Transcript:
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NASA's James web Space Telescope has taken two new images of the star forming
region NGC 604 located in the triangulum Galaxy 2.7 million light years away from
Earth sheltered among these Dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of
the hottest most massive kinds of stars all in the early stages of their lives
the largest of these Stars can have more than a 100 times the mass of our own Sun using web's powerful Neo infrared camera
called near cam the most noticeable features are tendrils and clumps of bright red emission extending out from
areas that look like clearings or large bubbles in the nebula Stellar winds from
the brightest and hottest Young young stars have carved out these cavities while ultraviolet radiation ionizes the
surrounding gas this ionized hydrogen appears as a white and blue ghostly glow
as you travel further from the immediate clearings of dust the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen this cooler
molecular gas may be the fuel for future generations of stars that are
forming web's MIM Fred instrument called Miri lets us see a new window into the
diverse and dynamic activity of this region in the miror view of NGC 604
there are noticeably fewer Stars this is because hot stars are much fainer at these wavelengths of light while the
large clouds of cooler gas and dust glow brightly some of the Stars seen in this
image from the surrounding Galaxy are red super Giants stars with low surface temperatures that are very large
hundreds of times the diameter of our Sun how stars are born and how they interact with their environments are two
big questions in astronomy today that are actively being studied with the web telescope in this new image web is
showing us parts of the story of star formation that we could never see before revealing more about the universe and
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can't hear you Scot how about that now
right and uh David we're GNA bring on pran Vera she is down in Houston today
uh she's about to give a presentation and so we thought that we would uh give
pran Vera the stage here um just right off the top here but uh here we go pran
Vera he Scott you're are you driving and zoom no no I am not driving I'm in the
back seat uh but it's been an overwhelming day I am here in Houston at
the lunar and planetary science conference it's my first uh lpsc that
I'm attending and generally our University encourages our students to
participate every year but however with me as a second year PhD student at UC
Santa Cruz this is my first opportunity to come here and present my research
that I have been working for the last uh two years uh it's been very very
exciting very overwhelming being at this conference because specifically uh only on lunar and
planetary with uh you know when I attended two months ago the agu in San
Francisco which I also discussed with you Scott I joined from San Francisco and agu is so large that it's it's very
difficult to navigate everything and it doesn't only include planetary and lunar
it it includes all kinds of Sciences uh therefore you kind of get lost among
everything and there is not a lot of especially in the planetary section at
the agu there is not a lot of Publications however lpsc it's very different because there has been a lot
of publication and especially with the sample return Mission from asteroid benu
just recently we haven't really seen a lot of Publications so this was the place where everybody published their
abstracts on benu analysis and about 58 AB TRS I believe were published here at
the lpsc on band new sample analysis and today was the first session that we had
on band new samples and I couldn't wait so I went to that it was very exciting
because they started explaining uh all the um laboratory experiments they have
conducted so far although uh they only have studied a small portion of the
samples because there are a lot so it was only focus in a very small amount so
that doesn't mean that the research the findings that they presented it doesn't mean that it represents the bulk
material it's only showing a portion of what they collected however it's really
amazing to learn that benu doesn't really match much with any of the
meteorites that we have in our collection so for instance rugu we know
that it's a CI like uh it's very similar to the CI contract however for benu the hypothesis so far
is that it doesn't match with the CIS it does not match with the CM to it's kind
of like in between and they see a lot of phos silicates a lot of carbonates and
sulfides so there are definitely signs of OAS alteration so the benu has been
altered by water so in order to form these hydrated minerals you would have to have water present and also the
conclusion is that all this alteration has occurred in the parent body okay so
benu is as a result of a coalition that happened with a previous planetesimal
that was highly altered therefore we are seeing chunks and pieces of that
planetesimal which one of them happens to be benu and also there is organic
matter on benu which was um ACC Creed in benu and Incorporated during accretion
so it has not really formed on benu but it was just Incorporated long time ago
and that's one thing that I research it's the Organics and the distribution of these Organics among hydrated
asteroids and how is AAS alteration um affecting the
redistribution of these Organics so I am very excited about my talk on Thursday
morning it's also important to emphasize that uh apolog for
the I don't know how much background noise you can hear but there is an emergency yeah so um yeah my talk is
going to be uh trying to uh you know I'm going to show the results that I have been working in the laboratory where I
have been working with different carbon ises chondrites and also different ammoniated salts and also organic salts
that I'm trying to understand the Spectra because when we look these asteroids in space we can see all these
absorption features around 3.1 3.2 3.4 however uh we can assume what's causing
these but when you're in the laboratory we you can tell for sure what's causing them so I've done a lot of um um
laboratory experiments where on Thursday I will present my data and I will talk
about it more and what we have been able to understand with respect to Organics
how does water and AAS alteration affect these Organics because there has been a
lot of Investigation on on this process and on the formation of hydrated
minerals on asteroids but is there isn't really a lot of focus on the
Organics and we understand that uh this is very uh important to study because
they are very abundant in Organics and volatiles and they're like the precursors of life itself so we want to
understand more of how they formed and where are they coming from and how they're evolving as the asteroid is
experiencing thermal heat or AAS alteration or how is the Organics being
impacted by space weathering um which is another whole different topic so there
has been a lot of data presented at the age at the lpsc and this is just the
second day this is a conference that will be going for a whole week all all until Friday and I'm very much looking
to other talks uh there the NASA headquarters the Osiris Rex team uh
scientist and planetary astronomers from all over United States and the world
presenting their research and for me from someone that is from Kosovo and and
10 years ago I could have only dreamed to be in an environment like this to present my own research this means the
world to me and it's my first time I'm giving an oral presentation at a conference to present my data and I am
not gonna lie I'm a little bit nervous but I'm also very excited you're GNA do great though I know you are so I I have
a question for you is there any thoughts of you know we have the asteroid belt
that's out there and do are there regions of the astroid belt where there
might be more Organics or more water is there any thought of that kind of of um
you know re yes um uh so I study by riffkin at all these are very recent
studies when we look at these uh hydrated asteroids we can tell that they
align on two different groups based on their three Micron feature they call
them the sharp types which are a little closer in and then the not sharp types which are further out so these two
groups are thought to have formed in the opposite side of the ammonia snow line
so we have this the water snow line but there is also an ammonia line where the ammonia was able
to condensate uh therefore the SS where they're much closer in they're thought
to have a Creed only water but then everything else in respect to the other
group they have ACC Creed also ammonia and Organics on top
of water so these are thought everything that contains Organics and ammoniated
salts um it suggested that they originated in the outer solar system and
then because of the dynamic processes that took place with the migration of the uh gas giants these outer um objects
outer solar system objects migrated inwards and that's why we see all these
asteroids that are highly abundant in volatiles and Organics but they did not
form where they are currently now they formed much further out uh perhaps uh
where Jupiter is currently at that distance yeah and is
there like um is there an area where maybe more you know migrating
Interstellar asteroids have somehow come into this
region uh you mean from a totally different planetary system Solar System
yeah so far uh the only two inter Stellar objects that I that we know of
are the omua and the bariso the two comets and they usually
are going with such high velocities that they will just come by and leave
so if something were to come from an Interstellar planetary object probably it would not be able to remain in our
system to orbit the Sun but if there is any maybe we just don't know that it
originated from a different planetary system uh but we also know that a lot of comets uh also show signs in organic
content uh I'm sure David Lev it's a much more um you know has a lot more
information on that because he has uh observed comets for a long time and uh I
love comets I just haven't had the chance to explore them very much yet um but I'm definitely excited about this
topic I love the organic content although when I started my program in planetary astronomy I I never knew I'm
going to end up dealing with Organic Chemistry which oftentimes it can be very frustrating but uh I'm loving it so
just the fact that I wake up every single morning and I love what I do and I love going to the lab it just makes my
day that's wonderful that's wonderful so um are there other speakers that you're
hoping to run into any anyone in particular or any teams of people that
you're yeah yeah absolutely so at this lpsc uh I was able
to meet for the first time in person with my uh co-advisor from uh John
Hopkins University Applied Physics laboratory that's
Charles he and Dr Andy Rifkin they're both from the APL who co-advised me and
uh it's been great to see him in person for the first time because he's been advising me on my research for like over
a year and just now we got to meet in person so yesterday we spent about an hour talking about uh other possible uh
