Global Star Party 126

Transcript for Part A:

7:00 p.m..Maxi Falieres - Astrophotography to the Max
number previously available we use this Spectra to color the asteroids
these colors depend on the chemical composition of the asteroid surfaces the colors here are strongly exaggerated
7:15 p.m..Tom Field - An Introduction to Spectra
We Now quickly leave the plane of our solar system and look at it from above
gaia's catalog of solar system objects contains transneptunian objects
near-earth asteroids and also 31 moons of planets in our solar system
7:30 p.m..Ten Minute Break
but most of the Gaia observed asteroids orbit the sun between Mars and Jupiter
7:40 p.m..Cesar Brollo - Southern Sky Astronomy from the Balcony
different groups of asteroids with common Origins are investigated now
7:55 p.m..Adrian Bradley - Chasing Dark Skies
first we show the Vesta family a group of asteroids with similar orbits and colors
the members of individual families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions
in this case a Major Impact with the large asteroid Vesta has created these fragments
next the members of the Flora family are highlighted showing a much redder color
and finally the femis family blue in color and in a much larger orbit than
the Vesta and Flora families Now we move down to the plane of our solar system
the three asteroid families are shown from this perspective first the Vesta family
next the members of the Flora family and finally the blue themes asteroids
gaia's catalog of solar system objects brings a wealth of data for many asteroids
[Music]
[Applause]
oh my gosh I see it that is amazing whoa that is so cool
[Music] [Applause]
[Music]
hello everyone this is Scott Roberts from explore scientific and the Explorer Alliance and we are proud to announce
the 126th Global star party with the theme of light and color
there's a little quote here in art as in science reductionism does not trivialize
our perception of color light and perspective but allows us to see each
more of these components in a new way that was from Eric candel
but um light in color of Paramore Paramount
importance to astronomers they provide us with a wealth of information about celestial objects their properties
and their processes you're going to hear tonight uh from our presenters uh you
know various aspects of light and color as uh as they relate to the universe and
to ourselves and so kicking off tonight's program will be David Levy who
will give a you know his usual poetry and uh insight into
astronomy and This Global star party this will be followed up with David eicher who will have his Dave's exotic
Universe he is looking for in the magazine astronomy magazine where he's
the editor-in-chief definitely are looking for things to
talk about that are unusual that amateur astronomers can study uh and this a
whole ton of stuff out there that amateurs really don't touch on much so you'll
want to learn more about what he's talking about tonight and I think you'll find it enjoyable Don knabb will join us
from the astronomical league and then that will be followed up with Leon Garcia now Leon Leon is how you
pronounce it he is the one of the first place winners of the national young astronomers award that was that is also
supported by the astronomical League explore Scientifics one of the underwriters of that award and so we're
we're proud to have him on our program and then Maxi filari's will be on uh
with his astrophotography uh Maxi does some amazing stuff from his home in
Argentina uh Tom field uh joins us tonight uh Tom is the author of some
software called rspec and uh he has a very inexpensive solution to doing
spectroscopy with your telescope virtually any telescope that you might own so very cool we'll take a 10 minute
break and then we come back with his arm brolo from Argentina um and his Southern Sky astronomy from
his balcony Adrian Bradley with his chasing Dark Skies will be on Marcelo Souza from
Brazil will join us as well talking about astronomy Outreach in Brazil and
then we finish off with Michael Carroll now Michael is an incredible author and space artist and uh we always love
having him on anyways we hope you really enjoy it tonight and uh I'll turn this
over to David Levy well thank you Scott it's great to be here and although my quotation will not
be specifically on light and color it will relate to it as I will explain why
light in color can mean many many things the I think for most of us it has to do
with the spectrum of the Stars ob-a-f-t-k-m Etc and our International
all that but my first association with light and color was in 1959
after a thunderstorm in near Montreal and Mum told me to look at the rainbow
it was my first rainbow it was also the subject to one of my first books I do
not have that book anymore it was only three pages long and it was awful but anyway uh that was my first rainbow
the second thing for light and color was a telescope and there's quite a
story by eight inch reflector I was at the observatory of the Montreal
center of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and I
I we were just about to go home and I looked at a few kids my own age and I
said would you like to come over to my place and look through a three and a half inch telescope at which point an
older member said would you like to come over to my place and look for a native telescope and we couldn't resist that we
had a wonderful night over at his place looking through that eight inch at Jupiter or not even things then I went
home and about it about a week later I got a phone call from David and yeah he said I'm gonna have a
telescope out tonight I was wondering if you would like to come with me and I said yes and I took the bus over
to this house and we had a wonderful observing session and I was really impressed with how that
telescope showed the planets and he kind of asked me he kind of told me that um
p.m. 01:15. Marcelo Souza - Astronomy Outreach in Brazil
it was his habit when he went to college to lend his telescope to
someone who thought could make use of it and he asked me what I had done with my
three and avenues telescope and I told him well I looked at the planets in Jupiter Saturn and a few of the deep Sky
objects I found in sj31 with it and he said what about the moon and I said oh yeah
I've completed the lunar training program and David said you saw all 300 craters
and I said yes and the valleys and mountains that were labeled a to zed to Z here in the United
States and he said you did all that with the
three and Athens telescope and I said yes he said David you just borrowed yourself an eight inch telescope
and he drove it to my house that night and uh oh I was in heaven I got to tell
you and that was 59 years ago I still have that telescope I discovered a comment
with it in 1987. wow and it is the only telescope other than Miranda with which
I've discovered comets which brings me to the quote which comes
to yet another aspect of light and color and this refers to the one of the most
colorful people in science I've ever known and that was um
Robert Oppenheimer and the movie is playing right now I strongly recommend
that any of you who have not seen it yet it's not a perfect movie and you need to pay attention
but I found the physics very well explained and the reason it was well explained was that he would explain a
few lines on his Blackboard and then he'd get emotional about something and it was the insertion of emotion into his
explanations that really got to me and uh
uh one of the themes in that movie had to do in fact one of the major aspects
of them will be a major portion had to do with Trinity site where Oppenheimer
is planning the first detonation of an atomic bond to usher and the nuclear age
and uh you know he was asking what do you want to name aside he said I want to name a trinity site
and he said why do you want to call it Trinity after John done and uh
here's the first of the quotes from John Donna him to God my God and my sickness
as West and East and all flat maps and I am one R1 so get that touch the
resurrection I mean and that's kind of a stretch to relate that to uh the Trinity site
but then he came up with one that was far more obvious also for John Dunn
better my heart free person to God I mean the South Father the Son and the Holy Ghost
and uh that relates directly to the trinity and finally at the moment of detonation
of the uh of the um of the atomic bomb the first atomic bomb
in the mystery of the world and he stands up and he says
I am become deaf the Destroyer and uh so these quotations are from
Let's see we have John donahan to God my God and my
sickness three certain person to God is from holy sonnet 14
and I am become death it's from the Hindu scripture from the bhagrad Gita
and uh there's a lot of light a lot of color I think he was one of the most
wonderful scientists who haven't lived he got treated horribly afterwards
and I'm going to give you a little bit of a spoiler alert but not really it's
not going to ruin the movie for you it's the last scene the last thing that is said in the movie
and uh there's a sea human being where he is
um where he is meeting with Albert Einstein and she goes up and the two men start to
talk and he says remember when we were just planning this Johnson says yes and he
said remember I asked you if you thought that it would ignite the nuclear explosion would ignite the atmosphere
and I said yes and I said probably not and then up and on we're looking at
Einstein and said I think it did and that's where the movie ends that is a
wonderful wonderful movie there's a lot of light an awful lot of color in it and
I recommend it very strongly and on that note back to Scotty Roberts okay great
well um there's uh you know it's great to have all of our
presenters on global star party they come on each week that we do this
program and share all their knowledge with you um it's um you know it's wonderful also
to have this live audience you know that's that interacts with us and uh you
know ask such interesting questions and also help me as a broadcaster to
sometimes fix my little mistakes so we had started off with uh not being turned
on with YouTube but I was able to catch it due to the uh the help of Mike
Wiesner so Mike thank you very much I also want to thank
um uh Springer books they Springer sends me uh you know review editions of these uh
of their Patrick Moore series here and there's one about the Bedard objects uh with Tim Hunter and Gerald o doback and
James McGahey so that's uh that is a great uh book and then Michael O'Brien a
deep Sky astrophotography astrophotography primer so you want to check into that and I also want to
mention that uh we're coming back with uh Dr Daniel Barce how do you know
series and so that will start on this month on the 21st and
um and also Gary Palmer who is a regular
contributor to Global star party is offering a class that you can find on
the explorescientific.com website it's called The Solar experience with Gary
Palmer so if you're gearing up to go and do Eclipse photography or you want to
learn more about photographing the Sun Gary Palmer's your man so anyways uh again thanks for tuning in
our next speaker is none other than David eicher David is the
editor-in-chief of astronomy magazine that is celebrating their 50th anniversary and um uh so it's it's a
it's a banner year for the magazine and um uh the magazine also is about to
publish a special edition on the eclipses that are coming up so uh you're
going to want to definitely get into that and uh David is a friend to all
amateur astronomers he certainly one of my great friends too and uh David thanks
for coming on to Global star party and sharing your exotic Universe with us
thank you Scott for having me once again despite the fact that you know me and
what I'm all about and yet you have me back again this is really a testament to
you Scott uh in a very strong way and I had a couple of comments before I get
into my object um of the of the night one one thing that was really great I thought was that
introductory video that you chose uh that showed us asteroid families and of
course we're in the very early days of understanding it's an extremely complex problem to understand the origin of
meteorites and where they came from specifically this is an early phase of
that as a science as a part of planetary science but I thought it's maybe worth mentioning because some of the asteroid
families were mentioned there that if if some if there are collectors out there that is very exciting for us all you
know to have uh pieces of the ancient solar system there's is a related set of
of meteorites called the HED family the howardites the eukaryotes and the
diogenites HED family of meteorites and those are known to come from the
asteroid vest that's one of the largest asteroids in the main belt the asteroid
4 Vesta so you can get one of these relatively easily and have uh
um with no doubt a piece of Vesta in your hands that that's a pretty cool thing that's pretty cool
um for planetary science and and tying back to that great video that you showed us
um and I would also agree with David I I saw the Oppenheimer film and I thought it was really good and very inspiring
and it's it's long it's about three hours but but it has to be because there's so much story to tell and I
thought the opening and closing with Einstein was just really done magnificently well
um there's a lot of drama associated with Oppenheimer of course he was out at the Los Alamos group and I have a quiz a
short quiz for you because my father some of you might know my Father John was a Manhattan Project scientist and he
worked at Columbia with Howard with Harold yuray sorry Harold yuray there at
the original um group there in Manhattan and they worked on the uh bomb that became the
Hiroshima bomb and of course the Los Alamos group worked on the plutonium bombs rather than the uranium bombs
which the Eastern group worked on so what there's a question here the
plutonian bombs were developed slightly later and yet the Trinity test David as
you said was the first uh detonation of an atomic bomb and and why why did they
test that bomb in New Mexico is the question there okay I think the answer to that when I
visited Trinity site and I think the answer is obvious that they wanted a place far away from anybody they
actually probably could have chosen a place more remote but it would have been pretty difficult but about 30 miles or so south east of
Socorro is a pretty isolated area well you're right about that David as far as
the location I I was meaning why did they need to test the plutonium bomb rather than the uh uranium bomb that
they had earlier yeah I kind of think that the uranium one they figured couldn't fail that it
had didn't really need to test it but the plutonium one often Hunter insisted
that they do a test of at least one of those you're right about that and the reason is the triggering mechanism so
the uranium bomb which ended up being the Hiroshima the first one drought had a very simple Gun trigger mechanism to
detonate it the plutonium bomb had a much more complex mechanism to set it
off and that's why it had to be tested first although it was developed if you
will second by the Los Alamos group and of course the the
um the the nuclear material for the Trinity
group for the Los Alamos group was made at Hanford and the one of the primary
things that my father worked on was the scaling and the the figuring out of the Oak Ridge plant which produced the
material for the Hiroshima bomb Hanford now is of course ends up now being
important governmental land way out on the edge of one part of the United States as one of the uh locations for
the two ligo detectors now that we're not making you know atomic bombs to to
do well we stockpiled them but you know now that we're not make actively making you know uh plutonium bombs we have a
ligo detector of course at Hanford and also down in Louisiana because it's the
right distance from Hanford where some of us just visited for Alcon there so
anyway that's my long detour there forgive me for that but but
it's an interesting thing that doesn't get talked about too much why the uh
timing of the two atomic bombs worked out the way it did thanks David that was
really very special there you go you get more more useless information
from me than you ever could want okay sorry David my uh my daughter's dad
on the Trinity site is that right I didn't I don't think I ever knew that
yeah he worked at the Trinity site he showed me a glass encased piece of trinite that he
had with him and uh I think he was going to give me one but I don't seem to have it here so
maybe I need to ask him again or maybe I didn't want it for obvious reasons and I have a piece of I have a piece of
trinite a fairly sizable piece in the basement it's fairly common stuff if you want to get a hold of it and it's
actually reasonably weekly radioactive compared to a lot of very hot specimens of
natural radioactive minerals like urananite and so on so it's not super radioactive but you wouldn't want to
carry it around in your pocket you know for six months no you certainly wouldn't and as Marie Curie demonstrated you know
yeah and the interesting thing is when I was at Trinity site I was overwhelmed at
the uh
it's a pretty special place to visit and I I think last I remember maybe they've
changed I think it's only open sort of for visitation something like maybe once a month or something like that twice a
year once a year now live twice a year wow okay because it used to be open more
frequently wow so the times have changed so they're being more careful yeah yeah
yeah yeah yeah yeah but it's sort of a yellowish greenish you know glass the
the desert sand was melted into this this new mineral specimen trinidite
yeah so Wallace Ronald Del vaux who's watching on Facebook uh says my
father-in-law witnessed a nuke go off as a Marine in Nevada in a trench
wow yeah and I had a science teacher in high school that did the same thing I'm
I'm very curious that they were together um he described that whole event and uh
from my science teachers explanation was that you entered into
the trench and it went down and he told us how many feet it went down it went down a long ways then turned at a right
angle and then went down again and then turned at a right angle again so by the time they were at the bottom of this
thing he said you could not see your hand in front of your face okay there was some trees and stuff that was in
front of the trench as he described it and he said when that they told them to
get into like almost like a fetal position okay on the countdown and keep
their eyes shut and he said so what did I do my teacher said I stood up
and kept my eyes wide open and he said when that thing let off he said it was
blinding white light inside the trench and he was knocked onto his his bum uh
uh from the shock of the explosion so wow
that tree was just like vapor and it was gone so hey I interrupt David for just a
second of course yeah I was enlightened in color I was going to add something else relating to the theme of today
uh Dean Koenig came to observe with me one night and about maybe 10 years ago
and it was a winter night and we had a number of powerful telescopes up there
and um he had a like a 15 inch or a 16 inch and he said well I can detect color
in the Orion Nebula and I said so can I he said what telescope are using I said the eight
inch Pegasus and he said let me see that you can't see color with an 8-inch telescope and
he looked through the telescope and he saw beautiful Reds and Blues in the Orion Nebula with an agent she said
David I may have to call the police this telescope is illegally good
I just wanted to share that with you nice well someday I have a couple boxes
of artifacts from my father someday I'll catalog all this stuff and make some sense of it from the Manhattan Project
and I'll tell one more story about it from Colombia which was actually before
they moved Uptown to what was called the Nash building in Manhattan the project started in what is now the Columbia
University Physics building that has an observatory on the roof now uh in New
York there but but they they had a number of meetings off and on with the guy who was running the program who was
Leslie Groves the major general they made him and you know why they made him a major general he was in the movie of
course David he was a big heavy fat sloppy guy with his disheveled uniform
all the time but he built it prior to the Manhattan Project which was of
course inspired by Einstein's letter he built a pentagon and he feel that ahead
of schedule and under budget so Roosevelt said that's my guy to run the Manhattan Project you know but he was in
some meetings and and my dad is a young son he was 21 years old at the time when he started my dad but he wondered why
did were there two aides who went everywhere with Groves if he went to the
bathroom these guys went along with him to the bathroom and back and it turned out that he had a checkbook Groves who
was running the whole program the Manhattan Project you know with an unlimited government income in it if
they needed you know Platinum wire or whatever they needed on the spot he would write a check for it you know so
they wanted to make sure that that checkbook in those days in 1942 didn't get lost
so these guys shadowed him everywhere he went so anyway there are lots of Manhattan Project stories but someday
I'll share some of the relics that I have from those days with you if you'd like
thank you but for the moment we'll go much farther afield and I will oh sorry
I got to get back to here and I will share my screen and share the right screen
and I will start a slideshow if I can and do you see Centaurus a
yes good you're seeing the right thing excellent okay that's good um so there's you know in seven billion
years from now you know when when the Andromeda galaxy and Milky Way merge we may look something like that
but for the moment here we will talk about um father Lucy and Jay Campbell who was
around back in the early days in the 1970s and 80s he was an early subscriber
to deep Sky monthly my little amateur publication and he noticed some asterisms around in the sky and he wrote
the famous columnist who was a friend of mine and a good friend of David's Walter
Scott Houston who of course wrote his famous column for many years deep Sky wonders in sky and Telescope about a
very notable sort of flowing line or Cascade of stars that he saw in the
constellation Camilla partless this came to be called Campbell's Cascade as a
very nice and bright and fairly large asterism it spans about three degrees
across overall it terminates on one end with a very nice and bright calm impact
open cluster NGC 1502 and what makes it really alluring and I can tell you that
I'm being honest here Scott because I'm talking about a colorful set of stars that that show
many colors and as stars they're all uh emanating light they're all producing
light so there's light and color involved here so I'm I'm remaining honest you are remaining honest so for a
change so there are about 20 stars in Campbell's Cascade and they range from magnitude 5 to about 10. it's a really
pretty field and you can see why father Kimball um really liked this area he was a
binocular in small telescope Observer and there are some bluish stars in the area and some nice orange
Suns as well he was a Franciscan Friar and he wrote
Scotty Houston that this is a beautiful Cascade of Phoenix Stars tumbling from the Northwest down to the open cluster
NGC 1502 and so Campbell's Cascade was born
1502 itself which is as I said a nice compact cluster it has about 60 dozen
Stars it's a young cluster it's five million years old about 10 arc minutes across and a sixth magnitude and about 3
500 light years away so it's a nice open cluster in and of itself and I will show
you from Ron stoyan's Atlas here the Kimball's Cascade page chart portion of
a chart uh with Cascade nicely written out in in German here and you can see uh
I I haven't looked into this or really found it elsewhere the the cluster here is called the
Golden Harp cluster NGC 1502 and all I can do is think geez you know people
have more time to come up with these names than is believable but anyway it's in a nice field in the far north here's
an image of Campbell's Cascade this is by Walter McDonald and you can see the
bright nod at lower left here is uh NGC 1502 this is a pretty sizable chunk of
sky here showing the whole thing and here's a later image by Greg Parker and
Noel Carboni and you can see again 1502 over on the left Edge there and you can
see really nicely the Stark colors that are in the Cascade of stars here that I
think uh caught father Kimball's attention originally
it's interesting that he calls it the Cascade because you really get the sense when you look at those pictures that the
stars are flowing into the cluster it's really easy to do and and he was a very
nice guy I corresponded with him I think he was at stellophane maybe a year or two way back when but he was a very nice
guy and and sent letters to the editor you know not only to Scotty and also to deep Sky monthly back in the day so very
enthusiastic and talented Observer he also made some drawings that I might actually have some of them still in the
in the file of his and he he passed away I think it was 20 years ago now or so
um but but he was a very astute and and an analytical Observer if you will with small telescopes back in the day
um and this is a close-up shot of NGC 1502 just to kind of show you what a
tight knot of an open cluster this is fairly small group but bright you know
sort of a dazzling little group of diamonds here so this is a good object to go after and
to look at uh and especially if you're thinking well the far northern sky really doesn't have anything that's very
exciting but it does it has a few interesting and unique things like Campbell's Cascade
I'll tell you thanks Scotty for mentioning this but we're in the latter stages now of our 50th anniversary year
with the magazine here's the one that will be coming to you uh relatively soon uh with a bunch of diverse topics
Michael bakach and I have this book out I mentioned a child's introduction to
space exploration that is out there now and we're excited and we have Scotty
involved and I think David you're going to come and speak as well but the next starmus will be next spring next May
conveniently about a month after the big American eclipse in Bratislava Slovakia
which is just a hop skip and a jump from Vienna so there are easy ways to get
over to Vienna in Austria and get right over the border and we hope that we you will join us with starmus we have a lot
of announcements coming on the Nobel Prize winners and the astronauts and the musicians and rock and rollers and
everyone else who will be once again at starmus spring Scott you're going to throw a star party I think again for us
yeah that would be a lot of fun so and uh the last one we did was really a
blast it was something else we had it at a at a 2000 year old Temple last time we
have another amazing venue in mind this time and we'll have an astro Imaging school with with Dr bakich and and
perhaps got involved with that as well Ox so we're looking forward to another
starmus this will be number seven I will stop sharing and I will stop talking
finally Scott now and turn it back to you okay well thank you very much David
um uh it was uh it was cool to get some insight into uh the Oppenheimer movie
and also the Manhattan Project so there's so many people that are still
Among Us that have a direct um uh insight into that through their
relatives and and um you know just stories uh similar to mine so it's very cool
um so anyhow our next speaker um is Don Knapp and Don is with the
astronomical League uh and uh we are very pleased to have the league with us
every Global star party so thanks for coming on Don sure let me uh share my screen
should see a blue screen with the AL logo yep okay so I'm going to talk a little
bit and I don't have a lot on light and color but I do have talk about light years a little bit so I guess I qualifies so uh that'll qualify so I'll
talk about the nice guy Network and a presentation from the night sky Network um
the night sky Network and the astronomical League are really two organizations that they dovetailed
really well together uh before I get into that let me mention that uh the next astronomical League live is upset
September 22nd and there'll be more announcements about that and Alcon next year is going to be
Kansas City you don't know exactly when probably in July if it'll be in Kansas City
so the night sky network is a wonderful organization it's uh connected with JPL
in uh California and also with the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
pulled with some great people and this is a snapshot from their website and you can find local clubs and events
anywhere you live in the country as a nice guy planner that you can use and all kinds of Outreach sources I'm
going to show you one of those this evening just a quick look at one of the shorter ones and uh there's so many things you can
find on the night sky Network and it you can join for free no cost at all
um you might recognize this this is uh from the astronomical League I'm going to
send a dovetail real closely this is uh the night sky guide that John Goss puts
together every month this is back from June because I picked this from the uh
a month or two ago and uh talk about what the night sky network is so it's a
nationwide Coalition amateur astronomy clubs that bring science technology and inspiration NASA's missions to the
public and uh they share their time and telescopes provide unique astronomy
experiences at science museums Observatory classrooms and under the real nice guy so if you have a local
club and you submit to your schedule of events uh at the end of the year if you
do I think just several of them and get these really nice pins hard to see I'm
sure but this the pin from this last year was of the James blood telescope
and I don't know the other clubs but the people of Art Club are really really thrilled to get those pins
uh but here's uh from Alcon 23 there's someone you might recognize in the middle there
uh this is when uh Vivian white who is one of the administrators of the night sky Network
um Scott was very generous to donate a very high priced explore scientific
eyepiece Vivian won the Tour prize and immediately donated it to the National observatorian planetarium of Kosovo so
uh that's Vivian there uh and there you recognize that guy in fact there's a guy
in the background too I recognize David eicher is in the back so uh but yeah uh
Vivian is just one of the administrators and just a wonderful person all around so uh this happened at Alcon and uh
beautiful eyepiece certainly is so in addition to uh the other things I
mentioned um you also can get a monthly newsletter and there's every month there is a
webinar in this case back in July it was an Europa Clipper mission
and uh they offer you know lots of updates and lots of things you can get a question NASA speaker
they tell you how to do that and if you have a club newsletter they give you a what's up this month particle you
can put a newsletter every month so it's just a great resource I want to make sure people are aware it's out there it
is a kind of if you have a local astronomy club it's a great way to dovetail with the uh nsns we call them
the night sky Network and a lot of resources for your Club
so um one of the reach Outreach resources I just for thought I went on Galaxy and
see what what do we have in Galaxy and you find this all these things are totally free uh Vivian confirmed they
are not copyright protected you can use these anywhere and everywhere okay so uh so this is one of the
presentations it's not very long I'll just go through it fairly quickly but it's about our place in the galaxy
okay and you know a lot of people if you go to local star parties a lot of people will have this hard to grasp
the Milky Way how big it is is incredibly vast and where are we so this is a little presentation you can give at
a library to the Cub Scouts the Girl Scouts to a high school or Elementary
School class but a lot of people don't understand the difference between the solar system
Galaxy and universe a lot of people think that the Stars they see uh aren't wrinkled among their planets uh so here
we have the solar system the Galaxy and the universe and it's nice to explain that solar
systems in the galaxy and the Galaxy is in the universe so here's our solar system
and where is our solar system and this uh this galaxy it's right about there
you know we're in the outskirts uh in the summer time we can look in and see
the center of the Galaxy the more time we look out and see more of the open reaches of the universe
uh how big is it so light years how far of light travel in a year well it would
take 100 000 years for life to go across our galaxy what's that number mean you
know I don't have any gut feeling for that so how can you explain to people what a hundred thousand light years is
well if we make this scale if we say take a quarter about an inch size of a
quarter and let that be from the Sun to Pluto okay from the Sun to Pluto that's
5.5 light hours keep the idea of a quarter in your mind
that's the size of our entirely solar system so on that scale a mile of 40 light years 2500 miles represents a hundred
thousand light years and as we saw above 100 000 light years is the size of our galaxy
interesting on this scale the sun is 30 times smaller than a grain of sand
and the Earth is microscopic so what do we know that's 2500 miles in
