture of what I was showing earlier
to get from here to a finished image
it takes some processing and it takes multiple shots
once you get the like I liked this and I knew cygnus was here this is a very bright rural area
um maybe bortal five if I were to if I use my uh meter I take my sky
meters out because I know I not only take images I hit the sky meter to see
what is my darkness level so when I do different images different times
different apertures it gives me an idea of what it is I can
get with a slightly more aperture F4
my foregrounds come out pretty good but
with wider aperture you can start seeing these regions in
cygnus as they begin to set and my my lofty
goal was to see if I could show this part of the Milky Way in this very
bright area not so dark area could I still pull off hitting that region of cygnus
and the image started like this out of a modified camera
and ended up with the processing that I've done so all of
it is an iterative process it you don't just walk out and go shoot cygnus
here's this was an experiment in getting cygnus with a bright moon this was a
three-quarters Moon which will show you this is the Moon
that I attempted to capture sicknesses there's North American nebula
again shows you how bright this region is now of course I'm using a modified camera those of you who are using
cameras that don't have the hydrogen Alpha filter pulled out might not get
this in such detail in my you know any of the other even
this little speck here nebulosity in this this is Seder there's nebulosity
all around here uh with clouds advancing and then I ended up near a tree and had pretty good
tracking so I just stayed here and I shot um these sort of shots may not win
Pulitzer prizes or may not be understood by anyone except a Milky Way Enthusiast
they may look up and go ah there's the uh the cygnus star Cloud here and there's
the cygnus rift um and I'm perfectly fine with that because
not all of the uh not every shot you take
may present itself as a you know the absolute most most beautiful shot you'll
ever take um when the moon is out I don't want to stop shooting
and let's see so so focusing on what the moon can do this is another Discovery
image I shared it last week I'll talk about how did I know there was a moonbow
sitting over here and quite possibly another one starting there well going back to this bright
three-quarters Moon I had no idea that a moon a three-quarters moon this bright
in this location could produce a moonbow I saw some column of light did not see
the colors that you see here um decided to take an image to why the
stars are you know kind of oval here but you see stars you see these clouds
and the color showed up and it surprised me and anytime you can
surprise yourself with photography that's when the magic happens
um and that bringing a scientific mindset to photography keeps you from
taking images that you know I don't I shared this image online of course
parading the image around and saying look at what I've got you know I
maybe I'm not in the position to do this but you know Bray Falls is a very brilliant
young Astro imager who was called on to do the um some of the astral Imaging of
NO3 region that was discovered next to Andromeda the scientific process calls
for more instruments when there's time to verify that what they have is indeed
um a true O3 region and figure out whether it's near Andromeda or is it an
artifact in our own Galaxy and um you know we we've yet to see the
scientific value of this region it is an interesting Discovery but a working
astrophotographer instantly beautifies the image which we all
process these images so that they represent a little more than the naked
eye can see but you know still it's a it's a believable
image and you package it up and you sell it to make money it's
you know making a living is is a part of this uh this if you're in
the profession you you make a living with it nothing wrong with that nothing wrong with that at all so you know but
you still hope that it's a when you PR when you process things is a
you know for the greater good of humanity again you get kind of out of the rat
race of my images need to be like this because the common the Common Man common
woman especially in our country here in America we're we're taking sides and our side is
the side we want to win so uh I'm going to go ahead and wrap
this up with a couple more images here we had a lot of smoke and that produces
some interesting uh and interesting oranges familiar orangish color
on the moon however you know
it may draw comparisons for the smoke moon to the blood moon and I I have some
pictures of the full smoke Moon I took you know where the Moon is shrouded by
smoke in the atmosphere from wildfires um I noticed I had taken a picture
of a crescent shrouded by smoke so it ended up orangish and you say if a
if an eclipse of the moon was happening would it look just like this simple experiment it's like yeah well
in order to prove whether it would look like this or not I gotta go find an eclipse a moon that's being eclipsed
no it won't there's a different look to it when the uh moon is in the process of
being eclipsed the round shadow of the limb of Earth creates a much deeper
cut into the moon then the sun shadow further away
this is about the I would say this is roughly the oh there's a little more Moon here but
um now if smoke were in the atmosphere yes this would take on
you know a auburn color throughout and that would be a very interesting photo
but I learned that the two simply won't look
similar so
it's nice to have so I took this image and it it ends up being a comparison
of you know the moon in two different phases one's a full moon that's being
eclipsed and the other one is a crescent
based on our view of course if we could stand somewhere over here in space we'd see
this part of the Moon illuminated and the part of The Far Side of the Moon illuminated and have a completely
different looking disc so regardless of what we're trying to shoot
at I would I would say having a purpose uh
you know having Discovery looking for something that you may or may not realize is there
it always helps Aurora photography is like that you always shoot at
Aurora um you may not see it naked eye but you shoot to the north and you may capture
it and you can end up getting a beautiful shot if you if you are lucky enough
you will you'll end up having a roar in your shot if you are
um if you can see the aurora it's even better because then you know where to
aim your camera so with that I have to leave my bird photo for you Scott all right and if you
notice the birds looking up yes and so this uh this Northern male cardinal
keeps looking up and you know the interest of advancement of Science and it's not about who's right
it's about um you know it's about advancing our
knowledge collectively the only way we learn anything new the only thing we're going to be able to learn
whether the same particles the dark matter are in this bird
I'm sorry about that or RNs is we have
to collectively work on a problem and
um maybe maybe drop the individual aspirations
um yes we can be awarded things we can we can have good things happen to us but um
and in the end we should just we should keep looking up and keep striving to surpass what it is
that we know ourselves
with that I hope that's a good way to end the uh on 125th Global star party
where a few people come online to share their love of the night sky share their
love of science astronomy astrophotography astrophysics and everything else in
between that uh this has become and it's been an honor to be a regular part of it
thank you very much all right well for those of you that are still tuning in here as presenters
I want to wish you a deep amount of gratitude and thanks for being
on global star party and uh I want to thank our audience that watched from around the world and for all of you that
did not get a chance to watch this program live we'll be back next Tuesday
starting at six o'clock Central Time and you can interact with us on social media
we're on Facebook YouTube twitch Twitter um and uh we're happy to answer your
questions and so uh and if any of you out there would like to be on global
Star Party give a presentation on astronomy we would be very happy to have
you make a presentation segment so um until that time we are going to say
good night and uh uh I'm going to uh
um wish that uh our our good friend uh Jack horkheimer
um uh you know I always I always like to quote him as
to keep looking up so good night and thanks again
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