collaboration between us and he is very supportive he's been a a a crucial uh
into you know supporting and guiding me into my research and then I've met a lot
of other friends from NASA ases that uh we've been friends before and they also
came here to present their research so uh there is quite a large number of people attending but it's also a great
amount of people where it's not too crowded and it's not too hard to navigate everything so it's like a very
decent size conference which I really really like also the location here in
the Woodland in Houston it's very convenient everything is nearby the hotels are nearby walking distance all
the restaurants so everybody is having a really good time and the weather is very good humidity right SP so I also wanted
to um emphasize that I am here both with my colleague from UC Santa Cruz she's
also a second year PhD student we both have the same advisor Dr Miriam Tellis
and we also are uh presenting another abstract which I am a co-author uh this
uh study that we have done is uh concentrating more into uh understanding
the formation of ous rims on carbonous condite condres and we're looking at
these rims because they're are showing an abundance in uh moderately volatile
elements especially manganes but when we look at the condu itself it does not
have this manganes content but the rim however shows this manganes enrichment
which we are not understanding what took place to make the rim enriched in this
so we're uh kind of taking into account different formation processes and all
like postprocessing uh postprocesses like that could have occurred after the condr
formation that could have possibly led to have this Rim formed around the condr
with these elements that compensate at certain temperatures uh so that's been
another study that I mostly worked during my first year of PhD and my colleague Jill she's going to present
that on Friday morning I've got my talk on Thursday morning so we've been practicing a
lot okay well I'm sure you'll do absolutely fantastic and you'll come
home with memories that uh you'll carry with you forever so that's great that's great I wish we were there I wish we
could see the uh the actual conference itself and broadcast yeah I I wish we
could have done that it's a conference that is only open to attendees that can register and I believe the registration
fee is about over $600 so it's not really cheap but yeah but I'm I'm very glad to be able to
join and talk to you Scott and share a little bit more insight from the
conference so thank you very much for the support that you're always willing to well
you you've done this more than once and I really appreciate it it's like uh you know having the hood lifted up uh into
the research World here so that's wonderful bran ver thank you so much
thank you we have something in common we're both on the road or somewhere um while we're doing the
presentation so mobile Global star party tonight for us both yeah I definitely apologize for
the situation but I happen to have this time very restricted so but I hope you
could hear me loud and clear and thank you everybody for watching we could see you and you're just fine it was perfect
PR Vera thank you thanks bye everyone okay all right so we are going to go
back to David Levy and uh and give him the stage here
well thank you very thank you very much Scott and you wonderful to be here I
really did enjoy that previous presentation me too I'm here with two of
my telescopes oh the one refractor is VGA
and it is mounted on the same Mount as a old Celestron 90 that I observed the uh
1979 total eclipse wave wow and that telescope is called Myra
I remember that mount I used
to Clips coming up next month instead I'll be bringing
cubid uh to observe the eclipse side eclipses and cubid has become the uh
standard telescope that I use for eclipses for my quotation today I'm
going back to Alfred Lord Tennyson's in memori I'm going to read some stanzas at
random and ending with the final stanza what I would
um like to add is that I really wish I could have met Tenon although I do I do
know and have met uh his great great grandson Jonathan tson he is a professor at University
College of London where he is an astronomer and we got to meet and have a
wonderful visit a few years ago anyway so here we are he plays with threads he
beats his chair for Pastime dreaming of the sky I love those four words dreaming
of the sky his inner day can never die his night of loss is always there the
time draws near the birth of Christ the Moon is hid the night is still a single
Church below the hill is peeling folded in the mid and here it times a sentinel which moves
about from place to place and Whispers to the worlds of space in the Deep night
but all is well and all rise on moon from Yonder down till over down and over
Dale at night all night The Shining Vapor sail and pass the silent lighted
town a time to S and to SW when science reaches forth her arms to feel from
world to world and ch her secret from the latest womb contemplate all this
work of time the Giant laboring in his youth your dream of human Love and Truth
as dying Natures Earth and bl the trust that those we call the dead are brothers
of an ampler day forever nobler ends they say the solid earth where on WE
tread in tracks of fluent heat began and grew to seeming random forms the seeming
prey of cyclic storms till at their last arose the man who throve and branched
from climb to clone The Herald of a higher race to shape and use arise and
fly The Reeling F the sensual Feast move upward working out the Beast and let the
ape and tiger die that friend of mine who lives in God that God whichever ever
lived and loved one God one law one element and one far off Divine event to
which the whole creation moves thank you wow wonderful all right Tennison was
quite a poet that's for sure yeah very very deep poet even as I went the bowl
and through another split and this time I didn't pick it up um I was listening
to the poetry for um the
uh the inspiration and um so I'll be ready
Scott I'm I'm gonna finish this presentation before we go back to Bull some more so you are awesome you know
the theme yep the theme for our Global star party tonight and I see we're a little light and everyone isn't here but
the theme is a good one it has to do with Outreach it has to do with um um
you know how do we share the cosmos and all of its wonders y as lay people with
others how do we yeah we have really tough Concepts to get across and when
they make some major discoveries and there's even more to understand you know
uh how do we reduce that down so that uh you know in an elevator in five minutes
you can describe you know some dynamic or some interaction and what it means in
the context of our normal daily lives you know so absolutely and I've broken
it down to I was going to talk about the night sky photography itself but and as
people are coming in and out just ignore those sounds but this could go for any branch of
astronomy um and really it has to do with understanding who our audience is
we go to the lay people we're excited we're on fire and we may know what we're
seeing in the night sky we may know where to see the Milky Way for instance as a Milky Way photographer we we see
things differently when it comes to astronomy but there's three there's three sort of folks that especially for
those of us that do images there's three sort of people that we have to give this
information to when we run out there are people who never knew that the sky could
look the way that our pictures our astrophotography they they look at these
pictures and they're in their jaws Dro they're in wonder wow is this for real
and you know nothing highlighted that better than when the jwst first released
pictures that it took of VAR of various regions I remember two of them being the
Karina one of the areas in the Karina nebula and the um Stefon Quintet
so this would we have to paral people's enthusiasm
about what they're seeing and then you know and tell them yes it's real and
what questions do you have we have to be ready to answer some questions about it two we have people who see images of the
night sky and all they see are images and they say I want to capture images like that what do I have to do and um
for that you know train it it takes a if it took us a while to get the type of
images that we're getting it's going to take them a while to get it and a lot of folks are looking for you know do I just
get this big rig and I just hit a button and it's going to take a beautiful picture well the EV Scopes and some of
the other Scopes are out there but there's a learning curve my recommendation is to ask questions what
is it you like about the night sky what do you want to do with the pictures you know get them to discuss their
Fascination and in three really quick because it's almost my turn once again Scott to be always good to see you
you've got ever growing Skeptics out here we've got guys that'll look at pictures and they're going to say did
you Doctor those pictures well those pictures are fake you know this is fake sky is fake you Flat Earth theory you've
got folks that are looking to challenge our love of the night sky and challenge
our knowledge of the cosmos this is a good time to let them do the talking
disconnect do not get into an argument because I guarantee you it doesn't when
you're dealing with an imagination and someone who's so sure
that they're right and love a challenge you're not fighting on equal or Fair footing so just listen to their theories
and remember science is not about being right science is about being willing to
live listen to try theories to collaborate see what what it is what's
going on out there and then say this is our best guest for now we're going to
continue working on it we're here to deepen and broaden our understanding and appreciation for nature
not you know win a winning a contest it's it's not necessarily the goal of
science so so if that's Scott um I am going to step away throw another shot
Cosmic bowler here yes Cosmic bowler the name of the uh bowling ball that I'm
using you'll love this DV it's called the astrophysics and the uh that is the name
of the bowling ball it's the astrophysics yes and maybe on another because you'll we do another show I'll
actually show the bowling you're gonna have to show it yeah yeah so that look forward to that and to look forward to
more pictures as the guys get clearer here in Michigan as The Milky Way is
rising real quick all you Milky Way photographers between 4 and 5 a.m. on
Eastern Standard time we're getting Milky Way rise and it's actually because of daylight savings time it's probably
more like 4:00 am 3: to 4: am so if you're an early riser you can see our Majestic core coming up in the Southeast
if you are on the southern hemisphere um I'm not sure where it is in the southern hemisphere at this point but we're
rolling around to where the Americas are facing the galactic core around 3: and 4
in the morning and so if you love The Milky Way seeing it observing binoculars
it's coming back so with that Scott de I'm gonna try and finish this game out
thank you for having me and as always whether I'm bowling or not I always willing to come join my friends on