size well the continent in North America something everyone's familiar with so we can overlay with this scale of a
quarter being the size of our solar system we can overlay the Galaxy on
North America so uh gives people an idea of how big
this thing is when you think of a quarter of the size of our solar system so how thick are a Galaxy okay it's
about a thousand light years so a hundred thousand and thousand so at 2500 miles it's a hundred thousand light
years the size of our continent 25 miles represents a thousand
light years so it's a very very thin Galaxy like most galaxies maybe it's
like a spin is like a CD where we used to have CDs instead of everything being online
so how can we envision 200 billion stars that's how many stars do we have in our galaxy how can we division that so we
take a football field and we get a bunch of bird seed Millet a
little bird seed and we fill up four feet deep and that's about 200 200
million stars if each one of those bird seeds represents star
then you have to take them you have to spread them over the entire continent 25 miles deep
so you're spreading them out and again it shows that space is what space is
mostly space okay 2500 miles wide 25 miles deep and only
200 billion only a football field up to four feet deep of bird seed so again space is exactly that mostly
space again that's a totally free available
anybody presentation you get from the NASA night sky network uh the great folks that work with uh and I just want
to make sure everyone's aware that they are out there great thank you so much
thank you so um uh the I noticed that the
astronomical league has a new website too so we do it
features that uh that we should be aware of well it's not all up yet okay
um okay is that the old address and uh like there's no information on the regions yet uh so they got they got the
basic framework up and that right now is is going to grow over the next months and years so uh but it is a much more
beautiful site than the previous one so yeah I forget the address right now uh
astronleague.org.org yeah that's right so it's worth looking at it's a beautiful site now that's right and if
you don't know you belong to the astronomical League uh you can certainly join a league club you can go on their
website and see a list of clubs uh you can if you live somewhere in the world
where there is no a strong and astronomical league club
then you can join as a member at large and they have so much to offer with over
80 observing programs uh you know scores of uh award uh programs that you can get
involved with or you can nominate people for and of course they have the annual astronomical League conference which is
just a um you know a great Showcase of astronomers and speakers and everything
that the astronomical league is so you'll see you'll see me there for sure
along with lots of your friends here from Global Star Party so anyways uh don thank you so much uh
for coming on and uh again thank you to everyone at the astronomical League
speaker uh is giving part two of his talk on Dark Matter uh it's uh uh this
great young man um Leon Garcia who was tied for first place for the national young astronomers
award uh on you know uh that is given out by the astronomical league and I'm
proud to say that we are a supporter of that program uh Leon is uh uh coming in
to you via Zoom from I think his home so um Leon thanks for coming on to Global
star party again well thank you so much for having me on again to finish off what we started and
uh hopefully the first or second of many great presentations to come I'm always
welcome here that's right so thank you yeah I'm gonna share my
okay you are muted Leon
foreign there you go you're muted again
okay all right so now I uh everybody can see my title
slide right um with the three Halo fantastic all right
um well this is just the second half of my presentation about dark matter that I started off last week I'm gonna give it
until a little bit more of what I did but I'm I am going to give a little bit of background at summary the first
couple slides so that um people aren't completely lost by what I'm saying
I'd like to start off by saying dark matter is one of these really important things in the universe that we don't
know a lot about it makes up 80 to 85 percent of the universe's mass and uh
this is important because it doesn't interact with the electromagnetic fields so we have no way to actually look at it
directly the way that we know uh about dark matter is from its interactions with things that we can see like
galaxies Stars clusters and gas clouds and
um there there are some major areas where we see Dark Matter having a massive effect in shaping kind of the
evolution of the of the entire universe and of constituent structures within it
we see it contributing to gravitational lensing or magnifying
um light sources based on the amount of mass that the light has to travel around we we see that there is way too much
mass being magnified uh to explain the amount of light that it emits we see galaxies that are rotating too fast too
far out to be explained by traditional models of Newtonian mechanics we see
structures in the early Universe forming out of completely undifferentiated soup or bubbles emerging and that is
primordial gas clouds we see galaxies colliding that are orbiting one another too fast in where we don't see light
emitting Mass we do see gravitational lensing which doesn't make any sense unless there's mass that we can't see
and finally we aren't taking into account um dark matter in the cosmic microwave
background unless we look at some like previous simulations of the cosmic microwave
background taking into account different amounts of dark matter and we've arrived at the 80 figure from there in the
cosmic microwave background is basically just the leftover radiation from The Big Bang and we kind of believe that um dark
matter is more or less cold so it's not traveling at relativistic speeds judging
by the the temperature the relative temperatures of various areas of the cosmic microwave background which is a
fascinating research area in and of itself but not really the focus of this presentation
we have a lot of theories for what Dark Matter could be because we honestly don't know a lot about it we we know its
effects but we don't know what it is so I'm currently exploring um a theory that proposes that it's made
out of this really really light particle called an Axion like scale or boson or a
tiny particle that's 110 billionth the mass of an electron particular way of looking at dark matter
is both really interesting in it and it's come to uh closer to solving a lot
of problems with other Dark Matter models for instance when we applied this
model to the Milky Way the model that I'm using in my project we've determined that it's come a lot closer to forming
the right amount of dwarf galaxies that we can observe other models are forming upwards of 300 sub-halos or tiny little
areas of dark matter that could host dwarf galaxies whereas the ultralight simulations are
creating on the order of 25 to 27 which is much closer to the number that we see
in reality and um other models are approaching infinite
densities in their cores meaning that they're predicting that dark matter is infinitely dense at the cores of
galaxies whereas when we observe dark matter and its effects on rotation curves we see that the the actual likely
core of dark matter in a galaxy or its Halo is more of a flattened profile
which is much closer to what ultra light Dark Matter predicts so what I did in this project is I
applied this really promising theory of dark matter to four circumstances where it's played a super large role in
shaping the universe at so-called cosmological transition points or when the universe has been changing
before I get into the rest of the presentation I uh I should clarify a
dark matter Halo is um is not a Halo in the traditional sense like an Angelic Halo it's a
spherical ball of dark matter that extends far beyond the reaches of
um your traditional Galaxy and it provides the gravitational pressure that
that Galaxy needs to form and rotate at the speeds that it rotates and form the
structures that it needs to form and without dark matter we would not be here
and I would not exist to give this presentation and
I I guess I'm gonna get into a little bit more depth on what this model is but
there's no need to understand completely everything that I'm saying in the next couple slides so
um don't feel bad if you get lost by um the wordiness of what I'm I'm saying
here so I'm using this thing called the solaton or a wave with a singular Crest
it's a wave that that has one Peak and it um it kind of represents an area
where there's more gravity so these tiny little particles these axion-like scale
or bosons cluster together on a galactic scale to form areas that have enough
gravitational potential to move galaxies so these tiny little things are having
such a large effect when you put a ton of them together and so um this is showing what the soliton
looks like this is an area with more gravity and then this purple area is an
area with less gravity and although this presentation is about Dark Matter this is a relatively colorful presentation
which is a good way of looking at how dark matter behaves this particular silaton is
um about the mass in size of the dwarf Galaxy so I need a lot of these to
actually simulate what a dark matter Halo looks like on a really large scale and I used this package that's already
been developed for me by research or not for me but for anybody who wants to download it on their computer uh by
researchers in New Zealand at University of Auckland uh to simulate these Halos
and it uses these waveforms to to do that
and uh unfortunately I had to learn a lot of pretty nasty math to do this
project or at least develop some sort of a conceptual understanding of it and uh
basically what I did is I solved to this fundamental system of equations in quantum mechanics uh the Schrodinger
poisson system um using a particular type of numerical integration that is really nice with
computers or computers like to do lots of little tiny repetitive tasks over and over again and so that's how it
um is able to turn this into this over here so this is a graph of kind of what
the gravitational potential or the gravity looks like from one of these solitons if you were to look at it from
the side and slice it in half and so this blue area is the gravity and it's it's approaching
um this this kind of flattened Halo core that you want from uh observing galaxies
and you wouldn't want to just have these solitons sitting and not interacting
with one another so the way that you uh can get them to both move and be governed by the laws of wave mechanics
is by using these things called Fourier transforms which um I use the package Pi fftw or Pi
fastest Fourier transform in the west which is kind of a funny name uh but
these fast Fourier transforms to move these waves around to get them to interact with each other to simulate how
a Galaxy behaves so that was a little bit of a mouthful but this is what a simulation looks like it is this one is
not a realistic simulation you see a dwarf Galaxy sized Halos perfectly
symmetrical and uh colliding with one another around a Central Mass this is illustrating this property of quantum
mechanics uh known as interference or the way particle duality where on very
small scales um you can't tell if a particle is a wave or a physical particle and so when
you're when you're obeying the laws of waves you have wave interference or uh constructive and destructive
interference and when you take a lot of really small particles that behave like waves on a large scale and collide with
them with one another this kind of illustrates a process that we see um on a small scale and it creates these
really intricate interference patterns which are governed by this wave function PSI which was in the last slide but if
you're really into researching wave functions this is another way to approach it is by looking at
um how how this function can govern uh waves in different circumstances so this
would be a great um springboard for future research but this is the beginning of the simulation
it goes to the right and uh then you jump down here and continue with this
particular simulation is over 10 million years and this is the format that I present uh my simulations in in both my
research paper in this presentation and on to talk about one of the more
realistic simulations that I did um just a little bit of background on how uh the universe kind of changes
those over Cosmic time is that smaller galaxies collide with other small galaxies to create larger ones
um kind of like a survival of the fittest if you will where um after these small galaxies Collide and
merge they form uh larger late stage spiral galaxies like the Milky Way and Andromeda and the way that they do this
is they Collide and then they accrete matter in these accretion disks which are basically a nice way to
um or the lowest potential energy state for large amounts of mass that are
rotating is by creating these discs that then create these large-scale structures so what I wanted to know is if Dark
Matter independently uh of any of my influence would create these structures
on its own if I just had random Halos around a Central Mass and that would tell us a lot about if Dark Matter
itself was able to form these structures independent of any like baryonic mass then that would provide more evidence in
favor of this theory of dark matter which currently hasn't been proved or disproved and so that's that's what I
did I I arranged 41 of these um these solitons around the Central Mass and
basically just let them do their thing and um when they did their thing they uh
over millions of years they were able to develop complex patterns and structures
that are similar to um what we would see in a late stage collisional spiral galaxy which is
really great for this particular theory of dark matter because it shows that this Theory out of complete
Randomness is able to form emergent structures and another reason why
um this particular simulation is kind of important is because
it hasn't been exclusively looked at the the accretion patterns or the accretion
disks of galaxies from a dark matter standpoint in the literature that I've seen more often than not you've uh you
have just an exclusively luminous mass or mass that we kind of know what how it
behaves um circling a large Central Mass which is dark matter added in as a constant
but dark matter is anything but constant it's it's this own Dynamic thing that
should be simulated um either on its own which is what I did or uh alongside visible mass in more uh
a more nuanced way and so um this particular simulation is
important because accretion is a major turning point in cosmological development and there hadn't been any a
generalized simulation meaning I ran a bunch of these random simulations
um and it was able to form structure and so even if this theory was completely
wrong um this methodology could be implemented by Dark Matter models in the future that
are not ultra light Dark Matter there are some other theory for what Dark Matter could be and
um we learned that structural form um even if it's not exactly the this the
same structure that we want um out of complete disarray and so that
that was one of the big takeaways from this research um another thing that I did or another
simulation that I ran was using prior um prior simulations a very important uh
Galaxy clusters that have been extensively studied by other uh Dark Matter Pro Models in applying this model
to it because it hasn't been applied to it before so the Bullet cluster is one particularly strong uh example in favor
of dark matter where we see micro lensing events in the blue
um where there is no visible mass and so that that provides strong evidence for
dark matter and that's why a lot of previous research has been applying their own models to this particular
event and so I used uh previous uh inputs to kind of simulate this
particular uh cluster of colliding galaxies and was able to get a very
favorable result uh just using those inputs and it agreed with the
observations of these halos in this actual Galaxy cluster
so another application that I had using inputs from actual data in previous
papers was the coma cluster the first evidence for dark matter that was discovered in 1933 where the galaxies in
the coma cluster were orbiting one another way too fast to be explained by their luminous mass and uh when when I
ran the simulation using inputs from a prior study I was able to get even
closer to the number of desired sub-halos or these smaller uh dwarf Galaxy sized halos
produced in the final slide of this of the simulation then previous models were
so this is again providing really strong evidence for this particular Dark Matter
model's ability to explain what we see is going on in real life and these collisional simulations are
important because again the universe is at a cosmological turning point where we
are physically seeing galaxies collide with one another uh and developing the
universe in uh over Cosmic time and so what we see is that we can use real data
to uh to input into Dark Matter models which are purely theoretical and so when
when we arrive in a model that's better than previous ones at um even in a limited sense where this
this model was limited by the amount of halos that I could simulate um
other older models we're not getting as close to the number of desired subtitles that we predict from looking at these
things in electromagnetic wavelengths and my final simulation was about the
early Universe out uh out of this primordial soup uh immediately after the
big bang There was completely nothing differentiating structure
so what that means is that there there wasn't anything there was a lot of stuff
going on in the early Universe it was rapidly expanding but there wasn't anything being differentiated out of the
suit there weren't bubbles emerging and so um what I was able to do was simulate
under a very limited circumstance not accounting for the inflation in the
early Universe how a completely random arrangement of solitons or dark matter in the early Universe because many
scientists believe that dark matter formed very early on in the universe's development how that could have
contributed to forming structures and so what I was able to see is again
out of this completely random random arrangement of solitons which is very similar to the one that um the
simulation earlier that I did with the Galaxy except um there's no Central Mass here binding
it together so completely devoid of structure we see Pockets that emerge out
of this Randomness that stayed together for millions of years and this means that there would be enough gravitational
pressure to form these structures over time that eventually evolve into galaxies so this is really important to
understanding the early Universe from a dark matter perspective and these simulations are important because uh
oftentimes when we simulate the early Universe we don't look at it exclusively from a dark matter perspective we more
look at an inflationary perspective and so um testing ultralight dark matter in
this new setting provides more evidence in favor of this Theory because even though it was these were limited
simulations by the number of solitons that I was able to simulate it still provided strong evidence that there were
structures that were able to form and stay together over long periods of time
so my conclusions uh from from doing this research project over
um over eight months the interference patterns from the test Collision were
intricate and I don't have the mathematics knowledge to study those in detail because that probably requires
some graduate level mathematics and I'm I'm just going into my undergrad now um
but uh again I'm hoping that the this paper the paper that I wrote gained some
recognition um and that um again the uh the Halos
were forming structures on their own um in both the primordial gas cloud
simulation and the galactic Halo accretion one and the finally the uh the
coma and bullet cluster simulations were matching up really well with What observations were predicting
but I I'd like to say that this entire uh project comes with the caveat that uh
one major constraint was that my PC memory or uh maybe the nature of the
simulation was arriving at a computational limit which uh clocked me out at about 41 solitons so I was only
able to stimulate 41 different um solitonic halos and I wasn't able to
account for inflation effects in the early Universe in my primary gas cloud simulation but all in all I was able to
uh simulate many things that I really wanted to at the start of this project
and I look forward to continuing this research in the future so thank you so much for uh listening to
me again and I hope to talk to you all in the future with more updates
you can count on me asking you to participate so that's great
so Leon what is it that you are working on right now I mean you've you've completed this uh this project what's
what's on deck for you uh so right now I'm getting ready to go
off to college and and then uh hopefully I can continue uh doing research there
and uh in I I'm I'm hoping to pursue
something more gravity uh gravitationally wave oriented or high
energy astrophysics not necessarily in the same vein as dark matter but I would
like to flesh out this project even more because I I was able to get some really
interesting results from my simulations that I'd like to revisit maybe even in a
couple more years when I can um come at it from a different angle sure sure that's great well lots of
appreciation from our audience on your presentation so thanks very much Leon
and thank you I'm glad that they enjoyed it and and thank you again for having me on great that's awesome thanks man
okay so you can see why Leon was one of the first place winners of the national
young astronomers award I am I'm sure that we'll see more great things from him in the future
um our next speaker is um Maxie filaries and naxi is here
patiently waiting in the background with a beautiful nebula behind him
and it's all yours Maxi but your audio is you are muted oh yeah gotta pull the
microphone down still no audio right now right now yes yeah my
microphone was unplugged I think my wife unplug it so I didn't realize that so
good night everyone yes so it's good to be back uh well nice
presentation Leanne you know I wish I had your knowledge you know you're a
very young man and and you have to a life to study so keep
on it uh don't don't stop it and you you the love the life will regress you it
will give you um a very good chances okay
so well um thank you for inviting me again I hope you you're fine uh what I'm going
to show you is when I be doing last week weekend [Music]
um I was practicing again trying to capture Saturn but uh also I tried to how to see
the Deep Sky objects with the F6 a two
minute to 100 millimeters so I grab all outside
um let me share my screen first okay do you see it
uh yeah great so basically what I was trying to capture
um it was uh I don't remember if I'll download the image what that doesn't
matter but basically uh I want to [Music]
um sorry uh it was in this place I I was
capturing I started before Saturn comes up I was doing almost
70 no yeah or 60 pictures of this place this
is the bug nebula in the tale of Scorpio uh this is a planetary nebula it's a
really good one to try to watch it through a telescope but I always try to
capture it I remember remember Nico did it with his Dobson so I tried to give a
chance with this new equipment and I was capturing I remember it was
yeah 30 seconds every pic every single picture um the results was well this is the
another what I'm going to show you the result of the second was this
basically you can see all the the field of view
and here's the the planetary nebula when I stacked all the images but I have to
process this when if you can see it's kind of it was a a cloud or something or
smoke but this is light pollution so I have to put out the background and and try to to
give some details so what I got cropping this image was this
so I it changed a lot I think I lost a
lot of information or maybe I didn't stretch it pretty good but anyway I I
was very really happy to to capture the structures of the of this particular
nebula and here's the core that's this
spreads out from both sides the the particles and the of this dying star you
know and you can see the explosion that occurred here
um but of course the the field of stars is amazing
um and I really like the the colors that I get even here in my my city
so then I went to to a trip in nebula but I I didn't stuck
it but anyway I want to show you only a 60 seconds exposure
and you can see the field of view that I get here you know this is 100 of the picture
you know it's incredible I I
well when I I think when I get a the stacking and some kind of
post-processing uh here for example in this place you there are two like
antennas I think that it's difficult to to see it yes
so anyway the the structures of this velocity the stars and the shape was
really good and only 60 seconds of course I have here I didn't work with a
comma corrector because I don't have it and I don't know it exists a common projector for these tubes so you can see
here the the coma and in the corners
so but in the center uh what I was a
trying to capture it was okay so then I point pointed my scope to to Saturn
and I started to did some capture some videos see what I could get
refocusing and everything so the result of that night was particularly this
you know I I was really impressive of the result I remember when I finished
this it was almost 5 00 am maybe six too it's beautiful
so and I think I don't know it's okay but if you put it more let me put more here
you can see here it's like a White Band like a storm or something exactly but I
don't know I didn't saw pictures from uh what from this night so I don't know if
this it is it is or not but anyway uh we
are we are now for now able to see partial of the Cassini division
uh the the lines of storm on the equator
but uh you know this is the northern ball and the southern is coming to
Rising so if we compare it from the on a
picture from the last year is very different of the position in this case
because remember that Saturn has a difference a
orbit around the Sun so it's a kind of a inclination I think it's okay how you
say it so I I was remember that I did a
conversation of different years so for example you can see here
let me put it this is more up this one 2018
it was 2019 2020 2021
last year and a couple days you can see the how the the Rings change of position
and also the the length of the equator uh you know the first ones here are my
first pictures that I took with my cell phone and I think seeing simple
equipment but now I I'm trying to focus to
get more uh details on this case so unfortunately we don't have very good
nights of seeing the chest stream kills a lot of details well then when I try to
capture a a Jupiter it was impossible to see a details it
was only unfortunately it was only some lines and a blur a great rest but
now it was uh it doesn't worth it because in my
position we will have it a almost um
maximum 40 degrees so at that altitude the the atmosphere will blur your image
so when you try to capture it or or film or record
it to get the more the best frames uh it's it doesn't work so anyway I think
in a couple of years we're going to have it more above our head from here and I
hope the those days come really fast so well this
is my was my presentation I hope that you enjoyed it I my next work I think if
the weather is allowed us maybe this weekend we have a holiday but from the
the pathway of Jose San Martin so a memorial day so we we have the the
Monday that we don't go to work so I try to go to Alberti to do some
a deep Sky object imagine I I will see if where if I could get some galaxies if
someone wants to ask me or maybe you
know um tell me that I or to capture some object that once please write me to and
I and I will be very happy and also for those who wants to see my pictures or
wants to use my pictures uh then for example I'm really happy to
collaborate and give them for example to the astronomical leave if they want to
maybe practice or something in a or processing so I'm glad to to share it it
doesn't it doesn't no problem see that that is the epitome of what a
great amateur astronomer is all about they will share everything why I will not
you know they give you the the best pictures of the James the website
and you can practice um with the Hubble palette and everything but why I will not share it
of course my equipment I spend money in my equipment that
because I want to capture it but if you maybe uh you know
process better or try to practice with something I will glad it for that so
okay well I think it's all fortunate it's called and thank you everyone and have a nice
week great so I've just posted uh a link to Maxie's bio page on explore scientific
he is an Explorer of Alliance Ambassador thank you so much again and I hope to
see you again next week take care take care okay our next speaker uh is Tom field you
know now those of you that might have met Tom uh he is probably the most
enthusiastic Ambassador I've ever met about uh analyzing Spectra now you might
think that's a really dry kind of thing to do but uh you know through Spectra you can see what's going on chemically
with a with uh the uh celestial object that you're examining uh you know you're
able to measure uh distance and you know velocities and stuff like that so you
know why wouldn't you try it now one reason why you might not try it is that you think that this is really hard to do
but in this uh uh this presentation by Tom field you're going to find out how
easy it is to do and how inexpensive it is as well so
um I'm going to turn this on now and Tom if you're watching thank you for putting this presentation together thank you
hi my name is Tom field and I was a contributing editor at Sky and Telescope magazine for about 10 years I'm a
software developer and an admirer of the Skies we're going to talk today about
how we know so much about the stars using spectroscopy we'll start out with
this gorgeous iconic image these are shock waves of enormous power of course
creating new Stars When I See This image I always ask myself what about all these
other stars where are they in their life cycles and how do we know so and that's what I found spectroscopy
helped us understand so the history of humanity in learning about stars is
centuries of men and women doing science many times going down dead ends now to
be honest if if again I was in this picture I would be a little dot well on
the horizon out here but I wanted a front row seat and I found that what I'm going to talk about today help me
understand what the Giants did over the last several centuries so my process and
my learning curve was a little bit disappointing at first I read all sorts
of online sources and texts and magazines but I found it a lot of it
just didn't come together and I didn't remember a lot of it I I don't have a degree in astrophysics
you know I'm not a scientist I just wanted to understand more about the beautiful Skies that we observe and I
wanted when I read things in magazines to understand a little more about what they were talking about I found out that spectroscopy allowed me
to do that so I'm going to show just three quick examples today
in the Perseus star field there's the star field and what can we say about this one as Devil's Advocate
I'd say this is a pretty boring star field right it's a bunch of dots you know maybe there's an asterism doesn't
seem to be any constellations the one thing that's here is there's some stars of different colors so maybe we could
tell a little bit more about the temperature but we're going to look here at just three
of these stars in the time we've got available today to show you how we know so much more about them
now the first thing we do is in spectroscopy is we have to split
the split Starlight into rainbows so here are the same three stars now this
image was captured with just a DSLR so let's take a quick aside here to look at this it's just a standard everyday prism
and if I had a bright light and I shined it through we'd get a rainbow right standard stuff but I didn't have enough
duct tape to put this on my camera so these days we don't have to it's so big and clumsy now we can use just a little
inch and a quarter grating like this one it's called a star analyzer and it sells for less than 200 and screws right onto
your camera and I want to demonstrate how it works here so it's going to take a little bit of juggling but here we've
got a really bright light and when I hold the grating up in front of the
light you can see that rainbow there it's just the pieces of the rainbow because this is a pure gas but that
gives you the idea that this works just like a prism does so we can split Starlight and look at the specter here
on the screen so let's start out with just this star here there's its Spectrum
over here and we can see what about it well it's not continuous either it has
some little gaps in it doesn't it and those gaps are how we learn about the
stars now we're not going to get into a lot of the science today but trust me the science isn't hard we don't have to
drill down really deeply into quantum mechanics or anything like that so just
a quick overview and that is each element when we burn it or when light passes through it has its
own fingerprint so this hydrogen here we can see that its lines are here and here
where are called the bomber lines are very different than the lines we see on helium and that's all we have to know
now how those line in the
they give off or they absorb light and that's all we need to know if you want to know more then
one more example of how these fingerprints work this is actually a poster that uh that we offer to teachers
36 by 24 inch poster and I just wanted to show you here that each element
really does have a different fingerprint okay with that in mind let's go back to
this image this was done with just a DSLR and the DSLR with a tracking mount
with a star analyzer on the nose piece so these gaps Gap year
tell us that this is a Type M Star now what does that mean now there's lots of
ways to talk about this and I'm not going to spend a lot of time on this HR diagram but I wanted you to see just
really briefly if you're not familiar with it that we can classify Stars by temperature
and a Type M Star is a cool star and in this case the star
we're looking at we know from a spectrum is a supergiant and there we can see
it's just like Beetlejuice for example and we learn that from the Spectrum so
what we're learning is how to navigate this map of star life cycles with data that we
captured ourselves let's look at the second star here this is called a be
star and it doesn't have all those gaps it's got one here but it does have this
bright spot here what's going on with that Spectrum well this is the spectrum of as I said a
be star so it's a b star in temperature and that e stands for the emission
from the dust in that circumstellar disc and we're actually seeing that glowing
dust right here just with a backyard camera by the way spectroscopy is much
less affected by Urban light pollution so this is the kind of thing we can do in the cities we don't have to travel to
some dark side Sky side and you know capture hours worth of data just really short images because we're looking at
really bright stars okay so that's the be star let's go back to our HR diagram
and we can see that b stars are over here and so this be star is going to be
somewhere probably up in this area like spica by the way I just wanted to point out another familiar star or two here if
you're not not familiar with this diagram there's our beloved Vega for example all right so now we've seen two
different regions in the HR diagram using data that we captured ourselves
let's look at this third Spectrum down here this is called a wolfry a star and
look it's got all of these bright spots not just the one that we saw up here
these bright emission lines what's going on with the be star or excuse me with a
wolfry a star well these are late stage stars that have blown off a lot of their
outer shell they have really intense Stellar winds that broaden these lines so that we can see them and again we're
not going to read all this but this is the kind of thing that once we've captured the Spectrum ourselves
makes for a much more interesting reading and the only thing I want to show you here was look how hot these
Stars could get so on this scale down here those stars are going to be you
know way over in this area so excuse me we've navigated the HR diagram
as I mentioned looking at three different star types and this is the kind of thing that we can do as amateurs
so how do we do it well we can capture Spectra with almost
any instrument I mean a standalone DSLR as we just saw it can be a telescope
this is what the explore scientific ed102 great telescope for this both of
these would have to be on a tracking amount of some sort and then how do we actually capture the Spectra well we use
this star analyzer grading that I mentioned a few minutes ago so let's start out here with the star analyzer
just looking here with a standalone DSLR on this adapter that we make available
you can actually capture the Specter you don't need a telescope at all or if
you've got a fits camera you can put the grating on your fits camera if you want to put your DSLR on a telescope we've
got a way to do that on the t-ring uh you can use a video camera which makes for just fantastic Outreach and
education to show a live Spectrum flickering on the screen it's really captivating and people love to see it we
can also of course put the star analyzer grading inside a filter wheel so there's lots of ways to set these things up and
there's lots more information on our site how do we capture the Spectra then well
over here is an image from our telescope there's the star and maybe you can see
on your monitor there there's a gap right there but we want to we want ions here maybes aren't enough right
so our spec I don't know why I'm circling
it up there when I can Circle it down here where you could read it so the software looks at the region between
Orange Lines and lines of AG around any Star and it just sums up the data and gives us an intensity plot so this dip
in the Spectrum here sort of in the blue green is that Gap I was pointing to here there's lots of other absorption lines
that we can see in the data once we graph it so this graph makes things much
much clearer and then once we have this graph then we can use tools that are built into the software and other
reference works to figure out what type of star it is in this case this is Vega and those are the hydrogen bomber lines
that we captured you can capture these as I said with videos which means we're just talking about exposures that are
less than a second so you know I'm often frustrated when I read the magazines I see these gorgeous
images of galaxies and then I read the fine print and they say it's 10 or 15
hours of integration time on some Mountaintop dark sky site you know I
live in Seattle we have a lot of rain we have very short nights in the summer I'm
you know I'm a terrible imager really uh and I don't have the patience or the knowledge or the equipment to do that
kind of high-end stuff but this kind of stuff I can do and I'm sure that you can too if you want to so really that's all
I wanted to tell you today a little bit about how we process Spectra the kinds of things we can learn from it when
we're looking at Star Fields like this one here not only can we learn about the star forming regions but we can also
learn about the life cycles of all the stars in the field of view it's a really exciting field our website has lots more
information there's a contact form there you can communicate with me look at the tutorial videos that are there I hope
this presentation has been helpful for you and I really appreciate the opportunity to speak here today
Tom again if you're watching thank you very much for making this available I'm
going to keep that video for future presentations as well because it's so good
um we are going to go from Tom field all
the way down to Buenos Aires Argentina where we will meet up with Cesar Brillo
Cesar I supposes out there once again so
here we are and yes how are you good good one
yes yes sir clear your sky tonight is it uh Maxi hi it's called
one tell me of course
um I I have can you hear me yes yes
um but thinking in the possibility to have a lot of clouds uh in the in the
sky here Buenos Aires I have I can show you my screen now my live image or or
now for for the which is a point in the telescope is uh
appointing to nothing but nothing nothing I thought
that you were pointed to your neighborhood behind you but well great yeah you're
pointing to the close sure sure some of the windows but uh no no I don't like to
have some problems you know yeah [Laughter]
um but um [Music]
you can do I I have I of course they have a person a small very small presentation I'm
talking about updates our you know that I am a optometrist
um yes the we can talk about uh the different sensation about about uh
colors uh watching by your telescope uh your to the naked eye and
um comparing comparing the same image when you make a long exposure
photography um something that that is more uh them
for people that know more for me about astronomy is
um and something that I I can't explain but maybe about the colors when you talk
about how many colors if how many colors how strong are the colors are and the
light and the bright in a nebula if you go to the nebula
um many people say the same for a memorial auroras
um that that many many people say okay I so I would understand are not so bright
and are not so brilliant and the color is more uh more available
um the about many many uh many times talking with astronomers about the the
United gas of nebula
you know you can have a very bright talking about if you can go to the place
of course that you you lost a lot of life
by the distance because it's it's the square of the distance is uh totally
totally uh comparing with the with the quantity of life and it's not the same the line in a
point or like or a small this like a planet
uh um comparing with a big area
often in this case gas of nebula and of course that the level the level is not
easy to say if you are if you are uh think you know how real you can show a
nebula about colors and light if you make uh you know four hours Exposition
for for example maybe you have a huge collar but if you
go to the same place with your eyes the question is if the question is you
can feel the same big brilliant and strong colors
if you if you see the same at the uh with the distance that you compare with
the telescope maybe for your telescope you have you know talking about it's all about our picture about our sensation
our normal field of view is a 120
degrees and our perception of our attention
is no more than a coin and one matter and in our brain we
we assemble the image the idea of the image and The Sensation for for uh in the
between a picture between uh sensation of the of the real
how how uh you know how bright is the
nebulas in the place if you can go to the Navy well you can compare something
let me share the screen with a small presentation
okay
you can see well another presentation yet but I have
well and we can talk about the the perception of
colors and bright and many people ask this question about if the nebulas are
so brilliant or if you go to the to the outside on
dips if you go to the Deep sky and we
can compare in our in our air in our Sky night sky when you go to the to the uh
clear night in in a rural area or Mountain Area without light pollution
we know that how we see the the Milky
Way we can not see the Milky Way like a picture of Adrian
of Adrian or you know the colors that you can see you can see the color of the
of the of the for example in in summer we can
see the cross Southern Cross but we
can't see the color of the ETA Karina nebula with we actually we confuse
normally the the cluster and the attack Arena nebula we know the position of
that our both are very big uh in the field of view
um small when you when we watch maybe our you know kind of nebula maybe have a
two or three degrees and the cluster that is near to the career nebula
it's similar but we can see the color when this is to the Nike dies
and our normal normal uh you know view of the sky
um is the same for a Rodas or for
for many many things this is the typical thing that we watch
when we watch the Lagoon in a medium-sized telescope maybe it's called
you can tell me that it's your sensation is is very difficult to say
where and with which telescope you can have
the the same perception but when you can see
[Music] do you have a very finely finely uh
maybe if you have this sensation you are lucky you are in in a deep Sky
um in a dark sky area and is is of course that when I put in
my in my uh uh you know for processing a picture to
show something it's impossible to have the same because you have you you have
more perception of the stars but in the real in the real life uh but you have a
very sensation of that finally a godfully uh nebula very we call when we
um sell a telescope for the customer the customer are expecting this
with the color and you know right and see This brilliant yeah
absolutely right yes but if you see if
you watch you can you can
um you can advise about this about advice you can um not advise you can
see the difference about these Shadows between and it's very different when you
have a uh of course uh a very long exposure nebula a picture of vanilla and
you'll have this fortunately many many people are coming to to have
some kind of of uh possibilities to make a wrong exposure after photography for
for a different object in the sky and they can they can receive the magic of
of uh to have colors in their nebulas and make something that is very very uh
using the the the word that John told me that last
week rewarding for for them and is something that is a new age
um it's all about all about why we can we can uh see the
colors in the night is the same we have uh konos and batones
um different cells sensible cells in our retinas and of course that
um all that about perception in the love life are black and white sensitive cells
and all for Sharp and colors are sensitive with more
light more light thing that they need and this is why we can
we can see a telescope a color with a with of the nebula uh
without without uh make um you know uh electronic CCD or reflex
camera digital long exposure photography here you have
about the colors this is here how we see here is the the Southern Cross here yes
you have the carbon soap and this is
uh this picture is more near to the reality where you don't have you you see
the attacker in the nebula and this cluster like the same color
um but you don't see the colors of the nebula and from The Naked Eyes and
without and with the telescope with the same this is
this is how we need [Music] um calibrate the color
uh for the final image of a nebula uh using the blood cell software that that
give us the best choice of colors for uh
for a final image this is a a single shot that is very different to the final
shot the final Story the final result that you have when you processing a
picture today about the colors people say well this is not a real color of
course that is it's very difficult to make a real a real color but the
software will calibrate colors uh photometrically different colors that
you have in many many applications or software for processing
image give us the most realistic the most realistic colors because uh the
colors have a number in astronomy that is the the less that we listen about uh
Astro astral spectrometry sorry
um and we are going to have the most realistic colors of the nebulas and
galaxies because they have a number that give you a color is something that many
many people say but maybe the differences say is to say
your red is the same that my rep this is a pronunciation maybe send a
relationship perception but if we start to talk about
our retina we are we have the same kind
of cells it's very it's very how do you say it's very
um not easy very far away of the reality
that we are watching different colors yes with of course that exists the the
we have a lot of tests for for uh blind colors and it's something that I work
with this but there is the when we make this kind of test we receive firstly
they'll say okay you have a blind color without this we are talking and The
Sensation of the colors are the same well here do you have the the compare
the comparison between the a single shot with a color of that received my my
reflex camera and the calibrate color in the final image
and this is the the baby the most maybe
most finely here and more strong the stars of course but when you see a
takarina you don't see more than this area and maybe some some filaments or
something like a clothes in this area and you compare the image uh if you use
a a big telescope we was talking about the sensation
to see something yellow or gold and
watching this nebula but over over a 16 millimeter Dobson telescope in a
very very dark dark sky areas it's very very you know the first colors that that
normally you receive in your retina is the in between the yellow and green
colors and is not easy to uh to um this
is maybe this is maybe where you can have difference about the Sensibility
how how your retina is sensitive and how how much you can
open your your uh Iris and this is very interesting uh the perception in our
eyes but maybe technically the colors uh that we are talking in a normal without
of course this is like like blind colors do you have the same
conception here here I remember that I I told about this
cluster like uh a certain players but it's not episode Southern player is it's
very near to the I I remember there is a three three five the cluster and here do
you have a lot of different colors of stars actually
um maybe my my simulation of how how I you can see the the cluster maybe this
is in the city with that with a cloudy night like now and you have a very very
without break the stars but you can see for example this like you can compare
when you have a a point lead a pointy uh
Stars it's very easy compared right and color
only only we mostly of the times we see
without color the nebulas and galaxies but ever mostly of the time we watch
with colors and stars and we can compare and this is uh all that that we can make
with our eyes comparing with um long exposure photography
let me see my my idea uh tonight was
but of course that we can make the same the next week we can point in a live
image let me see if I have a little less of clouds if we can see some in live
image something let me see no nothing nothing no no no maybe maybe
I I can move the I can show you maybe maybe uh in in this area okay
we can try uh
go for it says our I am gonna be ready to present next but I'm
booting up the main computer so that I can use more images my presentation next and
I hope your presentation have have a lot of color every time yes and you have to be careful sometimes
because if you overdo the color I'll talk about it in my presentation a
little bit about uh when we listen to one of the uh folks that's contracted from NASA to process jwst images I think
that'll be interesting for the uh for the folks to know they're actually they
don't do much different than regular astrophotographers with picks Insight Photoshop they use some of the same
tools but uh yeah finish what you're doing Cesar I'll uh I'll save that for the next when I get back on in the next
few minutes of course that that I I don't have more for my presentation only one second to
show if we have something in the in the field of view of the telescope but only
I can share screen few seconds okay
go for it typically we don't we say nothing you
can see my Nina uh screen yes
we can move a little a telescope if
I see some faint Stars maybe it's an imagination
let me check if uh no no no because
because it's actually um actually I I we we have
um we have let me check
um
we can we can try if in the area of beta cruises we can
see nothing
me
no no no no because it's uh maybe maybe if I have something more
clear in some maybe if I have a part of the sky a
little clear I advise you uh Scott um sure only few few seconds later no
for for the end of the of the
I I know you're of clouds and of course I I
I send you the message if I have real clear the sky but you know this was my
presentation was to talk about black and colors uh maybe more in the idea of
optometrists and how yeah what what is the real color of something
and uh you know yes it is astronomers often assign a color to a
part of the light for to identify a certain region you know so yes yes all
that the tool that we have is is the number of the sequence of things exactly
um maybe you can say they say okay do you have a hydrogen or oxygen and you
can say or you can receive the idea of a calibrate that more real color but my
idea sometimes is when for example when I say a many auroras of an algebra if
if you go to the places to the auroras if you see so green color are so
brilliant um and if you go for the dessert spots
like if you can go to the benevolence you see the nebula so bright so strong
or you can see the color of course but more in in a in a more soft uh right the
fuse yes more of the fields I don't know it's a question I don't know how thing
the the audience among this oh that would be a good question to ask Michael Carroll who'll be coming on here yes yes
I think that that is everything for me right thank you so much Cesar we will
see you next time thank you very much Scott thank you to the audience all right thank you Cesar hey all right so
um yeah we have Adrian Bradley on Adrian is uh uh his program of chasing Dark
Skies is um you know this this guy is on a mission of of getting the best night
sky shots that he can possibly get and he often takes uh images that are
totally breathtaking so thanks for coming on to Global Star Party Adrian thank you for having me Scott I came in
basically just in time um and Cesar I'm glad you actually ran a
little over time because it gave me time to get onto the main computer I am going to try and do a shorter presentation
because I'm interested in uh hearing uh Michael Carroll as well
um I promised that I would talk a little bit as I'm sharing my screen and showing
some of my earlier work there's two themes I wanted to do and that's talk
about perseids we just had the peak of the perseids and I want to talk a little
bit about um you know where to see them and or where
you went to see them and if you didn't see many meteors I plan to tell you why
first I wanted to reiterate a little note those of you who may not realize
that those who process images and they do so on a professional level
the jwst images they work with scientists and they work with things
like Photoshop Lightroom picks insight there are a couple of other Astro
uh images same as the astrophotographers like Cesar
um uh vaccine and um I'm thinking Jason gwenzel who comes on
global Star Party All the astrophotographers that we've had and the
astrophotographers contracted by NASA to produce jwst images from the data that
um that's made available to them use very similar processes the main
difference is that while they know that these things will be beautiful they are the scientists working with
them want to see certain elements and with my own photography
I began to look at it in a similar way I
want to see certain elements and those elements become more important because
they tell the story here's a person that I shot some years ago I think it's I think it's
2018. if I go to 2019 okay um in 2019 learning Milky Way
Photography um you know having a an older camera but I
caught this perseided to this day probably the brightest uh meteor that
I've caught and I never saw this meteor with my own eyes I heard about it someone else near me
said hey did you see it and I said what meteor and my camera clicked off and I
looked at the image and saw oh wow I've got I've got a bright meteor in my shot
and it was uh I think it ended up in a
calendar at my job um working at Comerica Bank
um other times meteors happen and why I'm calling this
the meteor is the taper it goes from dim to Bright
and if it's a solid sweep like this
and the uh this could very well be a firefly flying near
and made that trail um these other specs or fireflies and
there's there's a streak of a car that was going along the road and this streak was a meteor
I had looked up and said I'd love to see a meteor we had a
a uh astronomer was that passed away you know whether or not
you know there's things of a soul that he have a capacity to send me a meteor but I kind of said hey John you need to
send me a meteor and uh with the perseids they come often enough
that it all of a sudden meteors can appear and you know you don't know if it
was a metaphysical thing or did was it a coincidence either way this meteor
appeared I never saw it but turning around I saw a bright Fireball
go across the sky I was the only one at the park and I just sat there and
appreciated the fact that I saw it now when you're
in any any Skies this this is the same location
with me trying to reprocess an image and look there's two meteors was it the
perseids this was August 2020 may it may have been
um there's a perseids between July and August so these very well
to perseids that happened to show up during this one minute exposure
so getting meteors faint meteors is not too tough to do it's
um it's whether or not you get a bright Fireball so I've yet to get
super bright fireballs here you have a satellite
solid these things are solid and they they appear to be about the same length
then you've got more streaks that are solid that appear to be about the same length
and could they have been meteors well maybe but they're
anytime you see the streaks they tend to be around if
they're around the same length they tend to be satellites so that brings me to
perseids from a couple years ago and yes these are over the years I've
taken a number of images you've if you've been to Global Star Party you've seen a lot of these images this was from a
couple years ago now David uh uh our steam David Levy looked at
this and said are you sure that's a meteor and I understand because it uh
it certainly looks very solid but if you look close there's a point
where this this part of this meteor now I saw this as it came overhead towards
this part of the sky and if you look carefully you notice there's a bright spot in the middle meteors disintegrate
and then they tail off as they've entered Earth's atmosphere
and so you can see it's as the uh exposure ends it's beginning to tail off
so that's that's one Telltale sign of a meteor is that
you saw it and you know that your camera was aimed towards it now in this
location we saw something like for every minute we saw no fewer than
six meteor streak across the sky and sometimes even more darker locations
present more meteors just the simple fact and this is during the Percy it's a
couple years ago this was perseids of 2021. there's more opportunity to see
meteors now this was it a satellite or meteor
there's lots of streaks in here and you have to examine the streaks because this streak is fairly solid it could be
either one there were there are a lot of satellites and those bright satellites will show up and you might not be sure
this this faint thing could be a satellite
or it could have been a meteor so there's always a streak in your photo
it just depends and here here you have a Telltale side of a meteor
if it'll come in because you've got faint bright and then beginning to get
faint again that's that's your Telltale sign that you caught an actual meteor and not a satellite is the way the uh
the way it looks or like this one looks more like a satellite but this is one
that I saw visually as I was taking this image I saw this meteor now it
these are the type of images that some part of it is composition
part of it is luck it happens to connect these two trees that
it's nice you know but and I purposely sat in a location where Viga or Vega as it's
pronounced um sat right here and with Hayes showing up in this night
sky and this is the cygnus rift I believe one of these is considered the northern coal sack I believe this may be
it Northern coal sack um so everything just kind of happens to
come together on some of these shots at night so you just have to keep shooting you have to
keep Imaging to see what kind of things may happen distant thunderstorm and I don't think
this was during any particular shower it does say August 28th so
could have been a Remnant other perseids or could have been this is north
this is due north so it could have been a different meteor shower but you definitely see the telltale
signs of a meteor and we caught a lightning bolt so there's a couple of things that appear in images at the same
time um I'm looking to capture more things like this I I like the idea of capturing
distant thunderheads and it's something I don't often get to do and so whenever
night sky photography sometimes there are different things that you can do
to continue getting inspired to try and
go out there it doesn't always have to be about the Milky Way it can be about you know a Thunderhead in the distance
in a meteor and see if you can catch the two at the same time of course there's a plane as well
um streaks not meteors and so finally how about 2023 well we're gonna go all the way
down and Skip through all these things and you know thunderheads and we're gonna
come this is a great place to visit in Michigan this lighthouse we're going to come down to the Smoke
moon and the last two images I will share for my presentation tonight
you are free to debate whether this is a meteor or not notice the detail in the
Milky Way compared to that first shot and how the composite
is put together such that it looks a little more natural
your what you're trying to do not necessarily for you know
accolades but I always try and reproduce what it is I see and there happen to be
people here and so I had to so I left there shadows in as they were moving
and it you know kind of a composition choice you have two people here
is very likely uh meteor but could it be a satellite it certainly
could be especially when you look at the fact that there was no you don't see a real explosion Point
here so more likely a satellite than a meteor and then finally this image
I like this image just for the fear fact that a lot of times when we image we
focus so much on the night sky and you got what I believe is a combination of
streaks for meteors this one definitely because you can see The Telltale
faint to Bright there's double cluster right there and
um these very likely meteors as well or
it's pretty well there's a little bit of a taper there so it could have been a meteor that was there and I caught the tail end
of it this one
you know it's it all depends on if it's a meteor it depends on when it shows up but
you know just like uh marcelos who will be coming up next I believe Scott
um we like to share when it's an Outreach event and people are laying on their backs looking at meteors it tells
such a wonderful story yes and then you know we have this dish which is not
in use but it's a it's a radio dish um that the University of Michigan did use
at some point um people may be fuzzy but you can tell they're all looking up and you know the
sky is this part of the Milky Way bright no but you see A Sky Full of Stars I
dare you to be able to make out the Big Dipper in this and good luck finding the Little Dipper I I actually could not
Trace out the stars of The Little Dipper and it just makes you wonder what it would be you know this place is a it's
not very bright you see these light domes but all of these stars are real
and they exist and sure it makes you wonder you know if you go somewhere dark
enough you'll you'll look in the sky and see this with your own eyes and that
that's why I continue to chase dark skies because I like seeing this naked
eye it's great to take a picture of it but you go somewhere that's even darker you
you know it blows your mind and if you haven't been to a place that's super dark like that
I highly recommend you know go even if it's for a couple of um if it's for a
day or so if it's an overnight trip and go enjoy the night sky
um and hopefully you saw some perseids a little footnote the perseids I caught in
that picture the crowd didn't see those but they saw some big Fireballs that I did not get a chance to capture
so uh with that Scott I am turning it over to you
um thank you thanks for coming on to Global star party again we'll hope to see you next week so yeah same here I
will be working on my schedule so we can make that happen great that's good all right thanks so much man
okay um up next uh we're going down to Brazil uh to visit with Marcella Souza Marcelo
is the editor of Skies Up Magazine uh he also runs
um the astronomy club uh or the Lewis Cruz astronomical club uh down there in
uh in Brazil and they uh are movers and shakers in astronomy Outreach in the
area Marcelo also is instrumental in his team were instrumental in creating the
first uh International dark sky site in Brazil in fact in the southern uh in
South America and so it's um uh it's a pleasure to have Marcelo on our program
and uh you know I'll add he doesn't often throw that out there but uh he's
he is a cosmologist he's an astrophysicist he teaches physics
um and uh where it's a real honor and pleasure to have him here thanks for
coming on Marcello hi Scott thank you very much
thank you very much yeah I already shared my screen here I
show some new events that you
organized here and let me see if you work my computer
is not so but it's all this is our astronomy quote
here is our last event that you launch
our new nucleus of our Standard Group in another city
tomorrow we have a group is in 10 different seats here our club is growing
here in Brazil yes and here uh the two members of our group me in the India in
the left left part of the image you have a horizon also and the others are members
of the seats and he reorganize these events this is a
place that you'll be located our glucose there is a public school
has a big auditorial there and this was the first event that you
organized there in the after the celebration we organizing a solar the observation of
the Sun with the glasses and refresh special the
Coronado telescope and you have the participation of a lot of people
most of them are students and they also have the opportunity to show The Sound
by the kids then this is something that we are doing
now in this periods because we are organizing the observation of the partial
the partial eclipse of the Sun that will be partial here in October 14th for us
here and we are visiting schools well Andrew has hit the main glass from
Stephen Hermiston to to give to the pub and we are now visiting schools
to talk about that they need to be to need care to look to the Sun and we are
given to them the glasses and they also are looking using our telescope here