global Star Party thank you all have a good evening thanks man okay all right so um well our our
next our next uh not speaker but our next um astronomer that we're going to
focus on David will be Galileo and he was the uh he was the first guy to I think he was the first
guy to actually give uh demonstrations with the telescope and and um it at
least to a group uh he is among the first to um develop a telescope that had
higher magnification um and he's certainly uh one of the first to uh publish his
findings um you know his maps of the Moon and uh but he went much further
than just doing uh the moon itself he uh did sunspots he did mapped out the
orbits of the moons around Jupiter um many other things but this this
particular video that we're going to show has to do with his fascination with the Milky Way itself and so um I'm I've
always been fascinated with the Galileo because of how quickly he manufactured
his own telescope he had heard about the telescopes being made uh uh you know
with uh some of the Dutch uh eyeglass makers um they weren't called telescopes
at that time but uh you know they were they were low power spotting Scopes is what they were but he developed he he
experimented with different lenses and stuff and changed out lenses until he got about 30 power out of his telescope
and this allowed him to see craters on the moon and a lot of other features that no one else had ever seen which I
thought was totally cool um David do you uh do you have any
special fondness for Galileo oh yeah I I know
enormous enormous it's one of the people that I wish I could have known um he was
a contempor Shakespeare he and shakespere were alive at the same time oh I don't know if the two of them ever
met but I can pretty much promise you that they would have really enjoyed each other's
company I do know that he that Galileo did meet John Milton
and Milton was kind of a bit of a rebel himself he wanted to visit Galileo he
was told when you go to Italy make sure you visit Galileo before you get to Rome
because when you get to Rome they're going to order you never to visit Gallo who is held in prison at his home and so
um he went to uh Milton and Galileo was very set when Milton was there
because he was um uh he had just Leed that his
daughter um died in the convent that she was in and it was really and they talked
about that a lot but um they also talked about his work and uh and when uh when
John Milton got back to England he wrote a little Tris called Ariel ptic
and he talks about Galileo Andor and uh they put him in prison for
daring to think about other people about about other lands and other
um and uh and and the fact that the sun
is not the center of the universe that the Earth is not the center of the universe and uh he wanted to prove that
that there is a sun centered universe and for that he was sentenced to life at his
home Milton wrote that and then I think he told Galileo that he was working on a
epic about the creation of the world and that epic came out years later was
called Paradise Lost and uh he has a lot of angels talking in there and only one one human
being I believe in the entire 12 books of paradise last and Scotty do you know
who that human being was no that's Galileo Galileo and he mentions Galileo
by name in Paradise see the only one and Milton was
really impressed with that anyway I've talked too much and back to you no it's all it's great it's all good uh we I I
want to recognize some of our audience today uh we've got uh Jim Mosley
watching Ed berther your friend Ed is watching our friend hello Ed yeah Caesar
brolo is uh is in the background there he's going to be on a little bit later Adrian uh Norwick is um is watching um
John Ray says hello uh from Cornish flat New Hampshire just returned home from
voting at a town meeting that's good moon lovers is watching on Facebook um
Barbara Harris uh supernova discover Barbara Harris is there she says
hello um John Ray uh thanks pra for her
presentation uh Thunder 90 um is watching there on YouTube um and uh
there's uh someone on Facebook his name is Homer uh Davila uh he wants to know
what do we think if we're alone or not in the universe I think this comes back
to is there life intelligent life elsewhere in the universe and um uh what
what are your thoughts David my I'm also I'm also back Scott
but deid I am listening to you well thank you my thoughts on that
are very simple I think if it's I agree with Carl say again if it's just us in in the universe what an awful waste of
space I think that the univers is teaming with life
forms uh and I don't know what they look like none of them I think have tried to
contact us yet and uh but you never know that might happen someday and that would
certainly be the discovery of our time if we are able to make to to detect
other civilizations I think that would be wonderful there is a new golden record
that's put on a spacecraft out there it's kind of triangular shaped and uh
has sound waves and uh um hand sign language I guess uh translated into
something like 140 different languages so if you have us
here and uh and we're trying to reach out and and send messages then uh and if
if as other scientists have already shown again and again we do not occupy a
special place in the universe uh uh there are many uh Sun Planet systems
like our own uh that are out there there are many galaxies that are like our
galaxy out there um you know so I think that uh I think the odds have it uh but
you know that's just to uh if I was to be a Gambling Man as David Levy pointed out we don't have proof yet uh so um
there are there are reports there are compelling things out there there's some
not compelling things that are out there I think that um uh the scientific
Community NASA has just now come out and said that uh they don't have irrefutable
proof of uh of uaps or UFOs you know so
um but you know it may just be a matter of time so and speaking of the Moon uh Scotty
there's going to be an eclipse coming up and not the one you're thinking about and I think it's I think it's the 27th
of March around that the next full moon there is going to be a penumbral lunar
eclipse it'll be visible throughout the Americas wonderful and uh you'll be able
to only detect it as a light shading at the night of full moon and if I'm able
to see that it'll be the hundredth Eclipse I've seen in my lifetime wow goodness and so your total solar eclipse
coming two weeks later will be my 101st if it's cloudy on one of those then the
total I hope will be my well we'll see yeah Paul bergar say is asking is there
intelligent life on Earth well I don't
know wait we'll have to uh I think the jury might still be out uh anyhow I
think there is I think there is because we know Scotty Roberts who there's no question
well we're gonna be talking about Galileo and he was certainly an intelligent uh person and later on in
our program uh we're going to have um Einstein and certainly he was amongst
the uh and still considered a Titan amongst the intelligent people that's
inhabited in this world so well I I'd like to chime in before I sign off if
there's any intelligent life I'm not so sure it exists in a bowling alley but uh
it's fun maybe that's the only place we can find it I don't know well that's uh
it's a testament to the human uh our human side we're you know I've heard it
we're the universe trying to discover itself or find out about itself and I
find that a very fascinating uh thought yeah you we're made of the same elements in the universe and we're able to and
for me going out to do night photography that's how I relate to it there are a
few times I'm out and whatever area I've decided to image I can look around and
it's dark and for boing but then I look up at the sky and instantly feel at home
there's a sense of calm that really does wave over me as I decide okay how am I going to capture this bring it back what
it is I'm going to do so all those Stars you see you know are they there could be
all sorts of Life floating around the planets there could be something inhabiting it um it just the research
that we do today all of the everything we're doing in science today has to be
something we're pushing forward who knows how long before the ability to
reach out and touch those stars comes about you know in human existence if it gets there but in the meantime the best
we can do is make sure we're preserving that and that actually gives another
reason for some of the for the imagers out there you're preserving what we as humans see out in the universe so I know
David Aker when he's on unique things that um you can look at or go to image
you know it it's always worth it to try Imaging something else that you haven't imaged before these are whether amateur
professional these are records and um they are you know they they may turn out
to be very important is exploration you know so yeah and depending on yeah
depending on our night skies and you know if they degrade then guess how
important our images are today years and years down the line if it condition
develops on Earth where you can hardly look up anymore we've got pictures and things
for the inhabitants to be able to refer to so there's um I I tend to put a lot
more importance on pictures than just being pretty yeah so so with that I'll
go back see if I can throw another strike all right make another strike very good okay all right so uh
well um we will uh move on and um uh introduce this um this uh segment on
Galileo and uh and the Milky Way so here we
go the Milky Way a shimmering ribbon of stars in the heavens easily visible on
clear moonless nights away from City Lights the name Milky Way comes from
Greek mythology Zeus the father of the Gods had secretly put his illegitimate son to the breast
of his wife Hera woken by the boy is sucking she tore him away whereupon her
milk sprayed over the sky hence the Greek name KLOS galaxus or milky Circle
which in turn leads to our word Galaxy in about 400 BC the Greek
philosopher democratus came to the conclusion that the shimmering ribbon must consist of myriads of Stars too dim
to be seen with the naked eye what was needed was an optical instrument to bring them
nearer the telescope was invented in the small Dutch town of middleberg on the
island of waleran in the early 17th century middleberg was known far beyond the
borders of the Netherlands for the quality of his [Music]
Opticians one of the town's most respected spectacle makers was hun
lip in 16608 he applied to the state's general in the ha for a patent for a
telescope consisting of a combination of concave and convex lenses
since then lip has been considered the inventor of the telescope however the fame of the
instrument was due to another man Galileo galile he was born in the Italian city
of Pisa on the 15th of February 1564 his father sent him to study
medicine but he was vehemently opposed to the obsolete medieval points of view he encountered and made no secret of his
contempt instead G Leo found intellectual fulfillment in mathematics
at the age of 25 he was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of
Pisa in the spring of 1609 Galileo by now a professor at the University of
padaa near Venice heard about the new magnification tube that had been invented in Holland clearly someone had