and the how the events I have many people participating and now having locals in different seats then we are
organizing at least different seats
and you we are planning to reach at least three million and a half million
people three million house million people this was an amazing from the last event
that's organized at night I'm showing this amazing I showed last week because now we are beginning a new project that
in English we call counts the history of stars we are inviting these students to
go refers to that place and from there we are we are asking them to count the
stars as you have the projects also from many different places have the grow back
at night and different projects that you are going to use and they will ask the students to
right now to create a history for the studies they see and they then they
counted the history of these Stars and they will begin next week this project
we are also have a partnership refugees protection protect foreign
this week August 17 and they are also next to it next week eventually students
now now I'll talk about the lives a little about light I don't I don't know
if someone already talked about so what are you saying now but
for me it's a famous experiment that I ever talked with my students here when
they talk about your Optics in my process experiments made by Muto Isaac
Newton better always one of the wonderful experiments of the history of
physics when he wise enough he stayed two years in a farm
because a pandemic like what happened with yours here enjoyed the spirit that
he wasn't a fan where he developed the they're fear is there and the one of the
Fantastic experimentalized these experiments using a priest hey look for this Passion of the light
of the sun when Christopher has a protection in his window a whole in this
protection then he pressed the light in a prism and then he saw the specter
for the respecter and then what he did that is fantastic this uh other people
did before him or on the same people for him but what he did he did this and he
put you know in a screen uh the the Specter the rainbow here and
then he make a hole in one of the colors and after this he puts another prison
then he showed that the dispersion of Rights only happened with
the white lights this didn't happen with one quarter of the light only what happens on that
change the direction of the lights then this indicator that he did this something fantastic because many people
imagine that something happened in the prison that can change the nature of the light something like this and then he
showed that this was a dispersion of the white light that's composed from different uh wavelengths and the what
happens when he's in the priest because they have different paths because they have different velocities for our 80
wavelength in the in the glass energy
yeah one of the the prism that helps to see this happen
like this man that you see the difference wavelengths you have
different paths because they have different velocities in the material
and this is the image of this special life but this was used
in 16 8 this is the first expect stresscope
use it to load composition of and
to know what it was the elements that they make the dispersion of the
light respect the scope wise built by keyshot and bullsin
that has also a very famous chemistry classes in here in Brazil and the uh
with this experiments they saw different half front half lines you know that's
right to help you see when you have an element that see the light of this element pass across the police and you
see in the screen then the first time that he used this as
experimental arising 1860 but these experiments and huge factor of different
elements let's see carbon oxygen Hydro nitrogen but something that is fantastic
is that one of the elements that is the predictable expector that I
think that stone field maybe he showed here in his presentation because I
received a gift from him with the inspector in a poster that's a fantastic
person and the reason why is the Fantastic experiments after the
spectroscope of kishov and the bruising that was the discovery of yelling
because adding a they saw the first time that they discovered the value was when
they analyzed the lights of the Sun because in this Factor they saw
something different different line they imagine that you I saw you but it wasn't
the position critical correct position that the the expected shotgun they knew
that there was a different elements and they call it annual because of the Latin
word for sound that is adios discernment then first of
using that he made the first measurement analyzing August 18th
1868 and then after you have another energy of the spectrum made by Joseph
normal and your eyes in your drawback points then after this we had
they found Discovery and new elements that is adding and received his name
because of the Sun and here is what our atmosphere the here
that she protects us from different kinds of the respect and the here you see that there
are only part of a visible near infrared near Ultra Reds that cross the the
atmosphere and they also do wavelength the wave or radio waves that tells cross the then
this is the reason that we need space telescopes you see the universe in
different frequencies that they are not to be frequency that you we can see from
the the surface of the Earth the easiest that you need the established space
telescopes in the space rather here many are having new ones here but he has the
most famous woman like Chandra you this is pizza
and here you have we already saw the the universe from The Gamers gamma's hey
until the radio waves YouTube uh
parts of this factor that are in different positions and they also x-rays
to provide vehicle infrared microwaves then you have different image here of
the Milky Way in each of these
uh frequencies regions of respect
and also I choose here some image from chambra
you can see here in X in x-ray Jupiter
Saturn an x-ray from Chandra then we know Universe in many different
frequency main difference region of respect using
these space telescopes also they are participated as well and something that I think that is
uh I ever showed this for the people here because they saw this color red
images of some of these uh object in space they messed that TV you can see
invisible light you see this colors but part of
this color that you see are in the region that we can't see now then these
are false colors that you produce on too low if you have a big emission
of these x-rays or one of the division or a small version as that have a small
emission of this uh having high energies and allowances here some of famous image
that have in different kinds of spectrum and then you see this dance
this is something fantastic man that nobody I I ever ask you here when they
show this image to to say that you have an amazing difference region of the
Specter and part of the region it's not visible in the visible region
of respect because you can you have image like this and
someone can imagine that see if you look you have condition to see indivisible
light you see something with this colors that is not true but this is our
position we need it you pray then I show his pizza my other infrared and
when you join divisible with infrared head you have some fantastic image that
are very famous like this one nice it's a very famous one but part of the image
it is in infrared It's Not Invisible but of respect
and here has house in here you see the nuclei and the difference
wavelengths that's beautiful this is Universe well it is that like to
say today and I also invite everybody to read the disguiser magazine the new
edition and if someone wants to to send a contribution will be very welcome for
the next edition of the Skies out thank you very much Scott for uh
it's a big price to be here thank you yeah it's always a pleasure to have you
on too wonderful okay um uh when when Marcello says make a
contribution he means uh write an article
because the magazine is absolutely free and so uh it's free for download and uh
you I just posted the link for it so but uh we have amazing contributors from
all over the world it is a global astronomy magazine so thanks again much hello okay
all right up next is uh um uh Michael Carroll Michael is an
amazing author and one of the best space artists of all
time and uh I love I love his perspective on uh you know uh the cosmos
uh he's also extremely knowledgeable uh about uh things going on in the universe
because he has to think of ways to present um accurately uh uh as much as possible
what what things might look like from a position that we could never go to so
that is the liberty of of a space artist but it's
also the responsibility of a space artist actually deliver the goods accurately so
um I'm sure there's uh there's many people who would like to uh you know be
critical of a particular view or something like that saying no that's impossible we can never see it like that
or if you did you would never see it like that okay so but um uh I you've
been doing this for quite a while and your stuff is just pure magic so thank
you very much Michael for coming on to Global Star Party well thanks for having me I am happy to
be here can you hear me okay we can hear you just fine excellent let's see if you
can see my screen
where is my little Keynote
okay I'm gonna quick keynote and start it again because that is what fixed it last
time yep let's see here
recent here we go
okay can you see that not yet okay
uh -huh there here we go how about now okay
yes oh good good good all right let's uh pretend that this will work I'm gonna
hit go yes okay perfect ah great all right well um you guys uh you
observational astronomers out there excuse me you know a lot about color
already and uh I'm just gonna go over a few things uh gently
um for those of us who are more amateur than than many of you are
um of course we've been talking about the Spectrum tonight Roy G Biv
um and all the things that like can tell us about what we're looking at it's just
fascinating to me uh what a spectrum can do and and what also fascinates me is
the the incredible organ that the eye is the
human eye is incredibly sensitive uh to you know that kind of middle part of the
spectrum we talked about um but we are the exception to the rule in terms of mammals most uh of our uh
friends in the animal world see something much more like this the reason
of course is uh that they are equipped to see better in low light levels they
need to survive at night so um what happens is a mammal that needs
to see in low light levels has a lot of
rods on the back of its uh retina
um there we go uh and not very many color
cones so they can't see color uh as well but they can see grayscale and this is
really good for low light levels uh but human eyes are built a little
differently we have a lot of color cones and they tend to block out those rods
but notice how they're centered uh in the middle and there are more open rods
toward the outside this is why indirect viewing through a telescope is so good
we can see low light levels better at the edge of our vision
um and let's face it color is a wonderful thing it adds spice to life
this is a this is a brand new drink in New York that I just heard about the Cruella Deville or it looks good enough
to drink I know
it's a vampire drink or something I don't know but yes we have the Spectrum
uh pouring in uh some of which we can see uh we can tell by a light that's
absorbed or emitted what uh the stuff is that we're looking at from a distance
and we can do that with planets as well as Stars this is mercury uh using a
stretched Spectrum we can see what the rocks are made of there what kind of minerals are are appearing out of the
surface so I want to talk a little bit about color in the solar system this is
of course Jupiter's Pizza Moon IO beautiful beautiful very uh volcanic
probably the most volcanic world in the solar system uh it has over 600 active
volcanoes as we we speak there that's as many as is on the entire planet Earth
including the ocean floor and the colors that we see are significant
um the colors go from kind of Tawny gray to Black to uh orange and yellow and
even to that bright white and these tend to line up with
um temperature that's 3000 degrees Fahrenheit 1650 Centigrade some of these
vents uh are spewing out stuff 300 miles
until the airless sky and so you get a lot of black right at the vent but as
that cools and the sulfur mixes with uh silicate stuff and the temperatures drop
down to about 500 Fahrenheit you get these oranges and yellows and the flows
and then it gets really cold minus 200 or so Fahrenheit and you begin to get
Frost from sulfur dioxide and uh various related things so so color
does line up on iO here is a place called tupan called Dara
um it was uh named after the Brazilian Thunder God and um if if we place
ourselves right here and look across this vast Caldera uh this is my version
of what it would probably look like that's Europa uh to the left and get
enemy to the right but these colors are remarkable just
remarkable they're these green sulfuric places that they call golf courses
um who could make this stuff up you know so it's uh the color is just uh magnificent and if you were standing
there as an astronaut you would really see these uh uh these Spectra
a little bit further out we get a lot of ice Worlds the moon star made of Frozen
water and we see some patterns out there in fact we see a whole lot of brown now
Enceladus here in the foreground is the exception to the rule but look at Europa and Pluto and Ceres and you'll see uh
this kind of warm coloring which we'll we'll see where that comes from in a
minute here's Europa and uh we we have this ice crust tapping this deep deep saltwater
ocean we're not sure if the crust is thick or thin like ordering pizza you
know but uh one thing that is for certain is that the water makes its way
up to the surface and when it does it explosively boils out squirts all this
uh water out that freezes as ice down on the surface but then the magic happens
Europa travels through Jupiter's magnetosphere and that that radiation
irradiates the uh stuff in the water the impurities and it turns it brown
so the the brown stuff that we see in the outer solar system is photochemistry
some of it is the stuff that the building blocks of life come from very magical
um so we watch for these colors these typical uh brownish or Rusty colors on
the surfaces and we see them all over the place uh it's as if the solar system
was a machine designed to create Elements of Life
uh and again you can see it all over from left to right we have iapatis and
uh Triton Pluto and Pluto's Sharon which has probably both top and bottom uh big
dark areas of these these stolens these uh hydrocarbon things now
you go to Enceladus at Saturn and it's a very different case um remember that Enceladus is is
responsible for the e-ring it's squirting out all this uh water vapor
and uh what that does is it makes the surface beautifully snowy white
Enceladus is about the brightest intrinsically brightest surface in the
solar system but it does have some color things going on uh subtle Blues along
these um Soul Kai these Canyons where the eruptions take place across the
South Pole this the color here is slightly exaggerated but the canyons are distinctly Bluer Than The Ice around
them here's a painting I did to show one of those regions erupting
um these geysers look violent and they squirt stuff 400 miles into the air into
the sky the vacuum but if you stood next to one and stuck your hand in it you
wouldn't feel it the stuff is a very rarefied remember that it's a vacuum out
there at the just above the saturnian ring is mimus and from encel of this
mimus would be as big in the sky as a full moon is in our sky so look how big
Saturn is just amazing view from Enceladus and as I said there are there
are places that have very blue ice much like glacial ice a little bit different
cause but uh this is a picture of the exit Glacier if we move this out to
encodes we'd have to get rid of that liquid water and dirt in the foreground
but we would probably see ice very similar however the ultraviolet light that comes
down from the Sun interacts with uh impurities in the ice and in places where you have
um sodium chloride the ice is going to turn yellow it may be a fairly bright yellow
actually now we're talking about on this human scale you probably can't see these
subtleties from orbit but if you're walking around on the surface you're
going to see that I I learned some of this when I was writing a novel about
Enceladus and Morgan cable at JPL has done some wonderful work on the ices in
the outer solar system we also get potassium chloride which will turn the ice purple so imagine
walking across a an ice world like Enceladus and seeing purple or yellow
ice it would be just spectacular uh maxed out still at Saturn is the
planet Moon Titan and it is again this warm color uh tholens in the atmosphere
along with the methane cause cause us to see this this orange rich rich orange uh
cloudy sky and but there's something going on down below that's the little
counter-intuitive liquid methane which rains out of the sky and turns into lakes and and seas is actually much more
clearer than water is so and it's going to have some
uh impurities in it that will tint it a remarkable Green in some places so
imagine seeing this Green Lake against this kind of orangish landscape that we
saw in all the Hawaiians images yeah just amazing nature is full of surprises the Spectra
can also show us changes watch this very carefully the Cassini uh infrared
Imaging took these images of the changes on the surface at a site called Hotel
Arcus so uh the some researchers
dismiss this as differing angles of the instrumentation but others point to this
as evidence that there's active cryovolcanism going on on Titan as we
speak of course don't ever forget to look up at the sky I don't have to tell
you guys that the Martian sky is beautiful um here's an image from uh I believe
perseverance of some ice Cloud scattering Spectra through them uh
you'll see Halos and some dogs on Mars because of ice crystals in the sky
so it will be a spectacular place to uh to Skywatch when we finally get out
there as as scientists or tourists we saw earlier those beautiful images I
think uh by uh was it Marcelo that took the pictures of Saturn
um it was maxi or Maxi I'm sorry yeah Maxi um and beneath the Rings you could just
see the the winter hemisphere was turning blue now this is a a natural
color photo taken by Cassini of the Southern uh or the northern hemisphere
of Saturn at the time it was in Winter what happens is the clouds chill out in
the wintertime and sink so that we have clear atmosphere above them tinting them
more blue so you actually get a blue a change in the color of Saturn depending
on the um the season as winter comes on and things chill out uh it becomes uh more
more blue above those clouds this is a painting I did to show what those Rings
would look like from down within the clouds and what about the ice giants talk about
a weird place we have these uh amazing uh greenish blue worlds uh with greenish
blue skies obviously and uh the two above are of Uranus but on Uranus you
get these things that they call Tadpole storms we see these on on all the gas
and ice giants but it's a storm that develops and then drags a tail because
of the prevailing winds So Below I have put a painting I did of one of these
tadpole storms but at Sunset so imagine you get really scattering at these
places just like you do on Earth so sunsets are gonna go toward the orange toward the red so you'll have orange
clouds against these greenish blue skies just amazing magnificent uh
things to see so um we can't go out there and see with
our own eyes yet but uh but we can certainly enjoy this unique and dynamic
and amazing planet that we are living on today uh and we can enjoy the the colors
that we see through our telescopes so thank you very much beautiful now
um Michael the I'm putting uh your uh
stockspaceimages.com website up here uh okay great buy can they buy a um a
prince of your original artwork or original uh yeah absolutely uh yes to both um okay
Nova space Nova Graphics in uh Tucson Arizona uh sells some prints and some
originals and uh people can certainly uh talk to me through the website and I can
uh uh uh you know make available some
um Originals or even some prints sounds wonderful wonderful I mean it's just uh
yeah some of that stuff is just so amazing to look at and I think that um you know it it causes the mind to kind
of go on its own exploration you know we we see the images that we can see from
observatories in you know amateur astronomers and you know the the space
telescopes and stuff but to see you know a Green Lake against a uh yellow orange
sky in another world uh that's cool stuff so yeah it really makes you it
makes you think another way you know and so um I really well I'm glad yeah I'm
amazed at uh just the um uh kind of what's happening in my own head right
now with uh you know seeing these images
so anyhow I really really appreciate it Michael and uh all right well thanks for
having me on help us end uh the 126th Global star party so I want to thank the
audience I want to thank all of the um presenters uh that are on right now a
lot of them have their cameras turned off but uh anyways um um there's Adrian
and anyhow um we will uh be back next week the next
Tuesday for the 127th Global star party uh so watch for the announcements on
social media uh and um until then uh keep doing as uh my friend
Jack core climber always used to say and that is to keep looking up I do have a little
um a little uh featurette from NASA uh about the sun
and the light emitting from the Sun and so I thought that would be a good way to end this
but again thanks for watching from all over the world and we'll be back uh next
week thank you the sun is a star
it's a star that we often describe as average run-of-the-mill just ordinary
yet this ordinary star is responsible for helping to sustain all life on Earth
no other star that we know of has that level of responsibility and that's pretty extraordinary if you ask me the
sun is a living breathing star it is active Dynamic and ever-changing just
like us its influence can be felt in every aspect of society from Agriculture
and economics to arts and culture as well as the physical mental and
emotional health of human beings the sun touches everything and to highlight the
importance of our extraordinarily ordinary star NASA is hosting the
heliophysics Big Year beginning with the annular solar eclipse in October of 2023
continuing with a total solar eclipse in April of 2024 and ending with Parker
solar probe's closest approach to the sun in December of 2024. The
heliophysics Big Year is a global celebration of solar science and the sun's influence on everything over the
course of the year we are challenging everyone including the public the science community and you to participate
in as many sun-related activities as possible heliophysics is the study of the Sun and
its influence on well everything NASA has a fleet of strategically placed
spacecraft that work alongside other missions from NASA and space agencies around the globe to monitor the sun 24
7. together we are working to increase our understanding of solar phenomena such as
solar flares the solar wind and space weather we have missions studying everything
from Earth's uppermost atmosphere where the International Space Station lives to our 45 year old Voyager mission that is
investigating the outer boundaries of our solar system we've even had one mission that has actually entered the
sun's atmosphere Parker solar probe touched the Sun studying these complex systems helps us
better understand our universe including our solar system distant stars
exoplanets and our search for life on other planets understanding the sun's
activity is critical to all of NASA's Endeavors especially our human exploration efforts it underpins our
Artemis missions enables us to protect technology on Earth and in space helps
Safeguard our astronauts and allows us to Voyage to Mars and Beyond The
heliophysics Big Year is a unifying effort designed to encourage exploration
creativity and wonder we invite you to engage in the world around you with
intention and curiosity we invite you to experience the annular
and total solar eclipses with us we invite you to do science and to
experience our sun in different ways throughout the year there will be opportunities for communities across the
globe to participate in Sun related activities such as experiencing solar
eclipses and auroras joining citizen science projects such as harp and spriteacular creating sun-inspired art
music fashion and food and a host of other fun heliophysics activities so
please join us for the healing physics big year and help us celebrate our
extraordinarily ordinary star
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Transcript for Part B:

leon
The blue bubble This is cool That is cool
There's just so much to see in the Orion Nebula You could just observe it all your life Oh yeah You know it's amazing
that you find all these incredible videos to open with as well too Scott You do a great job doing this We have to
thank NASA and the visualization teams They do all this stuff and it's just amazing Yeah But there's a lot put out
from from NASA and ESA They're the guys that do most of the uh sharing of this
kind of stuff and invest into it So I'm really thankful to
them Okay So it looks like we'll get started here
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The Gaia satellite is mainly designed to detect and measure the positions of
stars However the Gaia mission of the European Space Agency also provides a
census of other celestial sources that appear pointlike in Gaia's camera Among
these objects are many asteroids in our solar system Gia's second catalog published in
April 2018 has provided observational data for about 14,000
asteroids Here we show some of their orbits
With the third data released by the Gaia mission the astronomical community is provided with data for more than 150,000
asteroids The release contains measurements of their positions brightnesses and colors Using many such
measurements very precise asteroid orbits have been determined And for the
first time Gaia data release 3 also includes spectroscopic data for asteroids providing information about
the chemical composition of their surfaces Some examples are shown now The asteroid Stein is approximately 5 km in
diameter In September 2008 the European Space Ay's Rosetta spacecraft flew by
Stein at a distance of 800 km It shows a slightly reddish color partly due to the
mineral enstatite By adding up dozens of spectra taken by GIA it was confirmed
that more red light is reflected by steins than light from shorter wavelengths
On its way to the comet Churium of Gerisenco the Rosetta space probe flew
by Luteicia at a minimum distance of about 3,000 km Luteia has a mean radius of about 50
km and mainly consists of metalenriched silicates The reflectance spectrum taken
by Gia is much flatter than in the case of the asteroid steins Gaia's third data
release provides more than 60,000 reflectant spectra for asteroids about
eight times the number previously available We use these spectra to color
the asteroids These colors depend on the chemical composition of the asteroid
surfaces The colors here are strongly exaggerated
We now quickly leave the plane of our solar system and look at it from above Gia's catalog of solar system
objects contains trans neptunian objects near earth asteroids and also 31 moons
of planets in our solar system But most of the Gaia observed asteroids orbit the sun between Mars and
Jupiter Different groups of asteroids with
common origins are investigated
Now first we show the Vesta family a group of asteroids with similar orbits
and colors The members of individual families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions In this case a
major impact with the large asteroid Vesta has created these fragments Next the members of the Flora
family are highlighted showing a much redder color And finally the Femis
family blue in color and in a much larger orbit than the Vesta and Flora
families Now we move down to the plane of our solar system
The three asteroid families are shown from this perspective First the Vesta
family Next the members of the Flora family And finally the blue Themis
asteroids Gaia's catalog of solar system objects brings a wealth of data for many
asteroids
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Oh my gosh I see it That is amazing Wa that is so cool
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Hello everyone This is Scott Roberts from Explorer Scientific and the Explorer Alliance and we are proud to
announce the 126th Global Star Party with the theme of light and color Um
there's a little quote here In art as in science reductionism does not trivialize
our perception of color light and perspective but allows us to see each
more of these components in a new way That was uh from Eric Candell
But um uh light and color are of paramount paramount importance to astronomers They
uh provide us with a wealth of information um about celestial objects their properties and their processes
You're going to hear tonight uh from our presenters uh you know various aspects
of light and color uh as uh as they relate to the universe and to ourselves
And so kicking off tonight's program will be David Levy uh who will give a u
you know his usual poetry and uh insight into um astronomy and this global star
party This will be followed up with David Iiker who will have his Dave's Exotic Universe He is looking for and
the magazine Astronomy Magazine where he's the uh editor-inchief uh definitely
are looking for things to talk about that are unusual uh that amateur astronomers can study Uh and there's a
whole ton of stuff out there that amateurs really uh don't touch on much
So uh you'll want to learn more about what he's talking about tonight and I think you'll find it enjoyable Don Nab
will join us from the Astronomical League Um uh and then that will be followed up with Leon Garcia Now Leon
Leon is how you pronounce it He is uh the one of the first place winners of
the National Young Astronomers award that was that is also um supported by
the astronomical league explore scientific one of the underwriters of that award and so we're we're proud to
have him on our program Um and then Maxi Felaris will be on uh with his
astrophotography Uh Maxi does some amazing stuff from his home in Argentina
Uh Tom Field uh joins us tonight Uh Tom
is the author of some software called RSpec and uh he has a very inexpensive
solution to doing spectroscopy uh with your telescope virtually any telescope
that you might own So very cool We'll take a 10-minute break and then we come back with Cesar Brolo from Argentina um
and his southern sky astronomy from his balcony Um Adrien Bradley uh with his
Chasing Dark Skies will be on Marello Souza from Brazil will join us as well
um talking about astronomy outreach in Brazil And then we finish off with Michael Carroll Now Michael is an
incredible author and space artist and uh we always love having him on Anyways
we hope you really enjoy it tonight and uh I'll turn this over to David Levy
Well thank you Scott It's great to be here and uh although my quotation will
not be specifically on light and color it will relate to it as I will explain
why Light and color can mean many many things The I think for most of us it has
to do with the spectrum of the stars OBF GKM etc and RNS and all that
But my first association with light and color was in 1959 after a thunderstorm in near
Montreal and mom told me to look at the rainbow It was my first rainbow and was
also the subject of one of my first books I do not have that book anymore It was only three pages long and it was
awful But anyway uh that was my first rainbow The second thing for light and
color was a telescope And there's quite a story there by 8 in reflected I was at
the uh observatory of the Montreal Center of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and
I I uh we were just about to go home and I looked at a few kids my own age and I
said "Would you like to come over to my place and look through a three and a half inch telescope?" At which point an
older member said "Would you like to come over to my place and look through an 8 inch telescope?" and we couldn't
resist that We had a wonderful night over at his place looking through that 8 inch at Jupiter and other things Then I
went home and about a week later I got a phone call from David and he he said
"I'm going to have the telescope out tonight I was wondering if you would like to come in with me." And I said
"Yes." and I took the bus over to his house and we had a wonderful observing
session and I was really impressed with how that telescope showed the planets And he kind of asked me he kind
of told me that um it was his habit when he went to college to lend his telescope
to someone who he thought could make use of it And he asked me what I had done
with my three and a half inch telescope And I told him "Well I looked at the planets in Jupiter Saturn and a few of
the deep sky objects I found SJ31 with it." And he said "What about the moon?" And I said "Oh yeah I've completed the
um lunar training program." And David said "You saw all 300
craters." And I said "Yes and the valleys and mountains that are labeled A
to Zed to Z here in the United States." And he said "You did all that with the
three and a half inch telescope?" And I said "Yes." He said "David you just borrowed yourself an 8 inch telescope."
And he drove it to my house that night and uh oh I was in heaven I got to tell
you And that was 59 years ago I still have that telescope I discovered a comet
with it in 1987 Wow And it is the only telescope other
than Miranda with which I've discovered comets Which brings me to the quote
which comes to yet another aspect of light and color And this refers to the
mo one of the most colorful people in science I've ever known And that was um
Robert Oenheim And the movie is playing right now I strongly recommend that any
of you have not seen it yet It's not a perfect movie and you need to pay
attention but I found the physics very well explained And the reason it was well explained was that he would explain
a few lines on his blackboard and then he'd get emotional about something And
it was the insertion of emotion into his explanations that really got to
me And uh uh one of the scenes in that movie
had to do in fact one of the major aspects of the movie the major portion had to do with Trinity site where
Oenheimer is planning the first detonation of an atomic bomb to usher in
the nuclear age And uh you know he was asked what do
you want to name a site he said "I want to name a trinity site." And he said "Why do you want to call it Trinity
after John Dunn?" And uh here's the first of the quotes from
John Dunn a hymn to God my God and my sickness As west and east and all flat
maps and I am one are one So death touch the resurrection
I mean and that's kind of a stretch to relate that to uh the Trinity site but
then he came up with one that was far more obvious also for John Dunn Batter my heart three person God I
mean the father the son and the holy ghost And uh that relates directly to
the trinity And finally at the moment of detonation of the uh of the
um of the atomic bomb the first atomic bomb in the history of the world He stands up and he
says "I am become death the destroyer." And uh so these quotations are from
uh let's see we have John done a hymn to God my God in
my sickness three servant person to God is from holy sonnet 14 and I am become
death is from the Hindu scripture from the Bvad Gita and uh there's a lot of light a lot
of color I think he was one of the most wonderful scientists who ever lived He
got treated horribly afterwards And uh I'm going to give you a little
bit of a spoiler alert but not really It's not going to ruin the movie for you
It's the last scene the last thing that is said in the movie And uh there's a
scene at the end where he is um where he is meeting with Albert
Einstein and he goes up and the two men start to talk and he says do you
remember when we were just planning this einstein says yes And he said remember I
asked you if you thought that it would ignite the nuclear explosion would ignite the
atmosphere And uh Einstein said yes and I said "Probably not." And then Upon looked at Einstein
and said "I think it did." And that's how the movie ends That is a wonderful
wonderful movie There's a lot of light and an awful lot of color in it and I
recommend it very strongly And on that note back to Scotty Roberts Okay great
Well um uh there's uh you know it's great to have all of our presenters on
Global Star Party Uh they come on each week uh that we do this program and
share all their knowledge with you Um it's um uh you know it's wonderful also
to have this live audience you know that's that interacts with us and u you
know ask such interesting questions and um uh also help me as a broadcaster to
sometimes fix my little mistakes So uh we had started off with uh not uh being
turned on with YouTube but I was able to catch it due to the uh the help of Mike
Weisner So Mike thank you very much I also want to thank um uh Springer books
They Springer sends me uh you know uh review editions of these uh of their
Patrick Moore series here And there's one about the Bernard objects uh with Tim Hunter and Gerald O Dobeck and James
McGee So that's uh that is a great uh book and then Michael O'Brien a deep sky
astrophotography astrophotography primer So you want to check into that And I also want to mention that uh we're
coming back with uh Dr Daniel Bar's how do you know series and so that will start on this month on the 21st And um
and also Gary Palmer who is a uh regular contributor to Global Star Party is
offering a class that you can find on uh the explorecientific.com website It's called
the solar experience with Gary Palmer So if you're gearing up to go and uh do
eclipse photography or you want to learn more about photographing the sun Gary Palmer's your man So anyways uh again
thanks for tuning in Our next speaker is none other than David Iiker David is the
editor and chief of Astronomy magazine that is celebrating their 50th anniversary And um uh so it's it's a
it's a banner year for the magazine And um uh the magazine also is about to
publish a uh special edition on the eclipses that are coming up So uh you're
going to want to definitely get into that And uh David is a friend to all
amateur astronomers He's certainly one of my great friends too And uh David
thanks for coming on to Global Star Party and sharing your exotic universe with us Thank you Scott for having me
once again despite the fact that you know me and what I'm all about and yet you have me back again This is really a
testament to you Scott uh in a very strong way And I had a couple of
comments before I get into my object um of the of the night One one thing that
was really great I thought was that introductory video that you chose uh that showed us asteroid families And of
course we're in the very early days of understanding It's an extremely complex
problem to understand the origin of meteorites and where they came from
specifically This is an early phase of that as a science as as a part of
planetary science But I thought it's maybe worth mentioning because some of the asteroid families were mentioned
there that if if some if there are collectors out there that is very exciting for us all you know to have uh
pieces of the ancient solar system There's a a related set of of meteorites
called the Hed family Um the Howardites the Ukrites and the
Dioenites Hed family of meteorites And those are known to come from the
asteroid Vesta That's one of the largest asteroids in the main belt Uh the
asteroid for Vesta Um so you can get one of these relatively easily and have uh
um with no doubt a piece of Vesta in your hands That that's a pretty cool thing That's pretty cool Um for
planetary science and and tying back to that great video that you showed us Um
and I would also agree with David I I saw the Oppenheimer film and I thought it it was really good and very inspiring
and it's it's long It's about three hours but but it has to be because there's so much story to tell and I
thought the opening and closing with Einstein that was just really done magnificently well Um there's a lot of
drama associated with Oppenheimer Of course he was out at the Los Alamos Group And I have a quiz a short quiz for
you because my father some of you might know my father John was a Manhattan project scientist And he worked at
Colombia with Howard with with Harold Uray sorry Harold Ure there at the
original um group there in Manhattan Um and they worked on the uh bomb that
became the Hiroshima bomb And of course the Los Alamus group worked on the plutonium bombs rather than the uranium
bombs which the eastern group worked on So what there's a question here The
plutonian bombs were developed uh slightly later and yet the Trinity test
David as you said was the first uh detonation of an atomic bomb and and why
why did they test that bomb in New Mexico is the question there Okay I
think the answer to that and I visited Trinity site and I think the answer is
obvious that they wanted a place far away from anybody They actually probably
could have chosen a place more remote but it would have been pretty difficult But about 30 miles or so
souththeast of Sakuro is a pretty isolated area Well you're right about
that David as far as the location I I was meaning why did they need to test the plutonium bomb rather than the uh
uranium bomb that they had earlier Yeah I I kind of think that the uranium one
they figured couldn't fail It had didn't really need to be tested but the
plutonium one up in higher insisted that they do a test of at least one of those
You're right about that And the reason is the triggering mechanism So the
uranium bomb which ended up being the Hiroshima the first one dropped had a very simple gun trigger mechanism to
detonate it The plutonium bomb had a much more complex mechanism to set it
off And that's why it had to be tested first although it was developed if you
will second by the Los Alamos group And of course the the um the
the nuclear material for the Trinity group for the Los Alamos group was made
at Hanford Uh and the one of the primary things that my father worked on was the
scaling and the the figuring out of the Oakidge plant which produced the
material for the Hiroshima bomb Hanford now is of course ends up now being
important governmental land way out on the edge of one part of the United States as one of the uh locations for
the two LIGO detectors now that we're not making you know atomic bombs to to
do well we stockpiled them but you know now that we're not make actively making you know uh plutonium bombs we have a
LIGO detector of course at Hanford and also down in Louisiana because it's the
right distance from Hanford where some of us just visited for Alcon there So
anyway that's my long deta detour there Forgive me for that but but it's an
interesting thing that doesn't get talked about too much why the uh timing of the two atomic bombs worked out the
way it did Thanks David That was really very special There you go You get you
get more more useless information from me than you ever could want Okay Sorry
David My uh my daughter's dad worked on
the Trinity site Is that right i didn't I don't think I ever knew that Yeah he
worked at the Trinity site He showed me a glass encased piece of trinitite that
he had with him and uh I think he was going to give me one but I don't seem to
have it here So maybe I need to ask him again or maybe I didn't want it for obvious reasons And I have a piece of I
have a piece of trinitide a fairly sizable piece in the basement It's fairly common stuff if you want to get a
hold of it And it's actually reasonably weakly radioactive compared to a lot of
very hot specimens of natural radioactive minerals like uranite and so
on So it's not super radioactive but you wouldn't want to carry it around in your pocket you know for six months No you
certainly wouldn't And as Marie Cury demonstrated you know Yeah And the interesting thing is when I was at
Trinity site I was overwhelmed at the uh monument the obelisk that was right at I
was just overwhelmed with emotion when I saw that It's a pretty special place to visit and I I think last I remember
maybe they've changed I think it's only open sort of for visitation something like maybe once a month or something
like that Twice a year Once a year now Twice a year Wow Okay Because it used to
be open more frequently Wow So it's times have changed So they're being more careful Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah Yep But it's
sort of a yellowish greenish you know glass that the the desert sand was melted into That's this new mineral
specimen Trinitite Trinitite Yeah Hey Wallace Ronald Delvo who's watching on
Facebook uh says "My father-in-law witnessed a nuke go off as a marine in
Nevada in a trench." Wow Yeah And I had a science teacher in
high school that did the same thing I'm I'm very curious that they were together Um he described that whole event and uh
um from my science teacher's u explanation was is that you entered into
the trench and it went down and he told us how many feet it went down It went down a long ways then turned at a right
angle and then went down again and then turned at a right angle again So by the time they were at the bottom of this
thing he said you could not see your hand in front of your face Okay there was some trees and stuff that was in
front of the trench uh as he described it And he said when that they told them
to get into like almost like a fetal position okay on the countdown and um to
keep their eyes shut And he said "So what did I do?" My teacher said "I stood
up and kept my eyes wide open." And he said when that thing let off he said it
was blinding white light inside the trench and he was knocked onto his his
bum uh uh from the shock of the explosion So Wow And when he got out of
the trench he said that tree was just like vapor It was gone So may I interrupt David for just a second of
course Yeah I was in light and color I was going to add something else relating to the theme of today Uh Dean Cronage
uh came to observe with me one night in about maybe 10 years ago and it was a winter night and we had a number of
powerful telescopes up there and um he had like a 15 inch or a
16 inch and he said "Wow I can detect color in the Orion Nebula." And I said
"So can I." He said "What telescope are you using?" I said "The 8 in Pegasus." And he said "Let me see that You can't
see color with an 8 inch telescope." And he looked at the telescope and he saw beautiful reds and blues in the Orion
Nebula with an 8 in And he said "David I may have to call the police This telescope is illegally
good I just wanted to share that with you." Nice Well someday I have a couple
boxes of artifacts from my father Someday I'll catalog all this stuff and make some sense of it from the Manhattan
project And uh I'll tell one more story about it from Colombia which was
actually before they moved uptown to what was called the Nash building in Manhattan the project started in what is
now the Colombia University physics building that has an observatory on the
roof now uh in New York there But but uh they they had a number of meetings off
and on with the guy who was running the program who was Lesie Groves the major
general They made him and you know why they made him a major general he was in the movie of course David He was a big
heavy fat sloppy guy with his disheveled uniform all the time But he built the
pri prior to the Manhattan project which was of course inspired by Einstein's letter He built the Pentagon and he
built it ahead of schedule and under budget So Roosevelt said that's my guy
to run the Manhattan project you know but he was in some meetings and and my dad as a young SC he was 21 years old at
the time when he started my dad But he wondered why did were there two aids who went everywhere with Groves if he went
to the bathroom these guys went along with him to the bathroom and back And it turned out that he had a checkbook
Groves who was running the whole program the Manhattan Project you know with an unlimited government income in it If
they needed you know platinum wire or whatever they needed on the spot he would write a check for it you know So
they wanted to make sure that that checkbook in those days in 1942 didn't get lost So these guys shadowed him
everywhere he went So anyway there are lots of Manhattan project stories but someday I'll share some of the relics
that I have from those days with you if you'd like Thank you But for the moment we'll go
much farther uh a field and I will oop sorry I got to get back to here and I
will share my screen and share the right screen and I will start a
slideshow if I can And do you see centurus A yes Good You're seeing the
right thing Excellent Okay that's good Um so there's you know in seven billion
years from now you know when when the Andromeda galaxy and Milky Way merge we
may look something like that But for the moment here we will talk about um Father
Lucian J Kebell who was around back in the early days in the 1970s and 80s He
was an early subscriber to Deep Sky Monthly my little amateur publication and he noticed some asterisms around in
the sky and he wrote the famous columnist who was a friend of mine and a good friend of David's uh Walter Scott
Houston who of course wrote his famous column for many years Deep Sky Wonders in Sky and Telescope about a very
notable sort of flowing line or cascade of stars that he saw in the
constellation Camela partus this came to be called Kembell's cascade as a very
nice and bright and fairly large asterism It spans about three degrees
across uh overall um it terminates on one end with a very nice and bright
compact open cluster NGC502 Uh and what makes it really
alluring and I can tell you that I'm being honest here Scott because I'm talking
about a colorful set of stars that that show many colors And as stars they're
all uh uh emanating light They're all producing light So there's light and color involved here So I'm I'm remaining
honest You are remaining honest So for a change So there are about 20 stars in
Kembbell's Cascade and they range from magnitude five to about 10 It's a really
pretty field and you can see why Father Kembell um really liked this area He was
a binocular and small telescope observer And there are some bluish stars in the area and some nice orange um suns as
well He was a Franciscan frier and he wrote uh Scotty Houston that this is a
beautiful cascade of faint stars tumbling from the northwest down to the open cluster
NGC502 And so Kembell's cascade was born 1502 itself which is as I said a nice
compact cluster It has about 60 dozen stars It's a young cluster It's 5 million years old about 10 arc minutes
across and sixth magnitude and about 3,500 light years away So it's a nice
open cluster in and of itself And I will show you from Ron Stoyen's atlas here
the Kembell's Cascade uh page chart portion of a chart uh with Cascade
nicely written out in in German here And you can see uh I I haven't looked into
this or really found it elsewhere The the cluster here is called the golden harp cluster NGC502 And all I can do is
think geez you know people have more time to come up with these names than is believable But anyway it's in a nice
field in the far north Here's an image of Kembell's cascade This is by Walter
McDonald And you can see the bright knot at lower left Here is
MGC502 This is a pretty sizable chunk of sky here showing the whole thing And
here's a later image by Greg Parker and Noel Carboni And you can see again 1502
over on the left edge there And you can see really nicely the star colors that are in the cascade of stars here that I
think uh caught um Father Kembell's attention originally
It's interesting that he calls it the cascade because you really get the sense when you look at those pictures that the
stars are flowing into the cluster is really you do and and he was a very nice
guy I corresponded with him I think he was at Stellophane maybe a year or two way back when but he he was a very nice
guy and and sent letters to the editor you know not only to Scotty and also to Deep Sky Monthly back in the day So very
enthusiastic and talented observer He also made some drawings and I might actually have some of them still in in
the file of his and he he passed away I think it was 20 years ago now or so Um
but but he was a very astute and and analytical observer if you will with small telescopes back in the day Um and
this is a closeup shot uh of NGC502 just to kind of show you what a
tight knot of an open cluster this is Fairly small group but bright you know
sort of a dazzling little group of diamonds here So this is a good object
to go after and to look at Uh and especially if you're thinking well the far northern sky really doesn't have
anything that's very exciting but it does It has a few interesting and unique things like Campbell's
Cascade I'll tell you thanks Scotty for mentioning this but we're in the latter stages now of our 50th anniversary year
with the magazine Here's the one that will be coming to you uh relatively soon
uh with a bunch of diverse topics Michael Bak and I have this book out uh
I've mentioned a child's introduction to space exploration that is out there now
and we're excited and we have Scotty involved and I think David you're going to come and speak as well but the next
stars will be next spring next May conveniently about a month after the big
American eclipse in Bratoslava Slovakia which is just a hop skip and a jump from
Vienna So there are easy ways to get over to Vienna in Austria and get right
over the border And we hope that you will join us with Stararmas We have a lot of announcements coming on the Nobel
Prize winners and the astronauts and the musicians and rock and rollers and everyone else who will be once again at
Stararmmas next spring Scott you're going to throw a star party I think again for us Yeah that would be a lot of
fun So and the last one we did was really a blast It it was something else
We had it at a at a 2,000-y old temple last time We have another amazing venue in mind this time And we'll have an
astro imaging school with with Dr Bakage and and perhaps Scott involved with that
as well Awesome So we're looking forward to another star This will be number seven I
will stop sharing and I will stop talking finally Scott now and turn it
back to you Okay Okay Well thank you very much David Um uh it was uh it was
cool to get some insight into uh the Oppenheimer movie and also the Manhattan
project So uh there's so many people that are still among us that have uh
direct um uh insight into that through their relatives and and um you know just
stories similar to mine So it's very cool Um so anyhow our next speaker um is Don
Nap and Don is with the Astronomical League uh and uh we are very pleased to
have the league with us every global star party So thanks for coming on Don Sure let me uh share my
screen Should see a blue screen with the AL logo Yep Okay So I'm going to talk a little
bit and I don't have a lot on light and color but I do have talk about light years a little bit So I guess that
qualifies So that'll qualify So I'll talk about the night sky network and a
presentation for the night sky network U the night sky network and the
astronomical league are really two organizations that they they dove tail really well together Uh before I get
into that let me mention that uh the next Astronomical League live is up se September 22nd and there'll be more
announcements about that and Alcon next year is going to be in Kansas City You don't know exactly when probably in July
but it'll be in Kansas City So the night sky network is a
wonderful organization It's uh connected with JPL in uh California and also with
the Astronomical Society of the Pacific full of some great people and this is a
a snapshot from their website and you can uh find local clubs and events
anywhere you live in the country There's a nice guide planner that you can use
and all kinds of outreach sources I'm going to show you one of those this evening Uh just a quick look at one of the shorter ones And uh there's so many
things you can find on the night sky network and it you can join for free no cost at all
[Music] Um you might recognize this This is uh from the astronomical league Again as I
said they dovetail real closely This is uh the night sky guide that John Goss
puts together every month This is back from June because I picked this from the
uh a month or two ago and uh talk about what the night sky network is So it's a
nationwide coalition amateur astronomy clubs that brings science technology and
inspiration of NASA's missions to the public and uh they share their time in telescopes to provide unique astronomy
experiences at science museums observatories classrooms and under the real nice night sky So if you have a
local club and you submit to your schedule of events uh at the end of the
year if you do I think just a several of them you get these really nice pins Hard
to see I'm sure but this the pin from this last year was of the James Web
telescope And I don't know about other clubs but the people in our club are really really thrilled to get those pins
Uh but here's uh from Alcon 23 There's someone you might recognize in the middle there Uh this is when um Vivian
White who is one of the administrators of the night sky network Um Scott was
very generous to donate uh a very high price explorer scientific eyepiece
Vivian won the door prize and he immediately donated it to the National Observatory and Planetarium of Kasovo So
uh that's Vivian there Uh and there you recognize that guy In fact there's a guy
in the background too I recognize David Iiker is in the back So uh but yeah um
Vivian is just uh one of the administrators and just a wonderful person all around So uh this happened at
Alcon and uh beautiful eyepiece certainly is so in addition to uh the
other things I mentioned um you also can get a monthly newsletter and there's every month there
is a a webinar In this case back in July it was on Europa Clipper mission and uh
they offer you know lots of updates and lots of things You can get a request a NASA speaker They tell you how to do
that and if you have a club newsletter they give you a what's up this month
article You can put in newsletter every month So it's just a great resource I want to make sure people are aware it's
out there It is a if you have a local astronomy club it's a great way to dovetail with the uh NSN we call them
the night sky network and a lot of resources for your club So um one of the reach outreach
resources I just for fun I went on Galaxy and see what what do we have in Galaxy and you find this all these
things are totally free Uh Vivian confirmed they are not copyright protected You can use these anywhere and
everywhere Okay So um so this is one of my presentations This is not very long I'll just go through it fairly quickly
but it's about our place in the galaxy Okay And you know a lot of people
if you go to local star parties a lot of people will have this hard to grasp the Milky Way how big it is It's incredibly
vast And where are we so this is a little presentation you can give at a library to the Cub Scouts the Girl
Scouts to a high school or elementary school class But a lot of people don't
understand the difference between the solar system galaxy and universe A lot of people think that the stars they see
are sprinkled among the planets Uh so here we have the solar system the galaxy
and the universe And it's nice to explain that solar system is in the galaxy and the galaxy
is in the universe So here's our solar system And
where is our solar system in this uh this galaxy it's right about there You
know we're in the outskirts Um in the summer time we can look in and see the center of the galaxy Time we look out
and see more of the open reaches of the universe Uh how big is it so light years
how far would light travel in a year well it would take 100,000 years for light to go across our galaxies What's
that number mean you know I don't have any gut feeling for that So how can you explain to people what a 100,000 lighty
years is well if we make this scale if we say take a quarter about an inch size
of a quarter and let that be from the sun to Pluto Okay from the sun to Pluto
that's 5.5 light hours from sun to Pluto So think about keep the idea of a quarter in your mind That's the size of
our entire solar system So on that scale a mile is 40 light years 2500 miles
represents 100,000 lighty years And as we saw above 100,000 lighty years is the
size of our galaxy Interesting And on this scale the sun is 30 times smaller
than a grain of sand And the earth is microscopic So what do we know is 2500
miles in size Well the continent North America something everyone's familiar with So we can overlay with this scale
of a quarter being the size of our solar system we can overlay the galaxy on
North America So uh gives people an idea of how big this thing is when you think
of a quarter the size of our solar system So how thick of our galaxy okay it's about a thousand light years So
100,000 and thousand So if 2500 miles is a 100,000 lighty years the size of our
continent 25 miles represents a thousand light years So it's a very very thin
galaxy like most galaxies Maybe it's like a thin as like a CD when we used to have CDs instead of everything being
online So how can we envision 200 billion stars that's how many stars we have in our galaxy How can we envision
that so we take a football field and we get a bunch of bird seed millet little
bird seed and we fill it four feet deep and that's about 200 thou 200 million
stars If each one of those bird seeds represents star then you have to take
them you have to spread them over the entire continent 25 miles deep So you're
spreading them out and again it shows that space is what space is mostly space
Okay 2500 miles wide 25 miles deep and only 200 billion only a football field
up to four feet deep of bird seed So again space is exactly that mostly
space Again that that's a totally free available anybody presentation you get
from the NASA night sky network Uh the great folks to work with Uh and I just want to make sure everyone's aware that
they are out there Great Thank you so much Thank you So um
uh the I noticed that the Astronomical League has a new website too So yes we
do Updated and new features that uh that we should be aware of Well it's not all
up yet Okay Um okay It's at the old address and uh like there's no
information on the regions yet Uh so they got us they got the basic framework
up and that right now is is going to grow over the next months and years So uh but it is a much more beautiful site
than the previous one So yeah I forget the address right now Uh astroleague.org
astroleague.org Yeah that's right worth looking at It's a beautiful site now That's right And if you don't already
belong to the Astronomical League uh you can certainly join a league club You can go on their website and see a list of
clubs Uh you can if you live somewhere in the world where there is no astron
astronomical league club um then you can join as a member at large and they have
so much to offer with over 80 observing programs uh you know scores of uh award
uh programs that you can get involved with or you can nominate people for Uh and of course they have the annual
astronomical league conference which is just a um you know a great showcase of