also told him how the instrument was made soon Galileo had not only copied
the device but improved it gradually he achieved better and better magnification
this achievement was admittedly due less to his own knowledge of Optics than to the Precision work of the Venetian lens
makers who supplied the respected Professor with his [Music]
instruments Galileo had access to the very best lenses of the age and he
tested out various combinations until he had constructed a model with a magnification 30 times that of the Dutch
prototype on the 21st of August 1609 Galileo demonstrated the 60 cm long
instrument on the campera in St Mark Square in Venice at the time a major
Maritime and Commercial power and just 3 days later he presented it to the DOA
the city's ruler the DOA was well aware of how useful this new instrument would would
be to his Fleet he rewarded Galileo handsomely giving him lifelong tenure
and tripling his
salary in the Dutch or Galileo telescope as it is also known a convex objective
magnifies the image by concentrating the light the Rays of light are directed
towards the ey piece or ocular which consists of a concave lens the concave
lens spreads the Rays out again so that they are parallel when they reach the
eye Galileo made his first telescopic observations of the night sky as early
as 16009 when he pointed the instrument at the Milky Way he saw that the white Veil
consisted of countless shining stars it was an overwhelming
Discovery Galileo documented his observations with which were later published in his work cidus nunus or
Stellar messenger he wrote the Milky Way is nothing other
than a collection of countless stars in great accumulations for wherever one looks the
eye is immediately confronted by a huge number of [Music]
stars in This Way Galileo confirmed the notion of democratus who suspected that
the Milky Way consisted of innumerable [Music]
stars but Galileo had made a whole series of other observations he had seen
the craters on the moon's surface and detected the phases of Venus his most spectacular Discovery
however was of four of the moons of Jupiter if these revolve around Jupiter
they confirm the cernic heliocentric world view that puts the Sun not the Earth in the center of the universe the
old Earth centered system supported by the church implied that everything revolved directly around the Earth but
Jupiter's moons clearly did
[Music] not the discovery of the moons of Jupiter was therefore a thorn in the
flesh of the church Galileo was well aware of the danger in 1616 the holy Inquisition
warned him not to propagate the cernic system any further however he continued
to Advocate the heliocentric worldview was put under house arrest and finally forced to
recant over but it the Earth does move Galileo is said to have murmured these
words as he left the tribunal humiliated and disappointed he abandoned his
astronomical studies the Milky Way was largely
forgotten most astronomers in those days were interested almost exclusively in our solar system the next man to take an
interest in the Silvery Ribbon in the Sky was a philosopher Emmanuel Kant in
1755 this German scholar proposed a theory which assumed a dislike
accumulation of stars we are within this disk and when
we look along the equatorial plane we see innumerable Stars the Milky
way he also assumed that the Milky Way rotated around its own axis just as the
planets revolve around the Sun but as luck would have it this early work by K
disappeared from view when his publisher went bankrupt it was not until the german-born English astronomer William
hersel built large and powerful telescopes that the Milky Way became an object of scientific interest once
more herel looked at the Sky Region by region
and counted the stars in 1785 he finally published his first star chart his
observations reinforced K's thesis that the Milky Way was a disc according to
hersel the sun was in the middle of a lens shaped structure whose diameter
must be four times its thickness in saying this he was for the
first time giving the Milky Way a definite size for a long time it had been thought to be
[Music] infinite hersel deduced the distance of
the stars from their brightness the results were distorted though by the enormous clouds of dust and gas which he
had not allowed for even though they absorb much of the light the actual shape of the Milky Way
was finally identified by an American astronomer harlo shapley at the start of
the 20th century shapley worked at the hail Observatory
on Mount Wilson which at the time had the world's most powerful
telescope while observing he came across what are known as globular clusters very
dense accumulations of stars in a small space he succeeded in determining the
distances of 69 of these clusters as the globular clusters were further away than
any other visible stars shapley assumed that they formed the outer Fringe of our
home galaxy The Milky Way because of their distribution and their position
relative to the sun he concluded that the sun was not at the center of the Milky Way but rather on the
outskirts chapley thus literally broadened our Horizons even though he overestimated the distances involved by
a factor of
two today we know that the Milky Way has a diameter of 100,000 light years and that
the sun is 27,000 light years from the center shapley's mistake led him to the
belief that the Milky Way was indeed the
universe but in 1923 his fellow Countryman Edwin pal
Hubble was able to prove that there were other galaxies beyond the Milky
Way basically there are three types first irregular galaxies with no clearly
discernable structure then there are elliptical [Music]
galaxies and finally the spiral galaxies with clearly recognizable spiral
arms most of our neighboring galaxies like the one in Andromeda are spiral galaxies
rotating about their own axis it is assumed that the Milky Way does the [Music]
same in fact by observing the speeds of the Stars it can be shown that the Milky
Way does indeed rotate the speed of rotation first increases as you go
outwards then falls off again towards the edge this differential speed is what
causes the typical spiral shape it was thought for a long time
that the Milky Way must be a spiral galaxy but the proof only came in
[Music] 1951 valter b a German astronomer had
discovered that certain particularly luminous stars only occur in the spiral arms the American astronomer William
Morgan searched our own Milky Way for regions in which these Bright Stars occurred by 1951 he had evaluated the
distances of the regions he had investigated and compiled a
map the result is an image of the Orion AR on Whose interior the sun is
located and also of the persus arm which runs parallel to the Orion arm
on it is another 7,000 light years further away from the galactic
center Morgan also found indications of a Sagittarius
arm looked out from above the Milky Way resembles a windmill the individual
spiral arms are quite clear they are also the birthplaces of
new stars which coagulate from dust and gas our Milky Way can contains some 200
billion stars and in between there are huge clouds of dust and gas which obscure the
view looked at from the side the Milky Way resembles a discus it is surrounded
by the so-called Halo which shows the size of the Milky Way when it was still a ball of
gas the Halo is also where we find the globular clusters Stars aged up to 13
billion years each globular cluster is between 30 and 300 light years across
and contains hundreds of thousands of
stars we know far more about the nature of the Milky Way than we did when Galileo first directed his telescope at
the Silvery ribbon and the light of knowledge illuminated the sky for a brief
while but even with the latest technology vast areas of our galaxy still lie shrouded in
darkness the star Sky still conceals enough Mysteries and with luck Galileo's
HS will be able to cast light on them one
day and that is is that is that program so that was uh
um you know I was able to uh find uh that video on uh a website called
archive.org and you can find programs like that and many others that are
available for you to share with your uh um your friends or your astronomy club
or you know classrooms that kind of thing so um but uh
uh I did not know that Galilea was uh was making studies of the Milky Way
itself uh to that level and it is really a shame that uh that he gave up uh much
of his uh studies in astronomy I I wonder if he put it away alt together
but um uh as they say but you know I can't I would I would still think that
galileia did things secretly you know so um on any account uh David we are um uh
at the point where we would normally have someone on from the astronomical League Terry man was trying to make it
she is in Alaska at this moment and she is um
she's there studying Aurora I hope that uh we get to see some great photos and stuff but she's she's far into the into
the woods up there uh in a very remote area in the middle of uh of Alaska near
Fairbanks and um uh but uh um today uh
just today I got my latest reflector from the astronomical league and guess what was
inside uh an article about Galileo the first Optical
astronomer so a wonderful article um this one's by Larry Larry McKenry and uh
so you know uh it's it's uh it was just a strange coincidence that uh I wanted
to focus on Galileo today and and this just literally landed on my desk about
about an hour ago so um on any account uh you know we will
move on to our next uh uh presentation here which um uh will be about the
Hubble Space Telescope uh and um you know the hble Space Telescope now has
been with us for I think almost 40 years at this point so uh we're we're coming
up on a number of Decades of amazing uh discoveries and with uh HST and it's not
over so uh here's some more recent episodes from the Hubble Space
Telescope the Hubble Space Telescope is many things it's an observatory a
satellite and an icon of cultural and scientific significance but you might be
surprised to find out that Hubble is also a time machine no no no not like that with
Hubble's position just above Earth's murky atmosphere its Clear View literally lets us witness our universe's
past it allows us to travel back in time and see things as they were 1.3 seconds
ago 33 minutes ago an hour ago or even a little bit older
than that but how does that work after all Hubble doesn't travel beyond our
solar system or even our home planet's gravity so how can it see the past the
answer is light the term Lightyear shows up a lot in astronomy this is a measure of
distance that means exactly what it says the distance that light travels in one
year given that the speed of light is 186,000 Ms Light can cover some serious
ground over the course of 365 days almost 6 trillion miles
worth Hubble works by gathering light from objects in our universe some as
close as our moon or comets coming into the inner solar system and some as distant as Galaxy clusters that are
billions of light years away all that light takes time to reach the telescope
just as it takes time for light to travel from its source to our eyes for
example our sun is located about 93 million miles from Earth that means that
it takes roughly 8 minutes for its light to reach us here on our planet so when we look at the sun we see it exactly as