astronomers and speakers and everything that the astronomical league is So
you'll see you'll see me there for sure along with lots of your friends here from Global Star Party So anyways uh Don
thank you so much uh for coming on and u again thank you to everyone at the
astronomical league Okay our next speaker uh is
giving part two of his talk on dark matter Uh it's uh uh this great young
man uh Leon Garcia who was tied for first place for the National Young
Astronomers award uh on you know uh that is given out by the Astronomical League
and I'm proud to say that we are a supporter of that program Uh Leon is uh
uh coming in to you via Zoom from I think his home So um Leon thanks for
coming on to Global Star Party again Well thank you so much for having me on
again to to finish off what we started and uh hopefully the first or second of
of many great presentations to come Always welcome here That's right So
thank you Yeah I'm gonna share my my Okay you are muted Liam
There you go You're muted again
Okay All right So now I uh everybody can see my
title slide right um with the three halo Fantastic All right Um well this is just
the second half of my presentation about dark matter that I started off last week I'm going to get into a little bit more
of what I did but I'm I am going to give a little bit of background and summary the first couple slides so that um
people aren't completely lost by what I'm saying I'd like to start off by saying
dark matter is one of these really important things in the universe that we don't know a lot about It makes up 80 to
85% of the universe's mass And uh this is important because it doesn't interact
with electromagnetic fields So we have no way to actually look at it directly
The way that we know uh about dark matter is from its interactions with things that we can see like galaxies
stars clusters and gas clouds And um there there's some major
areas where we see dark matter having a massive effect in shaping kind of the
evolution of the of the entire universe and of constituent structures within it
We see it contributing to gravitational lensing or magnifying um light sources
based on the amount of mass that the light has to travel around We we see that there is way too much mass being
magnified uh to explain the amount of light that it emits We see galaxies that are rotating too fast too far out to be
explained by traditional models of Newtonian mechanics We see structures in
the early universe forming out of completely undifferentiated soup or bubbles emerging and that is primordial
gas clouds We see galaxies colliding that are uh orbiting one another too fast and where we don't see light
emmitting mass we do see gravitational lensing which doesn't make any sense unless there's mass that we can't see
And finally we aren't taking into account um dark matter in the cosmic
microwave background unless we look at s like previous simulations of the cosmic
microwave background taking into account different amounts of dark matter and we've arrived at the 80% figure from
there And the cosmic microwave background is basically just the leftover radiation from the big bang And
we kind of believe that um dark matter is more or less cold So it's not tra
traveling at relativistic speeds judging by the the temp the relative temperatures of various areas of the
cosmic microwave background which is a fascinating research area in and of itself but not really the focus of this
presentation We have a lot of theories for what dark matter could be because we
honestly don't know a lot about it we we know its effects but we don't know what
it is So I'm currently exploring um a a theory that proposes that it's made out
of this really really light particle called an axion like scalar bzon or a
tiny particle that's 110 billionth the mass of an electron This particular way of looking at dark matter is um both
really interesting and it and it's come to uh closer to solving a lot of problems with other dark matter models
For instance when we applied this model to the Milky Way the model that I'm using in my project we've determined
that it's come a lot closer to forming the right amount of dwarf galaxies that we can observe Other models are forming
um upwards of 300 sub halos or tiny little areas of dark matter that could
host dwarf galaxies Uh whereas the ultralight simulations are creating on
the order of 25 to 27 which is much closer to the number that we see in
reality And um other models are approaching infinite densities in their
cores meaning that they're predicting that dark matter is infinitely dense at the cores of galaxies Whereas when we
observe dark matter and its effects on rotation curves we see that the the
actual likely core of dark matter in a galaxy or its halo is more of a
flattened profile which is much closer to what ultra light dark matter predicts
So what I did in this project is I applied this really promising theory of dark matter to four circumstances where
it's played a super large role in shaping the universe at so-called cosmological transition points or when
the universe has been changing Before I get into the rest of
the presentation I uh I should clarify a dark matter halo is um is not a a halo
in the trans traditional sense like an angelic halo It's a spherical ball of dark matter that extends far beyond the
reaches of um your traditional galaxy and uh it provides the gravitational
pressure that that galaxy needs to form and rotate at the speeds that it rotates and uh form the structures that it needs
to form And without dark matter we would not be here and I would not exist to
give this presentation And I I I guess I'm going to get into a
little bit more depth on what this model is but there's no need to understand
completely everything that I'm saying in the next couple slides So um don't feel bad if you get lost by um the wordiness
of what I'm I'm saying here So I'm using this thing called a solaton or a wave
with a singular crest It's a wave that that has one peak and it um it kind of
represents an area where there's more gravity So these tiny little particles
these axon-like scalar bzons cluster together on a galactic scale to form
areas that have enough gravitational potential to move galaxies So these tiny
little things are having such a large effect when you put a ton of them together And so um this is showing what
the solaton looks like This is um an area with more gravity And then this purple area is an area with less gravity
And although this presentation is about dark matter this is a relatively colorful presentation which is a good
way of looking at how dark matter behaves This particular solaton is um
about the mass and size of a dwarf galaxy So I need a lot of these to actually simulate what a dark matter uh
halo looks like on a really large scale And I used uh this package that's already been developed for me by
research or not for me but for anybody who wants to download it on their computer uh by researchers in New
Zealand um at University of Valand uh to simulate these halos and it uses these
waveforms to to do that And uh unfortunately I had to learn
a lot of pretty nasty math to do this project or at least develop some sort of a conceptual understanding of it And uh
basically what I did is I solved to this fundamental system of equations in quantum mechanics uh the Schroinger
quason system um using a particular type of numerical integration that uh is
really nice with computers or computers like to do lots of little tiny repetitive tasks over and over again and
so that's how it um is able to turn this into this over here So this is a graph
of kind of what the gravitational potential or the gravity looks like from one of these solutons if you were to
look at it from the side and slice it in half And so this blue area is the gravity and it's it's approaching um
this this kind of flattened halo core that you want from uh observing galaxies
And you wouldn't want to just have these solutons sitting and not interacting
with one another So the way that you uh can get them to both move and be governed by the laws of wave mechanics
is by using these things called Forier transforms which um I use the package pi
fftw or pi fastest for transform in the west which is kind of a funny name Uh
but these fast for transforms to move these waves around to get them to interact with each other to simulate how
a galaxy behaves So that was a little bit of a mouthful but this is what a simulation looks like It is this one is
not a realistic simulation You see eight uh dwarf galaxy sized halos perfectly
symmetrical and uh colliding with one another around a central mass This is illustrating this property of quantum
mechanics uh known as interference or the wave particle duality where on very
small scales um you can't tell if a particle is a wave or a physical
particle And so when you're when you're obeying the laws of waves you have wave
interference or uh constructive and destructive interference And when you
take a lot of really small particles that behave like waves on a large scale and collide them with one another this
illustrates a process that we see um on a small scale and it creates these
really intricate interference patterns which are governed by this wave function sigh which was in the last slide But if
you're really into researching wave functions this is another way to approach it is by looking at um how how
this function can govern uh waves in different circumstances So this would be a great um springboard for future
research But this is the beginning of the simulation It goes to the right and
uh then you jump down here and continue with this particular simulation over 10
million years And this is the format that I present uh my simulations in in
uh both my research paper and this presentation And on to talk about one of
the more realistic simulations that I did Um just a little bit of background on how uh the universe kind of changes o
over cosmic time is that smaller galaxies collide with other small galaxies to create larger ones um kind
of like a survival of the fittest if you will where um after these small galaxies collide
and merge they form uh larger late stage spiral galaxies like the Milky Way and
Andromeda And the way that they do this is they collide and then they accrete matter in these accretion discs which
are basically a nice way to um or the lowest potential energy state for large
amounts of mass that are rotating is is by creating these discs that then create these large scale structures So what I
wanted to know is if um dark matter independently uh of any of my influence
would create these structures on its own if I just had random halos around a
central mass and that would tell us a lot about if dark matter itself was able to form these structures independent of
any like berionic mass then that would provide more evidence in favor of this
theory of dark matter which currently hasn't been proved or disproved and so that's that's what I did I I arranged 41
of these um these solatons around the central mass and basically just let them
do their thing And um when they did their thing they uh over millions of
years they were able to develop complex patterns and structures that are similar to um what we would see in a late stage
collisional spiral galaxy which is really great for this particular
theory of dark matter because it shows um that this theory out of complete uh
randomness is able to form emergent structures And another reason why um this
particular simulation is kind of important is because we it hasn't been
exclusively looked at the the accretion patterns or the accretion discs of
galaxies from a dark matter standpoint uh in the literature that I've seen more often than not you've uh you have just
an exclusively luminous mass or mass that we kind of know what how it behaves
um circling a large central mass which is dark matter added in as a constant
but dark matter is anything but constant it's it's this own dynamic thing that should be simulated um either on its own
which is what I did or uh alongside uh visible mass in more uh a more nuanced
way And so um this particular simulation
is important because accretion is a major turning point in cosmological development and there hadn't been an a
generalized simulation meaning I ran a bunch of these random simulations um and
it was able to form structure and so even if this theory was completely wrong um this methodology could be implemented
by dark matter models in the future that are not ultra light dark matter they're there some
theory for what dark matter could be And um we learn that structure will form um
even if it's not exactly the this the same structure that we want
um out of complete disarray And so that that was one of the big takeaways from this research Um another thing that I
did or another simulation that I ran was using prior um prior simulations of very
important uh galaxy clusters that have been extensively studied by other uh dark matter pro uh models and applying
this model to it because it hasn't been applied to it before So the bullet cluster is one particularly strong uh
example in favor of dark matter where we see microl lensing events in the blue
um where there is no visible mass and so that that provides strong evidence for
dark matter and that's why a lot of previous research has been applying their own models to this particular
event and so I used uh previous uh inputs to kind of simulate this
particular uh cluster of colliding galaxies and was able to get a very
favorable result uh just using those inputs and it it agreed with the
observations of these halos in this actual GA uh galaxy cluster So uh
another application that I had using inputs from actual data in previous
papers was the Koma cluster The first evidence for dark matter that was discovered in 1933
uh where the galaxies in the Koma cluster were orbiting one another way too fast to be explained by their
luminous mass And uh when when I ran the
simulation using inputs from a prior study I was able to get even closer to
the number of desired sub halos or these smaller uh dwarf galaxy sized halos
produced in the final um slide of this uh of the simulation than previous
models were So this is again providing really strong evidence for this
particular dark matter model's ability to explain what we see is going on in real life And these collisional
simulations are important because again the universe is at a cosmological
turning point where we are physically seeing galaxies collide with one another uh and developing the universe in uh
over cosmic time And so what we see is that uh we can use real data to uh to
input into dark matter models which are purely theoretical And so when when we
arrive at a model that's better than previous ones at um even in a limited
sense where this this model was limited by the amount of halos that I could simulate
um uh other older models were not getting as close to the number of desired subhalos that we predict from
looking at these things in uh electromagnetic wavelengths And my final simulation was
about the early universe out uh out of this primordial soup immediately after
the big bang there was completely nothing differentiating
structure So what that means is that there there wasn't anything there there
was a lot of stuff going on in the early universe It was rapidly expanding but there wasn't anything being
differentiated out of the soup There weren't bubbles emerging And so um what
I was able to do was simulate under a a very limited circumstance not accounting
for the inflation in the early universe how a completely random arrangement of solatons or dark matter in the early
universe because uh many scientists believe that dark matter formed very early on in the universe's development
how that could have contributed to forming structures and so what I was
able to see is again out of this complete completely rand random arrangement of which is very similar to
the one that um the simulation earlier that I did with the galaxy except um it
there's no central mass here binding it together so completely devoid of structure we see pockets that emerge out
of this randomness that stay together for millions of years and this means that there would be enough gravitational
pressure to form these structures over time that eventually evolve into galaxies So this is really important to
understanding the early universe from a dark matter perspective And these simulations are important because uh
oftent times when we simulate the early universe we we don't look at it exclusively from a dark matter
perspective We more look at an inflationary perspective And so um testing ultra light dark matter in this
new setting provides uh more evidence in favor of this theory because even though it was these were limited simulations by
the number of solutons that I was able to simulate it still provided strong evidence that there were structures that
were able to form and stay together over long periods of time So my conclusions
uh from from doing this research project over um over eight months the
interference patterns from the test collision were intricate and I don't have the mathematics knowledge to study
those in detail because that probably requires some graduate level mathematics and I'm I'm just going into my undergrad
now Um but again I'm hoping that the this p
uh the paper that I wrote gains some recognition um and that um again the uh
the halos were forming structures on their own um in both the primordial gas
cloud simulation and the galactic halo accretion one And the finally the uh the
coma and bullet cluster simulations were matching up really well with what observations were predicting But I I'd
like to say that that this entire uh project comes with the caveat that uh one major constraint was that my PC
memory or uh maybe the nature of the simulation was arriving at a
computational limit which uh clocked me out at about 41 solatons So I was only
able to simulate 41 different um solatonic halos and I wasn't able to
account for inflation effects in the early universe in my primordial gas cloud simulation But all in all I was
able to uh simulate many things that I really wanted to at the start of this
project and I look forward to continuing this research in the future So thank you so much for uh
listening to me again and I hope to talk to you all in the future with more updates Yeah you you can count on me
asking you uh to participate So uh that's great Um uh so Leon what is it
that you are working on right now i mean you've you've completed this uh this project What's what's what's on deck for
you uh so right now I'm getting ready to go off to college and and then uh hopefully
I can continue uh doing research there and uh and I I'm I'm hoping to pursue
something more gravit uh gravitationally wave oriented or high energy
astrophysics not necessarily in the same vein as dark matter but I would like to
flesh out this project even more because I I was able to get some really interesting results from my simulations
that I'd like to revisit maybe even in a couple more years when I can um come at
it from a different angle Sure Sure That's great Well lots of appreciation
from our audience on your presentation So thanks very much Leon And thank you
I'm glad that they enjoyed it and and thank you again for having me on Great That's awesome Thanks man Okay so you
can see why Leon was uh one of the first place winners of the National Young Astronomers Award I'm sure that we'll
see more great things from him in the future Um our next uh speaker is um Maxi Farees
and Maxi is here patiently waiting in the background with a beautiful nebula
behind him and it's all yours Maxi but your
audio is you are muted Oh yeah got to pull the microphone
down Still no audio right now Right now Yes Yeah I My microphone was unplugged I
think my wife unplugged it So I didn't realize that So good night everyone
Yes So it's good to be back Uh well nice presentation Leon You know I wish I had
your knowledge You know you're a very young man and and you have to alive to study
So keep on it uh don't uh don't stop it and you you the love the life will
regret you It will give you um very good chances Okay So well um
thank you for inviting me again I hope you you're fine Uh what I'm going to
show you is what I've been doing last week weekend Um I was practicing again trying to
capture Saturn but uh also I try to how
to see it the deep sky objects with the f6 uh two 200 mm Uh so I grab all
outside Um let me share my screen first
Okay Do you see it uh yeah great So basically what I was
trying to capture um it was uh I don't
remember if I download the image what does doesn't matter but basically uh I
want to um sorry uh it was in this place I I was
capturing started before Saturn comes up h I was doing
almost uh 70 no um yeah or 60 pictures of this
place This is the bug nebula in the tail of Scorpio Uh this is a planetary nebula
It's a really good one to try to watch it through a telescope but I always try
to capture it I remember remember Nikico did it with his doson So I tried to give
a chance with this new equipment and I was capturing I remember was yeah 30
seconds every p every single picture and the result was well this is the another
what I'm going to show you Uh the result of the second was this Basically you can
see all the the field of view and here's the the planetary nebula
when I stacked all the the images But I have to process
this when if you can see it's kind of it was a a cloud or something or smoke But
this is light pollution So I have to put out uh the background and and try
to to give some details So what I got cropping this image was
this So I it changed a lot Uh I think I
lost a lot of information or maybe I didn't stretch it pretty good But uh
anyway I I was very really happy to to capture
the structures of the of this particular enablia and here the core that's the
spreads out from both sides the the particulus and the of this dying star
you know and you can see the the explosion that occurred here Um but of course the the field of
stars is amazing Um and I really like the the colors that I get even here in
my my city So then I went
to to to a trip nebula but I I didn't
stack it But anyway I want to show you only a 60 seconds exposure and you can
see the field of view that I got here You know this is 100% of the picture You
know it's incredible I I well when I I think when I
get the stacking and some kind of postprocessing h here for example in
this place you there are two like
antennas I think but h it's difficult to to to see it yes
so anyway the the structures of the star velocity the stars and the shape was
really good and only 60 seconds Of course I have here I didn't work with a
comma corrector because I don't have it and I don't know if exist a comma corrector for these tubes So you can see
here the the comma and in the corners
So but in the center where I was trying to capture it was okay So
then uh I pointed my scope to to Saturn
and I start to did some captures some videos seeing what I could get
refocusing and everything So the result of that night was particularly this you
know I I was really impressive of the result I remember when I finished this
it was almost 5 a.m maybe six We're impressed too We're impressed too It's beautiful
So and I think I don't know it's okay But if you put it more let me put it
more here Uh you can see here it's like a white band Oh like a storm or
something Exactly But I don't know I didn't saw pictures
from well from this night So I don't know if this if it is or not But
anyway we are we are now for now able to see partial of the Cassini division
uh the the lines of storm on the equator but uh you know this is the
northern pole and the southern is coming to rising So if we compare it from
the a picture from the last year it's very different of the position
in this case because uh remember that Saturn has a different orbit around the
sun So it's a kind of inclinate I think
it's how you say it So h I I was remember that I did a
compensation of different years So for example you can see here let me
put it this is more up This was 2018 This was 2019
2020 2021 last year and a couple days you can
see the how the the rings change of position and also the the line of the
equator Uh you know the first ones here are my first pictures that I took with
my cell phone and sing simple equipment but now I I'm trying to focus to get
more uh details on this case So unfortunately we don't have very good
nights of uh seeing the chess stream kills a lots of details Well then when I
tried to capture um Jupiter it was impossible to see the
details It was only unfortunately it was only some lines and a
blur great rest but no it was uh it
doesn't worth it because in my position we will have it almost
um maximum 40 degrees So at that altitude erh the the atmosphere will
blur your image So when you try to capture it or or film or
record it to get the more the the best frames h it's it doesn't work So anyway
I think in a couple years we're going to have it more above our head from here
and I hope the those days come really fast So well
this is my was my presentation I hope that you enjoyed it I my next work I
think if the weathers allow us maybe this weekend we have a holiday where from the the the
pass away of Jose de San Martin so a memorial day so we we have
the the Monday that we don't go to work so I try to go to Albert to do
some deep sky object imaging I will I will see if if I could get some galaxies
If someone wants to ask me or maybe uh
you know um tell me that I or to capture some uh object that wants uh please
write me to and I and I will be very happy Uh and also for those who wants to
see my pictures or wants to use my pictures uh for example I'm really happy to
collaborate and give them for example to the astronomical league if they want to
maybe practice or something in or processing So I'm glad to to share
it It doesn't it doesn't no problem for me Wonderful See that that
is the epitome of what a great amateur astronomer is all about They will share
everything And if NASA does it why I will not you know they give you the the
best pictures of the CH GC telescope and you can practice and
with the H pallet and everything but why I will not share it Of course my
equipment I I spend money in my equipment but because I want to capture it but if you maybe uh you know process
better or try to practice with something I will glad it for that So
okay Well wonderful I think it's all for tonight Scott And thank you everyone and
have a nice week Great So I've just posted uh a link to Max's bio page on
Explore Scientific He is an Explorer Alliance ambassador Thank you so much again and uh hope to see you again next
week Take care Take care Okay our next speaker uh is Tom Field Now those of you
that might have met Tom uh he is probably the most enthusiastic
ambassador I've ever met about uh analyzing spectra Now you might think
that's a really dry kind of thing to do but uh you know through spectra you can
see what's going on chemically with a with the uh celestial object that you're
examining uh you know you're able to measure uh distance and um you know
velocities and stuff like that So you know why wouldn't you try it now one
reason why you might not try it is that you think that this is really hard to do but um uh in this uh uh this
presentation by Tom Field you're going to find out how easy it is to do and how inexpensive it is as well So um I'm
going to turn this on now And Tom if you're watching thank you for uh putting this uh presentation together
Hi my name is Tom Field and I was a contributing editor at Sky and Telescope magazine for about 10 years I'm a
software developer and uh an admirer of the skies We're going to talk today about how we know so much about the
stars using spectroscopy We'll start out with this gorgeous iconic image These
are shock waves of enormous power of course creating new stars When I see this image I always ask myself what
about all these other stars where are they in their life cycles and how do we know so and that's what I found
spectroscopy helped us understand So the history of humanity and learning about
stars is centuries of men and women doing science many times going down dead
ends Now to be honest if if uh again I was in this picture I would be a little
dot way out on the horizon out here but I wanted a front row seat And I found
that what I'm going to talk about today helped me understand what the Giants did
over the last several centuries So my process and my learning curve was a
little bit disappointing at first I read all sorts of online sources and texts
and magazines but I found it a lot of it just didn't come together and I didn't
remember a lot of it I I don't have a degree in astrophysics you know I'm not
a scientist I just wanted to understand more about the beautiful skies that we
observe And I wanted when I read things in magazines to understand a little more about what they were talking about I
found out that spectroscopy allowed me to do that So I'm going to show just
three quick ad examples today In the Perseus starfield there's a starfield
And what can we say about this well as devil's advocate I'd say this is a pretty boring starfield right it's a
bunch of dots You know maybe there's an asterism Doesn't seem to be any constellations The one thing that's here
is there's some stars of different colors So maybe we could tell a little bit more about the temperature But we're
going to look here at just three of these stars in the time we've got available today to show you how we know
so much more about them Now the first thing we do is in spectroscopy is we
have to split that starlight into rainbows So here are the same three
stars Now this image was captured with just a DSLR So let's take a quick aside
here to look at this It's just a standard everyday prism And if I had a bright light and I shined it through
we'd get a rainbow right standard stuff But I didn't have enough duct tape to
put this on my camera So these days we don't have to It's so big and clumsy Now
we can use just a little inch and a quarter grading like this one It's called a star analyzer and it sells for
less than $200 and screws right onto your camera And I want to demonstrate how it works here So it's going to take
a little bit of juggling but here we've got a really bright light And when I hold the grading up in front of the
light you can see that rainbow there It's just the pieces of the rainbow because this is a pure gas But that
gives you the idea that this works just like a prism does So we can split starlight and look at the spectra here
on the screen So let's start out with just this star here There's its spectrum
over here And we can see what about it well it's not continuous either It has
some little gaps in it doesn't it and those gaps are how we learn about the
stars Now we're not going to get into a lot of the science today but trust me the science isn't hard We don't have to
drill down really deeply into quantum mechanics or anything like that So just
a quick overview and that is each element when we burn it or when light
passes through it has its own fingerprint So this hydrogen here we can see that its lines uh here and here what
are called the bomber lines are very different than the lines we see on helium and that's all we have to know
Now how are those lines created well just really briefly as electrons jump around in the bore model between
orbitals they give off or they absorb light And that's all we need to know If you want to know more then you learn
more Once you have data like this it gets more interesting and you end up learning more I found But so one more
example of how these fingerprints work This is actually a poster that uh that
we offer to teachers 36x 24 inch poster And I just wanted to show you here that
each element really does have a different fingerprint Okay with that in mind let's go back to this image This
was done with just the DSLR and the DSLR with a tracking mount
with a star analyzer on the nose piece So these gaps here tell us that this is
a type M star Now what does that mean now there's lots of ways to talk about this and I'm not going to spend a lot of
time on this HR diagram but I wanted you to see just really briefly if you're not familiar with it that we can classify
stars by temperature And a type M star is a cool star And in this case the star
we're looking at we know from its spectrum is a super giant And there we
can see it's just like Beetlejuice for example And we learn that from the spectrum So what we're learning is how
to navigate this map of star life cycles with data that we captured ourselves
Let's look at this second star here This is called a be star And it doesn't have
all those gaps It's got one here but it does have this bright spot here What's
going on with that spectrum well this is the spectrum of as I said a be star So
it's a B star in temperature And that E stands for the emission from the dust in that
circumstellar disc And we're actually seeing that glowing dust right here just
with a backyard camera By the way spectroscopy is much less affected by
urban light pollution So this is the kind of thing we can do in the cities We don't have to travel to some dark side
sky site and you know capture hours worth of data Just really short images because we're looking at really bright
stars Okay so that's the be star Let's go back to our HR diagram And we can see
that B stars are over here And so this be star is going to be somewhere
probably up in this area like Spya By the way I just wanted to point out another familiar star or two here If
you're not of not familiar with this diagram there's our beloved Vega for example All right So now we've seen two
different regions in the HR diagram using data that we captured
ourselves Let's look at this third spectrum down here This is called a
Wolfria star And look it's got all of these bright spots not just the one that
we saw up here these bright emission lines What's going on with a be star or
excuse me with a wolfry a star well these are late stage stars that have
blown off a lot of their outer shell They have really intense stellar winds that broaden these lines so that we can
see them And again we're not going to read all this but this is the kind of
thing that once we've captured the spectrum ourselves makes for much more interesting reading And the only thing I
wanted to show you here was look how hot these stars can get So on this scale
down here those stars are going to be you know way over in this area So excuse
me we've navigated the HR diagram as I mentioned looking at three different
star types And this is the kind of thing that we can do as amateurs So how do we
do it well we can capture spectra with almost any instrument I mean a standalone DSLR as we just saw It can be
a telescope This is what the uh Explore Scientific ED102 great telescope for this Both of these would have to be on a
tracking mount of some sort And then how do we actually capture the spectra well we use this star analyzer grading that I
mentioned a few minutes ago So let's start out here with the star analyzer Just looking here with a standalone DSLR
and this adapter that we make available You can actually capture the spectra You don't need a telescope at all Or if
you've got a Fitz camera you can put the grading on your Fitz camera Uh if you want to put your DSLR on a telescope
we've got a way to do that on the T- ring Uh you can use a video camera which
makes for just fantastic outreach and education to show a live spectrum flickering on the screen It's really
captivating and people love to see it We can also of course put the star analyzer
grading inside a filter wheel So there's lots of ways to set these things up and
there's lots more information on our site How do we capture the spectra then
well over here is an image from our telescope There's the star And maybe you
can see on your monitor there there's a gap right there But we want to do science here Maybe aren't enough right
so this is the software I wrote It's called RSpec I don't know why I'm circling it up there but I could circle
it down here where you could read it So the software looks at the region between
the orange lines that we can drag around any star And it just sums up the data and gives us an intensity plot So this
dip in the spectrum here sort of in the blue green is that gap I was pointing to here There's lots of other absorption
lines that we can see in the data once we graph it So this graph makes things
much much clearer And then once we have this graph then we can use tools that are built into the software and other
reference works to figure out what type of star it is In this case this is Vega
and those are the hydrogen bomber lines that we captured You can capture these as I said with videos which means we're
just talking about exposures that are less than a second So you know I'm often
frustrated when I read the magazines I see these gorgeous images of galaxies and then I read the fine print and they
say it's 10 or 15 hours of integration time on some mountain top dark sky site
You know I live in Seattle It we have a lot of rain We have very short nights in the summer I'm I'm a terrible imager
really and I don't have the patience or the knowledge or the equipment to do that kind of high-end stuff But this
kind of stuff I can do and I'm sure that you can too if you want to So really
that's all I wanted to tell you today A little bit about how we process spectra the kinds of things we can learn from it
When we're looking at star fields like this one here not only can we learn about the star forming regions but we
can also learn about the life cycles of all the stars in the field of view It's a really exciting field Our website has
lots more information There's a contact form there You can communicate with me Look at the tutorial videos that are
there I hope this presentation has been helpful for you and I really appreciate the opportunity to speak here today
Well that that was a great presentation and uh Tom again if you're watching
thank you very much uh for making this available I'm going to keep that video for future presentations as well because
it's so good Um we are uh going to go from uh Tom
Field all the way down to uh Buenosar's Argentina where we will meet up with
Cesar Brolo Cesar I suppose is out there on his balcony once again So here we are
and yes how are you good Good Hi everyone
Yes sir Clear sky tonight Is it clear maxi Hi
Scott Well Cloudly of
course Um I I have Can you hear me yes
Yes Um but uh thinking in the possibility to
have a lot of clouds uh in the in the sky here in Buenocidis I have I can show
you my screen now my live image for for
um now for for the which is pointing the telescope is
uh pointing to nothing But nothing to
nothing I I thought that you were pointing to your neighbor on the building behind you but well great Yeah
you're pointing to the clouds Sure Sure Some of of those windows but uh No no I
I don't like to have some problems you know Yeah
Um but um uh we can talk a little bit about your
setup and uh yes I you do I I have I of course that I have a present a small
very small presentation and talk about optics our you know that I am
optometrist um yes the we can talk about the
difference sensation about about uh
colors watching by your telescope uh your to the naked eye and um comparing
comparing the same image when you make a long exposure photography
um something that that is more a for people that know more for me about
astronomy is um an something that I I
can't explain but maybe about the colors when you talk about how many colors if
how many colors how strong are the colors and and the light and the bright
erh in a nebula If you go to the nebula
um many people say the same for
boreal auroras um that that many many people say okay I
saw aas are not so bright and and are not so brilliant and the color is more h
more pale color Um the about many
many times talking with astronomers about the the United
uh of uh nebula you know you can have a a very
bright talking about if you can go to the place of course that you you lost a
lot of light by the distance because it's it's is the square of the distance is is uh
totally totally uh comparing with the with the quantity
of light and it's not the same the life in a point or like or a small disc like a
planet uh um comparing with a big area of in
this case gas of nebula and of course that the level the level it's not easy
to say if you are if you are uh thinking on how real you can show a nebula about
colors and light if you make a you know
four hours exposition for for example
Nebula maybe you have a huge color but if you go to the same place with your
eyes the question is the question is you can feel the same big brilliant and
strong colors if you if you see the same at the
uh with the distance that you compare with your telescope maybe for your telescope you have you know talking
about is all about opics about our sensation Our normal field of view is
120 degrees and our perception of our
attention is no more than a coin and one meter
And in in our brain we uh we um assembly the image the idea of
the image and the sensation for for uh in the between a picture between
uh uh sensation of of the of the real how how how how
uh you know how bright is the nebulas in the place if you can go to the nebula
Well you can compare something Let me share a screen with a small
presentation Okay
you can see well not the presentation yet but I
have well and we can talk about the the
perception of colors and bright and many people ask this question about If the
nebulas are so brilliant or if you go to the to the outside or deep if you go to
the deep sky and we can compare in our in our the earth in our sky night sky
when you go to the to the uh clear night in in a rural area or mountain area
without light pollution We know that how we see the
the Milky Way We cannot see the Milky Way like a picture of
Adrian of Adrian or you know the colors that you can see You can see the color
of the of the of the for example in in in in summer we can see the cross uh
southern cross but we can't see the color of the etakarina nebula We we
actually we confuse normally the the cluster and the etakarina nebula We know
the position of that are both are very big uh in the field of view um small
when you when we watch maybe are you know Karina Nebula maybe have a two or
three degrees and the cluster that is near to Kon [Music]
Nebula it's similar but we can see the color when when this is to the naked eye
and our normal normal uh you know uh view of the sky Um it's the
same for auroras or for for many many things This is the typical
thing that we watch when we watch the lagoon nebula in
a mediumsiz telescope Maybe Scott you can tell me that it's your sensation
It's it's very difficult to say where and with which telescope you
can have the the same perception But when you can see
uh Lagoon Nebula you have a very finely finely
uh maybe if you have this sensation you are lucky you are in a in a deep
sky deep sky sorry in in a in a dark sky area Mhm Um is is of course that when I
put in my in my uh uh you know for processing a picture
to show something is impossible to have the same because you have you you have
more perception of the stars but in the real in the real life uh but you have a
very sensation of the finely a gothly nebula very what we call when we um sell
a telescope for the customer the customer are expecting
this with a color and you know Yeah Right See this brilliant amazing
absolutely beautiful image Right Yes But if you see if you
watch Nebula you can you can
um you can advise about this advice you can um not advise you can see the
difference about this shadows between and it's very different when you have a
a of course a a very long exposure nebula picture of Panula and you have
this Fortunately many many people are coming
to to have some kind of of uh possibilities to make long exposure
astrophotography for for the different object in the sky And they can they can
receive the magic of of uh to have colors in their nebulas and make
something that is very very uh using the the
the word that John told me that last week rewarding for for them and is
something that is a a new age Um it's all about all about why we can we can't
uh see the colors in the night the same We have honos and bones
um different cells sensible cells in our retinas and of course that um all that
about perception in the low light are black and white sensitive uh cells and
uh all four uh sharp and colors are
sensitive with more light more they that they need And this is why we can uh uh
we can see a telescope a color with a with a of the nebula
uh without without uh make um you know
uh electronic uh CCD or reflex camera digital long exposure
photography Here do you have about the colors this is here how
we see here is the the the southern cross here There's a you have the carbon
soap and this is a Takarina nebula and this picture is more near to
the reality where you don't have you you see the nebula and this cluster like the
same color um but you don't see the colors of the of the nebula and so the
naked eyes and without and with a telescope with the same this is this is Oh we need um uh
calibrate the color uh for the final image of of a nebula
uh using the PL solve software that that
h that give us the best choice of colors for a for a final image This is a a
single shot that is very different to the final shot the final sorry the final
result that you have when you processing a picture today about the colors people
say what this is not a real color of course that it's it's very difficult to
make a real a real color but the software with calibrate colors uh
photometric caliber colors that you have in many many uh applications or or
software for processing image give us the most realistic the most realistic uh
colors because uh the colors have a number in astronomy that is the the last
that we uh listen about astro
astro spectrometry sorry um and we are
going to have the most realistic colors of the nebulas and galaxies because you
have a number that give you a color is something that many many people say but
maybe the difference is say is to say your red is the same that my red this is
a perception maybe it's a neurological perception but if we start to talk about
uh our retina we are we have the same kind of cells it's very it's very how do
you say it's very um not easy very uh far away of the
reality that we are watching different colors Yes we of course that exist the
the we have a lot of test for for uh blind colors and this something that I
work with this but the the when we make this kind of test we receive fastly that
say okay you have a blank color without this we are talking and the sensation of
the colors are the same Well here you have the the the compar the comparison between the a
single shot with a color of that received my my reflex camera and the
calibrate color in the final image Mhm And this is the the maybe the most maybe
most finely here and more strong the stars of course But when you see a
Takarina you don't see more than this area and maybe some some filaments or
something like a clouds in this area and you compare the image Uh if you use a a
a big telescope we was talking about the sensation to see something yellow or
gold watching this nebula but over over a 16 mm Dobson telescope in a very very
dark dark sky areas It's very very you know the first colors that that
uh normally you receive in your retina is the in between the yellow and green
colors and it's not easy to uh to and this is maybe this is maybe
where you can have difference about the
sensibility how how your retina ina is sensitive and how how much you
can open your your iris And this is very interesting uh the perception in our
eyes But maybe technically the colors uh that we are talking in a normal without
of course this is like a like black colors Uh do you have the
same perception here here I remember that I I told about
this cluster like a southern play but it's not a southern play is very near to
the I I remember there is a 333 tree 35 the cluster and here you have a a lot of
different colors of stars actually um maybe my my simulation of how how I
you can see the the cluster maybe this is in the city without a cloudy night
like now and you have a very very without bright stars But you can see for example this like
you can compare when you have a a pointly a pointly uh stars is very easy
compare bright and color only only
we mostly of the times we see without color the nebulas and galaxies but ever
mostly of the time we watch with color the stars And we can
compare and this is uh all that that we can make with our eyes comparing with um
long exposure photography Let me see my my idea
[Music] uh tonight was but of course that we can make the
same the next week we can point in a live image Let me see if I have a little
less of clouds If we can see some in live image
something Let me see No nothing Let nothing no no no
Maybe maybe I I can move the I I can show you Maybe maybe uh in in this area
Okay Uh we can
try Uh yep Go for it
Cesar I am going to be ready to present next but I'm booting up the main computer so that
I can use more images my presentation next
And I hope have have a lot of color every time Yes And you have to be
careful sometimes because if you overdo the color I'll talk about it in my
presentation a little bit about uh when we listen to one of the uh folks
contracted from NASA to process JWST images I think that'll be interesting
for the uh for the folks to know They're actually they don't do much different
than regular astrophotographers with pixight Photoshop They use some of the
same tools But uh finish what you're doing Cesar I'll I'll save that for the next when I get back on in the next few
minutes Of course that that I I don't have more for my presentation Only one
second to show If we have something in the in the field of view of the telescope but only I can share
screen few seconds Okay go for it
Typically we don't we say nothing I you can see my Nina uh screen Yes
We can move a little telescope
I see some faint stars Maybe it's
imagination Let me check Is it out of focus uh no no no because because it's
actually um actually I I we have um we
have let me check [Music]
um we can we can try if in the area of betacrosis we can
see Thank you
[Music]
No no no no Because it's uh maybe maybe if I have something more
clear in stop shape Maybe if I have a part of the sky little clear I advise
you uh Scott and Sure only few few seconds later No for for the end of the
of the maybe towards of the global sar of course Yes Yes Okay You just let me know
But we have had a a a huge layer of of clouds And of course that I I I send you
the message if I have real clear sky But you know this was my presentation was to
talk about light and colors maybe more in the idea of
optometries and how yeah that's a big argument what what is the real color of
something and uh you know because it is um astronomers often assign a color to a
part of the uh light uh for to identify a certain region you know so yes yes
that's right all that the tool that we have is is the the number of of the sequence of the of the exactly maybe you
can say that say okay do you have a hydrogen or obs and you can say or you
can receive the idea of a calibrate a more real color But my idea sometimes is
is when for example when I say many auroras auroras of
um if if you go to the place to the auroras if you see so green color and so
brilliant um and if you go
like if you can go to the the nebulas you see the nebula so bright so
strong or you can see the color of course but more in in in a in a more
soft uh bright more diffuse Yes more diffuse I don't know It's a question I
don't know who think the the audience about this Well that would be a good question to ask Michael Carol who will
be coming on here in in a Yes Yes I I think that that is a question for me
Great Thank you so much Cesar We will see you next time Thank you very much
Scott Thank you to the audience All right Thank you Cesar Okay All right So
uh yeah we have Adrien Bradley on Adrian is uh uh his program of chasing dark
skies is um you know this this guy is on a mission of of getting the best night
sky shots that he can possibly get and he often takes uh images that are
totally breathtaking So thanks for coming on to Global Star Party Adrian
Thank you for having me Scott I came in basically just in time
Um and Cesar I'm glad you actually ran a little over time because it gave me time to get onto the main computer I am going
to try and do a shorter presentation because I'm interested in uh hearing uh
Michael Carol as well Um I promised that I would talk a little bit as I'm sharing
my screen and showing some of my earlier work There's two themes I wanted to do
and that's talk about perciads We just had the peak of the perciads and I want
to talk a little bit about um you know where to see them and or
where you went to see them and if you didn't see many meteors I plan to tell
you why First I wanted to reiterate a little note Those of you who may not
realize that those who process images
um and they do so on a professional level the JWST images they work with scientists and they work with things
like Photoshop Lightroom Pixight there are a couple of other astro
uh images same as the astrophotographers like Cesar
um Maxi and Um I'm thinking Jason Gwen
who comes on Global Star Party All the astrophotographers that we've had and
the astrophotographers contracted by NASA to produce JWST images from the data that
um that's made available to them use very similar processes The main
difference is that while they know that these things will be beautiful they are
the scientists working with them want to see certain elements And with my own
photography I began to look at it in a similar way I want to see certain
elements and those elements become more important because they tell the story
Here's a perciate that I shot some years ago I think it's I think it's 2018 if I
go to it's 2019 Okay Um in 2019 learning
Milky Way photography um you know having a a an older camera
but I caught this perciate It to this day probably the brightest uh meteor
that I've caught And I never saw this meteor with my own eyes I heard about it
Someone else near me said "Hey did you see it?" And I said "What meteor?" And my camera clicked off And I looked at
the image and saw "Oh wow I've got I've got a bright meteor in my shot." And it
was uh I think it ended up in a calendar at my job um working at Com Bank
Um other times meteors happen And why I'm calling
this a meteor is the taper It goes from dim to
bright And if it's a solid sweep like
this you know the uh this could very well be a firefly
flying near and made that trail
Um these other specs are fireflies And there's there's a streak of a car that
was going along the road And this streak was a meteor I had
looked up and said "I'd love to see a meteor." Uh we had a a uh astronomer of
us that passed away You know whether or not you know there's things of a soul
Did he have a capacity to send me a meteor but I kind of said "Hey John you need to send me a meteor." And uh with
the Perciads they come often enough that it all of a sudden meteors can appear
and you know you don't know if it was a metaphysical thing or did was it a coincidence either way this meteor
appeared I never saw it but turning around I saw a bright fireball go across
the sky I was the only one at the park and I just sat there and
appreciated the uh fact that I saw it Now when you're in
any any skies this this is the same location with me trying to reprocess an
image And look there's two meteors Was it the Perciads this was August 2020 may may
have been um the perciads between July and August So these very well two
percads that happened to show up during this one minute exposure So getting meteors faint
meteors is not too tough to do It's
um it's whether or not you get a bright fireball So I've yet to get super bright
fireballs Here you have a satellite solid These things are solid and they
they appear to be about the same length Then you've got more streaks that are
solid that appear to be about the same length And could they have been meteors well
maybe But they're anytime you see these streaks they tend to be around if
they're around the same length they tend to be satellites So that brings me
to perceives from a couple years ago And yes these are over the years I've taken
a number of images You've if you've been to Global Star Party you've seen a lot of these images This was from a couple
years ago Now Deveid uh our steam David Levy looked at this and said "Are you sure that's a
meteor?" And I understand because it uh it certainly looks very solid but if you
look close there's a point where this this part of this meteor now I saw this as it
came overhead towards this part of the sky And if you look carefully you notice
there's a bright spot in the middle Meteors disintegrate and then they tail
off as they uh venturous atmosphere And so you can see it's as
the uh exposure ends it's beginning to tail off So that's that's one telltale
sign of a meteor is that you saw it and
you know that your camera was aimed towards it Now in this location we saw
something like for every minute we saw no fewer
than six meteor streak across the sky and sometimes even more Darker locations
present more meteors Just the simple fact and this is during the perciads a
couple years ago This was perceds of 2021 There's more opportunity to see
meteors Now this was it a satellite or a meteor There's lots of streaks in here
and you have to examine the streaks because this streak is fairly solid It
could be either one There were there are a lot of satellites and those bright satellites will show up and you might
not be sure This this faint thing could be a
satellite or it could have been a meteor So there's always a streak in your photo
It just depends And here here you have a telltale side of a meteor if it'll come in because you've
got faint bright and then beginning to get faint again That's that's your
telltale sign that you caught an actual meteor and not a satellite is the way
the uh the way it looks or like this one looks more like a satellite But this is
one that I saw visually as I was taking this image I saw this meteor Now it
these are the type of images that some part of it is
composition part of it is luck it happens to connect these two trees that
it's nice you know but and I purposely sat in a location where Vega or Vega as
it's pronounced um sat right here and
with haze showing up in this night sky and this is the signis rift I believe
one of these is considered the northern coals sack I believe this may be it northern coals sack
Um so everything just kind of happens to come together on some of these shots at
night So you just have to keep shooting You have to keep imaging to see what kind of things may happen Distant
thunderstorm And I don't think this was during any particular shower It does say August 28th So could have been a remnant
of the Perciads Or it could have been This is north This is due north So it
could have been a different meteor shower but you definitely see the
telltale signs of a meteor and we caught a lightning bolt So there's a couple of things that appear in images at the same
time Um I'm looking to capture more things like this I I like the idea of
capturing distant thunderheads and it's something I don't often get to do And so
whenever night sky photography sometimes there are different things that you can
do to um continue getting inspired to
try and go out there It doesn't always have to be about the Milky Way It can be about you know a thunderhead in the
distance and a meteor and see if you can catch the two at the same time Of course there's a plane as well
um streaks not meteors And so finally how about 2023 well we're going to go all
the way down and skip through all these things and you know thunderheads And
we're going to come this is a great place to visit in Michigan this lighthouse We're going to
come down to the smoke moon And the last two images I will share for my
presentation tonight You are free to debate whether this is a meteor or not Notice the
detail in the Milky Way compared to that first shot and how the
composite is put together such that it looks a little more natural Mhm