it was 8 minutes in the past cosmically speaking the 93 million
miles between us and the sun are nothing we orbit around just one of billions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy which is
one of countless trillions of galaxies in the universe with that in mind time
travel gets more intense when Hubble observes objects beyond our star system
think about what you were doing 4 years ago today what type of sandwich you were eating what song you were listening to
what work or school assignment you had or the car you drove keep those images
in your head as you now think about the next closest star to us named Proxima
centuri it's about 4 light years away which makes it a close neighbor on a universal
scale so right when you ate that ham tuna and peanut butter sandwich 4 years ago the light from Proxima centuri just
left the surface of that star and began zooming out towards us and here we are 4
years and many many sandwiches later and that light has finally arrived now think
about what you were up to 700 years ago or at least imagine what your great great great great great great add 30
more greats and you'll get the point great great great grandparents were doing in the 1300s if they were in
Europe they might have been a brave knight fighting for their king and country and money if they were in Japan
they might have been an early Samurai helping to overthrow the Kamakura shogunate if they lived in Africa they
might have been collecting gold from monsam Musa or maybe your ancestor even was monam Musa arguably the richest
human of all time during all of those events the light from the Giant star
Beetle Juice left its surface and all that time from the 1300s up until today
that light was traveling at 186,000 m/s towards us this means that when Hubble
looks at Beetlejuice the star appears exactly as it was 700 years ago want to
go even further back in time well our next stop is the Andromeda galaxy the
Andromeda galaxy is a whopping 2.5 million light years away but that's just
the closest major galaxy to us here in the Milky Way ah things were so much
simpler back during the Paleolithic period weren't they dinosaurs had only been extinct for 62.5 million years as
opposed to 65 million years ago sandwiches weren't even invented yet let alone peanut butter for sandwiches let
alone sliced bread for peanut butter sandwiches on sliced bread and the Very earliest humans were just figuring out
how to be human smart fol technology was still quite a few years away
though perhaps some of Hubble's most legendary observations are its Deep Field images which collect light from
thousands of galaxies that are billions of light years away with this type of imagery we can
better understand how our universe changes over time by puzzling out how galaxies
evolve the farther back we look with Hubble the closer we get to the big bang
when the universe began so the most distant galaxies observed by Hubble often appear to us as
the youngest ones giving us a sneak peek at the universe in its infancy because
these galaxies emitted their light when they were young we get to witness them in their early
stages these young galaxies are actually old galaxies now as they have evolved
over the time the light has taken to reach us Hubble has observed galaxies as
far back as 13.4 billion years in the past that's just 400 million years away
from The Big Bang itself so hopefully you've enjoyed this time traveling trip with the Hubble
Space Telescope but remember you can time travel all on your own without a fancy Space Telescope as well the next
time you're outside at night remember to look up at the stars you're seeing those stars as they were hundreds if not
thousands of years ago those photons of Light have been traveling very far and
very fast over a very long period of time to reach reach your eyes at that one special moment so don't blink or
you'll miss
[Music] it this is an image of something called
the antenna galaxies discovered by William hersel about 45 million light
years away from our Milky Way these are actually two galaxies that are in the
process of merging they will end up eventually as one bigger Galaxy we have
the privilege of catching it with this brilliant Hubble Space Telescope image during the process of merging so what
you can see here is a lot of activity first of all you see a lot of light this
is from Starlight Blended together and you can see the core of one Galaxy and
the other down here with a lot of Blended Starlight but you also see disrupted structure you know a few
hundred million years ago these were two separate spiral galaxies now they are in
the process of merging and that spiral structure has been disrupted by the gravitational poles between the two
galaxies and not only that but that disruption has stirred up a lot of the
gas and the Dust that were within each of the independent galaxies and that stirring up actually compresses some of
the gas and incites new star formation at a very vigorous pace so the bright
purple light here that we see all around this pair of merging galaxies are nebuli
that are really very energetically forming Stars their light is ionizing the
surrounding gas it's creating these beautiful colors you can also see lots and lots of dust
in these regions as the galaxies merge so we call this a star burst
because it's a burst of star formation that's being inited and excited by the
merging process of these two originally independent
galaxies there's so much material in this star burst process that's being
compressed that it enables not just individual isolated Stars to form but whole clusters of stars to form and that
creates a lot of energetic radiation that can then light up the surrounding
gas that's left over and just makes for a brilliant picture of vibrant star
formation so catching this in the act with Hubble I think is is a wonderful
gift and achievement and I love looking at this picture for that
reason
well I hope you guys enjoyed that what did you think of that
David you are muted at this moment okay it really very interesting
in um the especially the first one because uh I knew that Galileo was
observing the Milky Way and uh but as I was watching that
movie I began to have a connection with Galo that I did not
expect you know as he is nearing the end of his life and he is
um working on still working on his books I'm finding that my that I am doing the
same thing as I am slow the end of my life I am uh working on a couple of
books now working on a book that I hope to have published within the next year and another one year after that and uh
but when I go outside looking at the night sky whether it's just tonight to
take another look at Comet bong's books or uh on what I hope to see on
April the 8 it is a uh I feel that I'm taking an enormous
tranquilizer yeah with no side effects it calms me down reaching for
the night sky calms me down and it shows that there is more to life than just
being mourning and being unet and happy unhappy there's a lot of joy to be found
in life as well yes and I was feeling that in the movie about Gallow and I
just wanted to say that yes that I'm glad that you pointed that out the the U
the effect of Wonder and awe that people experience when they do when they can
get it through astronomy of course all of us that are astronomers can relate to this but uh people who are hikers or
divers or explorers of various types you know uh that you know once you
experience that sense of awe um it is uh some things happen and uh things that
are really good for you um as far as calming you down as you said and and uh
uh letting you decompress and you know we all need that um the people the
scientists actually study this this uh you know this this what they're they
call the science of awe uh say say that humans need to experience it in a
profound way about every two weeks you know and um I think that amateur
astronomers are lucky because we can look up at the sky anytime whether it's
cloudy or not and understand that there's a universe out there and be utterly Blown Away by uh the infinite
possibilities of what exists out there uh one thing I want to tell you because I'm going to for get this in about two
seconds I have an idea for a Future theme for a future Global star party and
what I usually do is I have these wonderful ideas and then I forget about them then you forget but before I forget
about this I'm writing this down the one that I have in mind is changing perceptions ah how Clyde Tomba felt when
he discovered Pluto compared to how the modern astronomers tend to feel when
they go inside and discover a new planet Based on data that they have on their
computers I feel that a lot of the magic is gone and I think it's probably worth it
a future Global Star Party to discuss these changing perceptions of of the
universe and another idea is simply one word Discovery
ah something you've done quite a bit of so a little bit yes
sir but I I there's there's a feeling about the
night sky that is um that is not taught very well in
university courses these days or High School courses it is a sense that we're
a part of something bigger 30 years ago in
1994 we were talking about Bill Clinton was President at the time and we're talking
about uh Kosovo and about other things going on that year oh yeah but for one
year for one for one week of that year our entire world kind of
stopped we looked up into the sky at the planet Jupiter to watch an amazing
Collision of a comet with that planet which really took our minds off of of
this planet and focus it on another 30 years ago and then that was over and we
came back to worrying about other things but anyway I just wanted to
suggest that so I gave you two titles now those are great suggestions and they will become themes of future Global star
parties thanks yeah well um our next speaker is Cesar brolo from Argentina
and Cesar is um uh with us um
um right at this moment so um let me bring you
on there you go and you're going to be telling us about the uh annual star
party that goes on down
there okay okay now can you hear me yes we can hear you
yes I have sorry I have had the last moment problem problem with my internet
connection I don't know why but well it's ready it's working um well I have a presentation
uh uh where we meet uh for uh first time
uh with a GSP friends from Argentina Nico Aras or Nico the hammer and maxi uh
photography photo pushing the the pictures to the max yes and this was a
great a great uh I know that maybe it's a it's a social presentation of our star
parties was an small star party uh two weeks ago and uh
we we um was together um in an small
Friday uh Star Party um why we meet in Friday
because it's for for people sometimes they don't use the their own weekends uh
maybe to share family um San Miguel observator is in the metropolitan area
of woses is very near for people that live in the metropolitan area it's near
to to toall ways or uh a lot of roads
that are very single and very fast to go
to the observatory um we are making this St parties
um at least one Friday per month uh to
for example uh to practi with quat mods with software with
astrophotography of course that is a sky that is not great is not perfect it's
more polluted um area uh not so much
like uh like uh my home like the city the balcony today tonight is a rainy day
impossible to show something from from balcony but um we are um making this s
Paris uh one Friday per month uh in s Observatory where we are a part of our
foundation to restore the observatory you you know many many times that
H we was working in the observatory for
with a telescope that had more than 120 years old um we are having more and more
things working more and uh
happy it's Happ and because if you like to restore something you need to to make
a a safety Place uh because uh we had um
some uh
robers pass for parts of the SI refract more safe place well I share
screen and show
you I don't know why if I have
okay
well well I don't know why it's ah no it's
okay well um this is uh my presentation tonight is a meeting at the atory and
star party Grande M April 2024 the place I presenting tonight only
the place where is H traveling by Google Maps and light pollution maps to show
where is the new place for for our star party but first of all i' like to to
show you the presentation for for this and this is the um this is the the
small poster that I I prepare for of course that is for WhatsApp and invite
few number of people for this first experience um I was happy to to send my
invitation to the global St party Argentina Argentinian group um because
maybe Nico is more easy that coming to to ER
Miguel because he live more near than Maxi and Maxi was a surprise that Maxi
say yes uh because he he live at
130 miles um you know that sometimes is is uh a Friday is not easy to go driving
but he he was we ask and Nico too and was a
great A great experience uh this is the the Dom of the Gustav
refractor 15 mm refractor that actually
work very very well um we use for solar um
solar image we have the obidi filter
um well we are working a lot with this in
the in the early hours uh before before
the the you know before the the the
meeting uh we work uh with Santiago maesi cleaning H anill uh
inside the observatory of the because in two weeks that Santiago m directors
don't go to the observatory the ants make an anill very big inside the
observatory um we spend two hours cleaning uh um removing a lot of a lot
of ground of of the anill
incredible this anill was incred National of phys cosm cosmic physics
sorry the S Miguel our first uh meet was with our friend
Nico yes this is the our face of happiness because we don't we don't meet
in many many months and was
uh I was really happy to receive uh to
niik Nico is a great great uh friend um it's amand that is all time is ready to
help to to support to the people uh especially because uh we receive many of
our customers with a lot of uh different uh you know different uh questions and
uh and needed they needed uh our customers needed for how for example how
I can make photography or how I can um uh put my telescope or I can use the ex
100 with the you know with the application or with
the with a different telescope you know um was I was happy to to see that Nico
and another guys uh support more to the to the uh to
the um making moment and this is was
excellent well for example Nico uh here is
H helping to to assembly an old celestar a very
very old from the 80s maybe maybe it's it's familiar
for for David uh in a in a astronomy am astronomy in our history um this guy
F member of of the foundation the people that supporting the restoration of
Observatory he he was of course was not first life really but uh he Boke this
from a man from an old man and say okay I have one of this and this was in
excellent conditions um fernandoo cated himself um we uh you know we
um we a lot
of Mo some nebulas image uh we we use
this telescope only to to to to watch something uh we use explore scientific
IP that this guy have because I sell him and uh really was a a great a great um
you know was a great uh experience something that was happy and
fun that Maxi when stop and finish their home they he sent a
he he sent us pictures from him of course went was safe to to to send
pictures I'm coming I'm [Music]
coming we are waiting okay from the farm and Maxi you can see in this part in
this area a knife because Maxi is a man from the farm from the country you know
he's a cowboy and why he he's he sent us the
the the picture of the night in his car because he living with him um he bring
he he had a chiso de Campo it's very very excellent to to cut um bread um you
make noo no Chan is another thing it's like a
before uh you know something that you can drink something um put this kind
this kind of chizo like something dry in the meat in
the it's something different is typical of Argentina and you can cut this and
you serve with a a a piece of bread and this is excellent choripanes is something that you you do use a chorizo
that is fresh no dry and you cook the
the the chiso in the barbecue is a different well something very
interesting that I found about about the celest designers is that they
thought in make the base of the celade like a an angry or
M ER face robot you can see that the eyes and the oh yeah right and the and
the mouth it's it looks angry yes we
put in the ground and say you can see that yes
yes I never because I received many many all C strong and was happy that say okay
this is fun look that this is a face okay that people
found uh faces in Mars you can you can found face in our part of astronomy
products if you if somebody uh somebody watch another phas in their astronomy
telescopes or something similar please tell me yes um something but was great that
Maxi now is a owner of a Yus 100 month and he sent me their own own uh setup
he's using a NASCAR uh objective uh CCD
and Asar uh an Asar module
from another guer this is not a microphone please this is not a
microphone and this is the guer of course and um and we are awaiting uh
pictures from this setup of course that it will be great and comparing with my
setup that is a well here is cover my my 80 mm
APO the and the the for example I use more
now the guider but if not with the same product I use the guider like a finder
and here is in CD and you know but uh
really really I I [Music] um yes I can see that P say Cesar I have
one of those orange telescope of course PKA be careful you have a
m robot face in the top of your telescope I'm
sure something that I can I can say that something about seriously sorry about
what is this I'm preparing a h I'm preparing a
how fast the technology changed in last 50 years in a Mater
telescopes compaining the the with the you know with
the the technology many many times it's called with we was talking about this and the age of the time go time that we
are living now yes for example here they are the
same motor but to two different uh Revolution Direction
because this they don't have the possibilities to make a a synchronic motor with the
same possibilities to change the direction and you can use with a very
first time early times hand pad of only
four four bottons this was the same in this time for for me and celest
um I don't know if mid using used this but in the in the early 70s the more
normal was using two SRO motors with different
directions because if not
you you couldn't go to to the the hemisphere of course the hemisphere for
south or north hemisphere you needed in this time in the old time of astronomy
in the 70s and and early 80s two Motors yes you needed uh and if you went
to the southern hemisphere you needed Motors that move the opposite direction
you know so yes you needed for the other yes opposite direction yes yes it's good
it's incredible I prepare I prepare for for the our next s party and
I prepar party maybe in three chapters because it's so too long my vision of course my my humil vision of
of of the how the technology might work
Maxi was more more near to to come to the
observatory this is the something like the the uh theile face and of Nico I don't know why
but he was happy no problem and we had something of clouds but we
had a good night here is is a saint facee not not
the diabolic face of the another picture and Nico was happy with my equipment he
used my equipment for me was a a pleasure and a honor um he make a very
fine very good um Pol polar alignment um look
that the the face of of Happiness to have a great a great polar
alignment and when Maxi was here was there in the in the observatory of
course that we were happy and say okay we need to to take a picture together
yes uh well and using the the ca
telescope Maxi and Nico happy to see because when a real life Maxi and
Nico and I see I really en watching them I say oh these guys we
are not in in the streen we are in in the real thing you know um I really really I enjoy it to
to to share time with with these guys really another another people um using
the our this
telescopes wonderful it looks like you guys had a great time
yeah yeah yes yes absolutely and this was part of the the members of the
foundation um um we took a picture
together well this is was the our party and the pictures that Nico took two of
the pictures that Nico took with um our my equipment my equipment
and was something like oh I give you my guitar you you really play very well
because I don't use and really don't know I I use the telescope but um you
know live much but I never took a a a picture that this my equipment deserve
and in few time Nico took this picture look
that by my son atin beautiful picture and it's it's in
in a in a really not polluted polluted
area fantastic itak Karina yes fantastic if H
sorry that I I have this in the in the I can show you uh with the original
picture not now I don't have in this pict in this my computer but it's full
both pictures and specially Karina is full full of
details it's and well this is all about the most amazing things to see in in the southern
hemisphere that's for sure oh yes yes he he uh Nico took a lot
of pictures of uh of a um
Global um clusters uh open cluster um um
because the the area of Karina and Bella constell is is so so um how do you say
full full of of interesting objects and you show you
um in very very fast um the the things
about let me show you I change Google
Maps
well you know sometimes the people ask um ask
uh where I live my my house my house where is my
house I changeed to the let
me okay this is
my I live I have an horrible horrible
connection tonight because we had a lot of storm stormy day today very strong
with flood part of the of the city or metropolitan area and really really
we maybe maybe it's why we have this problem
of wow I never out here well this is where
I took the picture my house my house is
uh in
thisa ah okay okay when I go to the roof let me show you when I go ah yes yes is
let no no no it's not so big but it's near to here
sorry we need to give time to
this
okay this is
where this is all my
my sorry that I I I I missing my in my own
neighborhood but it's a part of the city with a big
towers here this is my tower when
I go when I I in the roof to this is
where I am in this area I see in this
area I'm toing taking the pictures and I live in in this yes I
live here ah and this is why for example this
is the is is the South this is the line of the South I'm live here in the in the
the bottom in the third place this is the pool and this is this is where I I
use my telescope when I I say that I go to the rof to