your what you're trying to do not necessarily for you know accolades but I
always try and reproduce what it is I see And there happened to be people here
And so I had to so I left their shadows in as they were moving And it you know kind of a
composition choice You have two people here is very likely a
meteor But could it be a satellite it certainly could be especially when you
look at the fact that there was no you don't see a real explosion point here So
more likely a satellite than a meteor And then finally this image
I like this image just for the pure fact that a lot of times when we image we
focus so much on the night sky and you got what I believe is a combination of
streaks from meteors This one definitely because you can see the
telltale faint to bright and there's double cluster right
there And um these very likely meteors as well or
it's pretty well there's a little bit of a taper there So it could have been a meteor that was there and I caught the
tail end of it this one you know it's it all depends on if
it's a meteor it depends on when it shows up But you know just like uh
Marcelos who will be coming up next I believe Scott um we like to share when
it's an outreach event and people are laying on their backs looking at meteors It tells such a wonderful story Yes And
then you know we have this dish which is not in use but it's a it's a radio dish
um that the University of Michigan did use at some point Um people may be fuzzy
but you can tell they're all looking up And you know the sky is this part of the
Milky Way bright no But you see a sky full of stars I dare you to be able to
make out the Big Dipper in this And good luck finding the Little Dipper I I actually could not trace out the stars
of the Little Dipper And it just makes you wonder what it would be You know this place is uh it's not very bright
You see these light domes but all of these stars are real and they exist And
sure it makes you wonder you know you go somewhere dark enough you'll you'll look in the sky and see this with your own
eyes And that that's why I continue to chase dark skies because I like seeing
this naked eye It's great to take a picture of it but you go somewhere
that's even darker you you know it blows your mind And if you haven't been to a
place that's super dark like that I highly recommend you know go even if
it's for a couple of um if it's for a day or so if it's an overnight trip and
go enjoy the night sky Um and hopefully you saw some Perciads Uh a little
footnote the Perciads I caught in that picture the crowd didn't see those but
they saw some big fireballs that I did not get a chance to capture So uh with that Scott I am turning it over to you
Um thanks Adrian Thank you Thanks for coming on to Global Star Party again We'll hope to see you next week So yes
same here I will be working on my schedule so we can make that happen Great That's good All right Thanks so
much man Okay Um up next uh we're going down to Brazil uh to visit with Marello
Soua Marello is the editor of Skies Up magazine Uh he also runs um the uh
astronomy club uh or the Louiswis Krles astronomical club uh down there in in
Brazil and they uh are movers and shakers in astronomy outreach in the
area Marchello also is instrumental and his team were instrumental in uh
creating the first uh international dark sky site in Brazil in fact in the
southern uh in South America And so it's um uh it's a pleasure to have Marchello
on our program And uh you know I'll add he doesn't often throw that out there
but uh uh he's he is a cosmologist He's an astrophysicist Uh he teaches physics
Um and uh we're it's a real honor and pleasure to have him here Thanks for
coming on Marello Hi Scott Thank you very much for the invitation It's like for your kind of
words Thank you very much for invitation I I will share my screen here I show
some new events that we organized here
Let me see if my computer is not so but it's this is our st here is our
last event that launch a new nucleus of our stomach
club in another seat near us Now we have a group in 10
different seats here our club is growing here in Brazil Yes And here are the two
members of our group me and the in the in the left left part of the image You have
Robinson also and the others are members of the city and we organized this event This is
the place that you be located Our group was there is a public
school has a big auditorium there and this was the first event that
you organized there and after the celebration we organizing a solar the
observation of the sun with the glasses and with special
the Coronado telescope and we have the participation of a lot of
people most of than our students and also have the opportunity to show the
sun for the kids Then this is something that we are
doing now in this period to because we are organizing the observation of the
partial the partial eclipse of the sun that will be partial here in October 14
for us here Great And we are visiting schools and we received many glass from
Stephen Hston to to give to the the public And we are now visiting schools
to talk about that they need to be to need care to look to the sun and we
are giving to them the glasses and also we are looking using our telescope here
and the event have many people participating Now we have a nucleus in different seats Then we are organizing
at least the observation solar the partial solar keep in 20 different seats
near this year and we are planning to reach at least 3 million and a half
million people 3 million and half million people This was an amazing from
the last event that's organized at night I'm showing this amazing I show it last week because now we are beginning a new
project that in English we call count the history of stars where we are
inviting the students to go with us to that place and from there we are we are
ask them to count the stars as you have the projects also from different place
you have the globe at night and different project that you are going to use and we ask the students
to write to create a history for the star that they see and then they count
the history of these stars and we will begin next week this project We are we
also have a partnership with the protect protect forest in the ocean and we
organize events there We organize it this week August 17 and also next week
next week event for students there Now I will talk about lights a little about
light I don't I don't know if someone already talk about what I will say now
but h for me a famous experiment that I
have talk with my students here when I talk about optics in my was his experiment made by Newton Isaac Newton
that was one of the wonderful experiments of the history of physics when he
was in a far He stayed two years in a farm because a pandemic like what
happened if he was here and during this period that he was in a farm He
developed the furious there and one of the fantastic experiment was this
experiment using a prism He look for the dispassion of the light of the sun went
cross for has a protection in his window a hole in this protection Then he passed
the lights in a prism and then he saw the spectre color spectctor and then what he
did that is fantastic This h other people did before him or in the same
camera for him But what he did he did this and he put in a in a screen uh the
the spectctor the rainbow here and then he make a hole in one of the
colors and after this he put another prison Then he showed that the dispatch
of light only happened with the white lights This didn't happen with one color
of the light only What happens only that change direction of the light Then this
in the period that he did this something fantastic because many people imagine that something happened in the prism
that can change the nature of the light something like this and then he showed that this was a dispassion of the white
light that's composed from different wavelengths and what happens when is in
the prism because they have different paths because they have different velocities for each wavelength It's in
the in the glass and
the form of the the prism that help us to see this
happen like this No that you see the different
wavelengths You have different paths because they have different velocity in
material And this is an image of this special light But this was used
in 168 This is the first
expectoscope used to know composition of and to know what
was the elements that they make the dispension of the light The spectroscope
was built by Kishov and Ben that has also a very famous
chemistry class Brunson here in Brazil and H with this experiment they saw the
front hoof lines that have you see when you have an element that the light of
this element pass across the pris and you see in a
Then the first time that he used this as experiment it was in
1860 this experiment and he had factor of different elements let's see carbon
oxygen iron nitrogen but something that is fantastic is that one of the
elements that he is the character of spectre that I think that stone field
Maybe he showed here in his presentation because I received a gift from him with
this spectre in a poster That's a fantastic question and this was the
fantastic experiment after the spectto
and B that was the discovery of
because they saw the first time that they discovered the was when they
analyzed the lights of the sun because in this spectre they saw
something different different line They measured that was sodium but wasn't the
position the correct position that the spect then they knew that was a
different element and they call it al because of the Latin word for sun that
is als Then the of the sun then
first that made the first measurement was in August 18
1868 and then after you have another analysis of the spectrum made by Joseph
Norman and October 20 Then after this we
had they found discovery a new element that is the and received this name
because of the sun And here is what our
atmosphere does here that protect us from different kinds of the spectrum And
here you see that there are only part of the visible near infrared near infrared
that cross the the atmosphere and also the wavelength the
wave radio waves that also cross the then this is the reason that we need
space telescopes to see the universe in different frequencies that they are not
the frequency that we can see from the the surface of the earth Then that needs
these space space telescopes in space We have here many have new ones here but he
has the most famous one that Shandra you see here
pizza and here you have we already saw the the universe from the
g until [Music] the radio waves the two uh part of the
spectre that are in different position And also Xrays ultraviolet v infrared
microwaves Then you have different here of the Milky Way in each of these
uh frequencies regions of the spectrum And also I choose here some
image from Shandra You can see here X
Xray Saturn Xray from Shandra Then we know the universe in many different
frequency in many many different region of this spectrum using the space
telescopes also the help of the space telescope and something that I think
that is h I ever show this for the people here because they saw this
colored images of some of these object in space they if you can see invisible
Right you see these colors but part of this color that we see are in the region
that we can't see Then these are false colors that you produce want to know if
you have a bigger emission of these X-rays one of the region or a
small that have a small emission of this have high energies and low energies
here some of famous image that having different kinds of spectum and then you
see [Music] this something fantastic man that you
know But I I ever asked here when they show this image to to say that you have
image in different region of the spectre and part of the region it's not visible
in the visible region of the spectre because you can you have image like this
and someone can imagine that if you look you have condition to see the visible
Right you see something with these colors that is not true This our
position with the Milky Way Then I show here pizza that infr And when you join
the visible with infrantastic image that are very famous
like this one that's a very famous one But part of the image is infrared It's
not invisible part of this spect and here has al here you see the
milk in the different wavelengths that's beautiful
yeah this is universe that is well it is that I like to say today and I also
invite everybody to read the skies up magazine the new edition and if someone
wants to to send a contribution will be very welcome for the next edition
of Sky Art Thank you very much Scott for the invitation Thank you very much
Marello Thank you It's a big pleasure to be here Thank you Oh yeah It's always a
pleasure to have you on too Wonderful Okay Um
uh when when Marello says make a contribution he means write an
article because the magazine is absolutely free And so uh it's free for
download and you I just posted the link for it So but uh we have amazing
contributors from all over the world It is a global astronomy magazine So thanks again much
Okay All right Up next is uh um uh Michael Carroll Michael is an amazing
author and one of the best space artists of all time and uh I love I love his
perspective on uh you know uh the cosmos
Uh he's also extremely knowledgeable uh about uh uh things going on in the
universe because he has to think of uh ways to present um accurately uh uh as
much as possible what uh what things might look like from a position that we could never go to So uh that is the uh
liberty of of a space artist but it's also the uh responsibility of a space
artist to actually uh deliver the goods accurately So um I'm sure there's uh
there's many uh people who would like to uh uh you know be critical of uh a
particular view or something like that saying no that's impossible we could never see it like that or if you did you
would never see it like that Okay So but um uh I you've been doing this for quite
a while and your stuff is just uh pure magic So thank you very much Michael for
coming on to Global Star Party Well thanks for having me I am happy to
be here Can you hear me we can hear you just fine Excellent Let's see if you can
see my
screen Where is my little
keynote okay Uh I'm going to quit Keynote and start it again because that
is what fixed it last time Yep Let's see
[Music] here Open research Here we
go Okay Can you see that not yet
Okay Uh Aha There Here we go How about now okay
Yes Good Good Good All right Let's uh pretend that this will work I'm going to
hit go Yes Okay Perfect Ah great All right Well um you guys uh you
observational astronomers out there excuse me you know a lot about color
already And uh uh I'm just going to go over a few things uh gently um for those
of us who are more amateur than than many of you are Um of course we've been
talking about the spectrum tonight Roy G Biv Um and all the things that light can
tell us about what we're looking at It's just fascinating to me uh what a
spectrum can do And and what also fascinates me is the the incredible
organ that the eye is The human eye is incredibly sensitive uh to you know that
kind of middle part of the spectrum we talk about Um but we are the exception
to the rule in terms of mammals Most uh of our uh friends in the animal world
see something much more like this The reason of course is uh that they are
equipped to see better in low light levels They need to survive at night So
um what happens is a mammal that needs to see in low light levels has a lot
of rods on uh the back of its uh retina
[Music] Um there we go uh and not very many color cones So they can't see color uh
as well but they can see grayscale And this is really good for low light levels
Uh but human eyes are built a little differently We have a lot of color cones
and they tend to block out those rods But notice how they're centered uh in
the middle uh and there are more open uh rods toward the outside This is why
indirect viewing through a telescope is so good We can see low light levels
better at the edge of our vision Um and let's face it color is a wonderful thing
It It's a adds spice to life This This is a brand new drink in New York that I
just heard about the Kruella Deville It looks good enough to drink
blood and I know it's a vampire drink or something I don't know But yes we have
this spectrum uh pouring in Uh some of which we can see Uh we can tell by light
that's absorbed or emitted what uh the stuff is that we're looking at uh from a
distance And we can do that with planets as well as stars This is Mercury Uh
using a a stretched spectrum we can see what the rocks are made of there What
kind of minerals are are peering out of the surface So I want to talk a little
bit about color in the solar system This is of course Jupiter's pizza moon Io
Beautiful beautiful very uh volcanic probably the most volcanic world in the
solar system Uh it has over 600 active volcanoes as we speak there That's as
many as is on the entire planet Earth including the ocean floor And the colors
that we see are significant Um the colors go from kind of tawny gray to
black to uh orange and yellow and even to that bright white And these tend to
line up with um temperature At 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit 1650 centigrade some
of these um vents uh are spewing out stuff 300 miles into the airless sky Uh
and so you get a lot of black right at the vent But as that cools and the
sulfur mixes with uh silicut stuff and the temperatures drop down to about 500
Fahrenheit you get these oranges and yellows in the flows And then it gets
really cold minus 200 or so Fahrenheit and you begin to get frost from sulfur
dioxide and uh various related things So So color does line up on Io Here is a
place called Tupan Caldera Um it was uh named after the Brazilian thunder god
And um if if we place ourselves right here and look across this vast caldera
uh this is my version of what it would probably look like That's Europa uh to
the left and Ganymede to the right Uh but these colors are remarkable Just
remarkable There are these green suluric places that they call golf courses Um
who could make this stuff up you know so it's uh the color is just uh magnificent
And if you were standing there as an astronaut you would really see these uh
uh these spectra A little bit further out we get
a lot of ice worlds The moons are uh made of frozen water
And we see some patterns out there In fact we see a whole lot of brown Now
Enceladus here in the foreground is the exception to the rule But look at Europa
and Pluto and series And you'll see uh this kind of warm coloring uh which
we'll we'll see where that comes from in a minute Here's Europa And uh we we have
this ice crust tapping this deep deep uh saltwater ocean We're not sure if the
crust is thick or thin like ordering pizza you know but uh one thing that is
for certain is that the water makes its way up to the surface and when it does
it explosively boils out squirts all this uh water out that freezes as ice down on
the surface But then the magic happens Europa travels through Jupiter's
magnetosphere and that that radiation irradiates the uh stuff in the water the
impurities and it turns it brown So the the brown stuff that we see
in the outer solar system is photochemistry Some of it is the stuff that uh the building blocks of life come
from Very magical Um so we watch for these colors these typical uh brownish
or rusty colors on the surfaces and we see them all over the place Uh it's as
if the solar system was a machine designed to create elements of life Uh
and again you can see it all over from left to right We have Apotus and uh
Triton Pluto and Pluto's moon Sharon which has probably both top and bottom
uh big dark areas of these these stolins these uh uh hydrocarbon things Now you
go to Enceladus at Saturn and it's a very different case Um remember that
Enceladus is is responsible for the E-ring It's squirting out all this uh uh
water vapor and uh what that does is it makes the surface beautifully snowy
white and Celadus is about the brightest intrinsically brightest surface in the
solar system Uh but it does have some color things going on uh subtle blues
along these um sulkai these uh canyons where the uh eruptions take place across
the south pole This the color here is slightly exaggerated but the canyons are
distinctly bluer than the ice around them Uh here's a painting I did to show
uh one of those uh regions erupting Um these geysers look violent and they
squirt stuff 400 miles into the air into the sky the vacuum But if you stood next
to one and stuck your hand in it you wouldn't feel it The stuff is uh very
rarified Remember that it's a vacuum Uh out there at the just above this
Saturnian ring is Mimis And from Enceladus Mimis would be as big in the
sky as a full moon is in our sky So look how big Saturn is Just amazing view from
Enceladus And as I said there are there are places that have very blue ice much
like glacial ice Little bit different cause but uh this is a picture of the
exit glacier If we moved this out to Enceladus we'd have to get rid of that liquid water and dirt uh in the
foreground but we would probably see ice very similar Uh however the ultraviolet
light that comes down from the sun interacts with impurities in the ice and
in places where you have um sodium chloride the ice is going to
turn yellow It may be a fairly bright yellow actually Now we're talking about
on the human scale You probably can't see these subtleties from orbit but if
you're walking around on the surface uh you're going to see that I I um learned
some of this when I was writing a a novel about Enceladus And uh Morgan
Cable at JPL has done some wonderful work on um the ices in the outer solar
system Uh we also get potassium chloride which will turn the ice purple So
imagine walking across a an ice world like Enceladus and seeing purple or
yellow ice It would be just spectacular Uh next out uh still at Saturn is the
planet moon Titan and it is again this warm color uh tholins in the atmosphere
along with the methane cause uh cause us to see this this orange rich rich orange
uh cloudy sky But there's something going on down below that's a little
counterintuitive liquid methane which rains out of the sky and turns into
lakes and and seas um is actually much more clear than water is Uh so and it's
going to have some uh impurities in it that will tint it a
remarkable green in some places So imagine uh seeing this uh green lake
against this kind of orang-ish landscape that we saw in all the Huan images Yeah
just amazing Nature is full of surprises The spectra
can also show us changes Watch this very carefully uh the Cassini uh infrared
imaging took these uh images of the changes on the surface at a site called
Hot um Arcus So uh the some researchers
um dismiss this as differing angles of the instrumentation but others point to
this as evidence that there's active cryovcanism going on on Titan uh as we
speak Of course don't ever forget to look up at the sky I don't have to tell you guys that Uh the Martian sky is
beautiful Um here's an image from uh I believe Perseverance
uh of some ice clouds scattering spectra through them Uh you'll see halos and
some dogs on Mars uh because of ice crystals in the sky Uh so it will be a
spectacular place to uh to skywatch when we finally get out there as as
scientists or tourists Um we saw earlier those beautiful images I think uh by uh
was it Marello that uh took the pictures of Saturn um it was Maxi or Maxi I'm
sorry Yeah Maxi Um yes And beneath the rings you could just see the the winter
hemisphere was turning blue Now this is a a natural color photo taken by Cassini
of the southern uh or the northern hemisphere of Saturn at the time it was
in winter What happens is the clouds chill out in the wintertime and sink so
that we have clear atmosphere above them tinting them more blue So you actually
get a blue a change in the color of Saturn depending on the um the season as
winter comes on and things chill out Uh it becomes uh more more blue above those
clouds Uh this is a painting I did to show what those rings would look like from down uh within the
clouds And what about the ice giants talk about a weird place We have these
uh amazing uh greenish blue worlds uh with greenish blue skies obviously and
uh the two above are of Uranus but on Uranus you get these things that they
call tadpole storms We see these on on all the gas and ice giants but it's a
storm that develops and then drags a tail because of the prevailing winds So
below I have put a a painting I did of one of these tadpole storms uh but at
sunset So imagine you get really scattering at these places just like you do on Earth So sunsets are going to go
toward the orange toward the red So you'll have orange clouds against these greenish blue skies Just amazing
magnificent uh things to see So um we
can't go out there and see with our own eyes yet but uh but we can certainly enjoy this unique and dynamic and
amazing planet that we are living on today Uh and we can enjoy the the colors
that we see through our telescopes So thank you very much
Beautiful Now um Michael the I'm putting uh your uh
stockspaceim images.com website up here Uh can people buy can they buy um uh
prints of your original artwork or original from you yeah absolutely Yes to
both Um okay Nova Nova Space Nova Graphics in uh
Tucson Arizona uh sell some prints and some originals and uh people can
certainly uh talk to me through the website and I can uh uh uh you know make
available some um originals or even some prints So wonderful wonderful I mean
it's just uh you know some of that stuff is just so amazing to look at And I think that um you know it it it causes
the mind to uh kind of go on its own exploration you know we we see the images that we can see
from observatories and you know amateur astronomers and you know the the space
telescopes and stuff but to see you know a green lake against a uh yellow orange
sky in another world uh that's cool stuff So it really makes you it makes
you think another way you know and so um I really Well I'm glad Yeah I'm amazed
at at uh just the um uh kind of what's happening in my own head right now with
uh you know seeing these images So I could probably have a gold star party on
nothing but this So anyhow I really really appreciate it Michael And well
thanks for having me on help us end uh the 126th Global Star Party So I want to
thank the audience I want to thank all of the um presenters uh that are on
right now A lot of them have their cameras turned off but um anyways um
there's Adrian and uh anyhow um we will
uh be back next week next Tuesday for the 127th Global Star Party Uh so watch
for the announcements on social media Uh and um until then uh keep uh doing as uh
my friend Jack Horheimer always used to say and that is to keep looking up I do have a little um a little uh uh
featurette from NASA uh about the sun and the light emitting from the sun And
so I thought that would be a good way to end this Um uh but uh again thanks for
watching from all over the world and um we'll be back uh next week
The sun is a star It's a star that we often describe as average
run-of-the-mill just ordinary Yet this ordinary star is responsible for helping
to sustain all life on Earth No other star that we know of has that level of
responsibility and that's pretty extraordinary if you ask me The sun is a
living breathing star It is active dynamic and everchanging just like us
Its influence can be felt in every aspect of society from agriculture and
economics to arts and culture as well as the physical mental and emotional health
of human beings The sun touches everything And to highlight the
importance of our extraordinarily ordinary star NASA is hosting the
helopysics big year Beginning with the annular solar eclipse in October of 2023
continuing with a total solar eclipse in April of 2024 and ending with Parker
Solar Prob's closest approach to the sun in December of 2024 The helopysics big
year is a global celebration of solar science and the sun's influence on
everything Over the course of the year we are challenging everyone including the public the science community and you
to participate in as many sunrelated activities as possible Helopysics is the
study of the sun and its influence on well everything NASA has a fleet of
strategically placed spacecraft that work alongside other missions from NASA and space agencies around the globe to
monitor the sun 247 Together we are working to increase
our understanding of solar phenomena such as solar flares the solar wind and
space weather We have missions studying everything from Earth's uppermost atmosphere where
the International Space Station lives to our 45-year-old Voyager mission that is
investigating the outer boundaries of our solar system We've even had one mission that has actually entered the
sun's atmosphere Parker Solar Probe touched the sun Studying these complex
systems helps us better understand our universe including our solar system
distant stars exoplanets and our search for life on other planets Understanding
the sun's activity is critical to all of NASA's endeavors especially our human
exploration efforts It underpins our Arteimus missions enables us to protect
technology on Earth and in space helps safeguard our astronauts and allows us
to voyage to Mars and beyond The Helophysics Big Year is a unifying
effort designed to encourage exploration creativity and wonder We invite you to
engage in the world around you with intention and curiosity We invite you to experience the annular
and total solar eclipses with us We invite you to do science and to
experience our sun in different ways Throughout the year there will be opportunities for communities across the
globe to participate in sun related activities such as experiencing solar
eclipses and auroras joining citizen science projects such as harp and sprite
creating sun inspired art music fashion and food and a host of other fun
helopysics activities So please join us for the helopysics big year and help us
celebrate our extraordinarily ordinary star
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