well but of course that that is gray but uh you know that I lost a lot of part of
the sky and this this is why sometimes I go
to the rooftop or in the in the balcony I have here is the South the South the
North the west and the East and
well if where where we are going to make our
Sur
party you see the picture of the the urai uruan uh plane that that fell in
the Andes the pictures that was now was near to to win an
okar the the picture now the this the picture not the picture sorry the movie
the movie exist a movie in Netflix that the
name is I don't remember in English but it's it's about a um a plane
that fall in the an with the urug national selection of R
yes you some yes I saw this movie in the national team yes yes was in this was in
the SE in the 70s 70s right um we are yes
this is for
by is something that is in the in the precord between the precord and the
Corda but was in Winter and winter in this part is really today is really
really complicate thing okay this is Las lenia that is a ski resort and we
are making our St party here by first
time oh the the plane yes the plane
fell about this area maybe but I same of course that you need make a uh with
horses we need to make a horse ride to the
mountain to visit the you can visit the the the some rest of the plane that
is today
wow really small part but star party
this year is coming to be
here interesting yes I'm sure it's quite
dark this is the hotel yes yes I can show you
maybe if
um I don't know change the place
well where we are
us especially it will be very very interesting because it's it's a it's a
place that is
very thing you can see it's so
so uh beautiful place near to the cord losandes
um we are coming from San Rafael
airport maybe San Rafael is the place where normally we make the
here we are coming we are going to San Rafael airport and our start party yes
very that place really is
going it's so complicated place here
sorry it's very very interesting we are going by the 40 and took this this
road it's like a canyon and we are
going by this this Canyon is very interesting is very very
interesting place this is the the Lenas
R tell me the people what you think in the comments these guys are crazy maybe they
you say well
for this year was
our it's in the middle of nothing uh I don't know why don't
exist um
well I don't know I I can't I can found the the link of of
uh the the light pollution
map if you if you can H found because maybe change
something info maybe you can
find ear earlier than me Bion Ray yes this a stunning this a
stunning location yes
okay I good case is
not yeah going no not now I have
yes something that I found when I when
I see this light pollution map is that
was for example was talking in winter when the sky resort ski resort sorry not
the sky ski res the sky res it will be in our St party
um have the lights H turn on only in the
in the season of snow you know for ski season but look
that nothing is in this area
nothing nothing nothing yes yes it's really dark great this one that is yes
because this one is is Las Lenas but they turn off the lights
in I don't know why 21 86 I mean the darkest it can get is 22 so that's very
very good yes
yeah maybe we are having
something something about you know malar is a city small City but we are going to
this area even no I found Las
Lenas we can can maybe it's not in the map we are
going outside of the
[Music] map okay well thank you Cesar we thank you
we are trying I don't uh was it was a a pleasure all the time is a pleasure yes
thank you so much we are um we have uh uh Terry man who was able
to make it from uh from Alaska um so very happy
to to have her on and um um so let's uh
Terry are you
available yeah yes I am I'm just getting things situated I'm not sure how well my
connection will be oh it's it's it's actually pretty good is it it's pretty good yeah well it's good to know that I
can be this far away and still yeah connect fairly well because my phone's not working all I can do is
text oh well your internet's working very well so well that's good that's
great hey I um for part of our program we had uh uh we had a a segment a video
about Galileo and I I just got my reflector magazine I don't about an hour
or two ago and I just opened it up and it fell right to the page of Galileo the
first Optical [Laughter] astronomer there there's a message there
yes there yeah that's right that's right so David and I were talking about
Galileo and stuff so um but uh uh you
are there to see Aurora is that correct yep yep I'm in Alaska so it's definitely
from Ohio it was like 50 or 60 when I left and today it was two and when I was
outside last night it was Five Below which isn't bad you know it's not really bad for here sounds cold to me David
what do you think Five Below once we had once we had the temp
temperature in Tucson in fact last night it was terrible the temperature dropped to uh 58 degrees oh oh I feel bad for
you I went out and I had to close a window window and then I had to close
another window another window it was terrible I think they they called the police anyway sorry yeah I ran outside
in a sweater thinking I was going to grab one of my cameras real quick and that lasted about two minutes I cold
sets in pretty quick the wind was blowing last night though yeah but it's been it's been cloudy like a lot of
places but last night cleared and right now I've got partially clear skies so I'm hopeful again for tonight um I was
up till all night until 5:00 am this morning okay yeah so it has been
fun oh yeah that's great so did you do you already have images of of Aurora now
yeah I shot video last night but because I've have changed locations I haven't
even had time to look uh at what I shot last night because I got two or three
hours sleep and I had to leave in order to get to the new location so and and I
got on here as soon as I arrived here so I haven't had time to look but yeah
hopefully the video came out pretty well um it definitely was pretty it wasn't n
the blues and the purples like I was hoping but maybe you know I'm still going to be here for a little while so
hopefully some point it will be oh wonderful wonderful so is there any uh
news anything that you'd like to tell us about the league um while we have you or
is your yeah I can I do years away from from astronomy club business and uh
focused on the sky yeah well that yeah I don't never go very far away from
astronomy it's kind of just part of me so you know it's just part of it I do
know um as far as Alcon in Kansas City you can reserve your hotel rooms now the
website is online and now registration has just opened up I got the email while
I was driving here um so now you can register you can see what what's
available what tours or things they're planning on doing so I think that's
shaping up pretty well we're also um the chair of uh Bryce Canyon Lil lion also
called me while I was on my way here and we're beginning to get things set up for
Bryce Canyon in 2025 wow and we will have a booth set up
um at Alcon in Kansas City for that uh because we will be looking for people to
run astrophotography workshops and visual workshops because being at Bryce Canyon it's going to be about being
under the stars oh yeah now the last time we were there that was I remember
you put on that event and organized that it was a wonderful one of the best alons
I've ever been to and um I remember uh for those of you that uh have heard of
the international dark sky Association or what's called now dark sky International dark sky yeah yeah one of
the founders of that uh uh you know of course Tim Crawford is often recognized as the founder but Tim Hunter uh was Al
was a co-founder of that particular organization he's a great friend of
David Levy and and uh you know I would also call him a very very good friend um
he showed me uh I think for the very first time uh my own shadow from the
light of the Milky Way okay uh from Bryce Canyon so I was pretty Blown Away
by that uh it is super dark uh very transparent skies and uh you mix that in
combination with the the kind of event that the the Alcon is you know with all
the great lectures and the camaraderie and all the rest of it uh it's really
really special so you got to go Y and I think go ahead yeah I think every time
there is an elcon you you can always pick out something really special because so it's so varied every year
because we go different places and we have different speakers you see a lot of the same people sure because you know
the astronomy Community is really a fairly small community we're getting bigger uh you know we all meet once a
year you know it's probably the only time just about I run into you and David you know actually sit down face to face
and talk to people which makes it so nice that's but uh I know in Kansas City
what I'm really looking forward to I mean they're doing a lot of cool stuff but the banquet having the Jazz Band
it's going to be Tim Russ from Star Trek um and one of the professor there's
another speaker that will be the keynote that night having a jazz band I mean the last time we saw that was with Dave eer
or at least the last time I really saw that the time before that they had a group um oh I forget what year it was it
makes it different it makes it just more fun because there's always music going on you know and toe tapping and it just
makes it kind of nice so the banquet will be really cool especially at Kansas
City and then you know at Bryce Canyon again if you remember at the very end of
the road we were able to close off that pull out and it is super super dark and
that's going to happen again in 2025 and in 2011 I was co-chair with uh
LOL lion which is the person chairing it this in 2025 at Canyon oh that would be
great and I'll be the contact for all the astrophotography uh workshops so you
know we're again kind of working together but l lol does a great job he has really went above and beyond with
all of this so uh we will be handing stuff out for Kansas City and Bryce
Canyon at Neath Chuck Allen Carol and I will be at and you you will be there
David's G to be there speaking and uh speaking at the Imaging conference and
also at as uh on the stage there at NE as well and um uh yeah and whole gang
will be there be at the Alcon event in Kansas City and I imagine we'll be uh at
Bryce Canyon too so yeah I hope so yeah that that should be right up everybody's
alley if you're not an imager and you're a visual person there will be super dark skies to set up at and a lot going on at
BR Canyon too so yeah I mean that's what I mean every Alcon has something really
special about it it it doesn't matter where it's at something is always great going
on wonderful wonderful yes so we're we're happy to hear all that um I'm
happy to hear registrations up I've already got my hotel reservations so you can reserve your hotel room which
honestly if you're going I would do it uh I'm sure you have a decent cancellation if you need to but if
you're going to go grab the rooms now while they're there yeah that it seems
like the rooms go fairly quick good advice okay yes all right
well uh Terry thank you very much I can see it's still daylight there in Alaska and and uh y I'm about three hours
behind you so I'm gonna get the cameras out and get everything set up for tonight just in
case okay great good to see you David
everybody all right thanks so much Terry thank you thank you Scott all right okay
well um our last speaker of the night uh is marchelo sou and Brazil um and uh
let's bring marello on here Hi marello how are you I'm fine and
you hi Dr hi hi s
yes I I don't know you time zone
Chang we did have a time zone change yes all is this yes we did yeah now now is
two hours the difference not three hours from from Brazil to to time Z we're
getting closer and closer that's good okay well wonderful now you had a
interesting topic um uh you um your your
uh your topic is the penor process am I pronouncing that
correctly pen hose pen hose Penrose penose oh Penrose
okay okay oh after the uh researcher Pen Rose yes okay
all right well you've got the stage I'm GNA let you take it away I'll share my screen here
okay and something new that can you can you hear me yes what ah
okay now it's okay because here something happened I don't know what's happen uh I tried to share again this
screen only a moment yeah we can see my computer we
have to be patience with is my computer okay I shared the screen but something
changed now it's okay now can you see my screen well what's
happening it's It sharing the power point
not I will again on moment s sorry no problem it's okay can you see the the
presentation it's perfect yeah okay okay now first I will talk about the general
relativity very quickly about this because the pain roll process is
associated what happened near a black hole but is not a common black hole that
everybody imagine is is a special kind of black hole
that is a rotating black holy is a black holy with hotation
that is rotating this is the Ein equations one side you have geometry and
the other side the mass the mass and the energy and we know that H we deal now
with geometry a topology of the SpaceTime and the gravitational
field is is associated with the topology of the space
time then and is is very famous example
with a big mess here is Earth but generally consider a big star or a big
mess that changed the geometry of the space time and then the
gravity the gravity is only a way to follow the cvat of the space time caused
by mass and massing and energy we have many test of the general relativity like
the the isolation of the mercur orits you have a the famous one that is
the the shift of the lights have a star and you can test
these during an eclipse you see that the position of the
star the star that far from us this an example that happened in 199 so s and in
iseland in Africa that we see the star in a different
position ER from the position that we see the start when the sun is not near
the position of this St these are the amaz from that was the
proof and you have many different effects because you have the effects
caused by the gravitational fi of galaxies that
can change you see H lines and everything everything like this we call the gravitational lens that is when an
object like a g is between the we in Earth and the
object that we see behind this Gala then the effect is only not only One
Direction but other direction and you can imagine this can cause one effect
that was something that we imagine that was possible and few years ago we have
measure that you call the I ring here is the I cross the four images
that we see here are images of an object that is located behind the the Galaxy
that is in the center here of the image here is the Einstein Hing
ring gravitational lens you we see here around this Lin that looks like a
ring around these object here and these uh
image of an object that is behind this object that you see here in
the center this object in the center here why something theoretical
prediction but we have now images that shows that
this happens but why I am talking about this I talk about and one of the most curious
object are the black holes black holes were was
predicted by the solution one of the solutions of the iin equations that is
shash solution for thein's equation and this
solution obtained by shud uh he consider that the
space H you don't have a mess around everything is in the center of the space
time and then we can H have a solution
that shows how an object act that uh is located far from these Central object H
the behavior of this object that I
have then then you have a relativ that was proposed by us that I
show in the beginning have a mathematical formulation and a prediction about this in the
solution and then H we can imagine that
if in the center we can have an object
that light can't leave from that you have an event horizon further than this we can't see
nothing then is the limits then you have effects
of the strong gravitational fields on light and matter and you can't see the
object then the light can't leave the object this is re that call a black
hold and this appear as a singularity As A Spacetime
discontinuity in that we have a solution of the Einstein's equation
I don't have many effects as black h on SpaceTime but you have also obser
observation or evidence of black holes I show but also in astrophysics later we
have a model of the in the cycle of a star uh
massive stars more massive than the Sun and we
we have the model that first you have a high mass stars
then we have a super giant a red super giant then the result that we have a
supernova in the end of the life of the star and
the the hinant of this process we can have a neutr star or black hole now
because you have a very high density a very strong gravitational fields then
the light can't leave is what we we had from the solution of the Shiva obtained
by Shiva Shields of the I equation but why I'm talking about
this this is a a model of a black hole
with is around the black hole we have when they attract the mass they
a send radiation to the space and then we can see what's happening around the
Black Hole by the effect of the gravitational field of the black hole this is the first image of what of a
black hole in M
87 that is this that we have this was taken
by Dent Horizon telescope then this first time that we have
iaz showing theion around a black hole the black hole you can't see because the
light can't leave but we can see what happening around the black hole then
this is the first image that you have of a black hole and
here is a effect of the black hole with the what have around the black hole is a
simulation i showing what happens around
and now I I I'm try I talk about something different that we call the
solution will Beed by care of a black hole that we call care black holes what
is difference between the solution of shashin now we consider
that the black hole is rotating is not a static black hole is
rotating and this is the model that we imagine that Hees the real black hole
that we detect in the universe here the the you have the black
hole rotating and affecting the space time around it right around the back
yeah this is the model that you have from this Cas Solution that's a very
famous solution right and now from this
solution we have something that very special that is different from what you imagine weever a
reion after the Horizon event that we call
osphere dehere is a region around the after the Horizon events and in this
region uh an object that enter in this region can live from this region with
more energy than the energy that he enter in this region this is the P Rose
process he gain energy from the black
hole and something that was used in many science fiction movies
but this is a real prediction from the the solution
obtained by K of a black hole rotating and here is the idea we have an
event horizon a cental singularity where is located the the black hole that's
rotating and around after this we have the osphere we have orions in the osphere
that part the can take energy from the black hole
and live with more energy than he
enter this part that you call theere this is a
anual solution result and I I don't know if we one day we have
the opportunity to test this but maybe with the new
equipments we can try to get data that
can be the result be according with this model now that we can stract rotational
energy from black hole which uing utilizing it
isphere that is this region something that is fantastic a different
model that can be used in the future if you want to make a trip a travel to at
Universe we can take energy from the rotational black holes
well and some that we need to to consider
that it it was only a possibility a model but now with the observations that
you have of black holes now maybe we can try this in a near future I
don't know if a near future but in the future and some thing that I would like
to share here that this presentation that I'm showing
was produced by artificial intelligence I made a try with this GMA
app that is a is a app that's
available and some thing that is fantastic they can they produce for you
presentations with the topic that he want to use I changed what he produced
but part of then I use here then it is I don't know how it will be the near
future now because everything we can use artificial intelligence to help to make
then something that show what is happening this year it's not the future
or the near future this is happening now yes the artificial intelligence is now
the well if you had something that was slowing you down and and doing your work
and research uh why not use artificial intelligence to help you um get to the
next step to the next level you know so yes we have is a tool that will help
you yes use all kinds of tools like that from cameras to telescopes to name it I
mean if it was a tool it helped us get to the next level you know and so yeah I
don't know what will helpen in the near future because things are changing very
quickly yes they are that's right and the these tools are available for
us I know that this we we had the opportunity few years ago to use but not
like today that is available for everyone in Internet and now we are
organizing our international meeting that happy in April everybody is invited
to participate and we be very welcome here in our city in Brazil and this was
my presentation Scott thank you very much for the invitation is a a topic
that I I think that's a curious topic because something that we
don't know if we represent the reality or not but it's a model that we use
today because these are the kinds of black holes that we have in University all
black Hol is rotating with no charge
electrical sh then let us see if it will be possible to take energy from this
black holes and use this to make a travel to to the Deep
Universe thank you very much SC it's a great pleasure to be here thank you Dr
David Le every is a pleasure to be here thank you so much thank you okay so uh
watching in the background David was uh P Hala Pekka's in Stockholm Sweden and
uh it's a pleasure to have you uh back on to Global Star Party Pekka thank you
for coming on thank you thank you Scott how are we doing today uh just fine
everything's good so here I'm very happy to see you so across Atlantic yes that's right I'm getting
better better every day stronger and I took my first
Astro image was just couple of days ago oh wow about from Rosetta
nebula I wanted to try my skills and okay you know when you have a pause for
one year so the skills are not in the top so I I managed to take
almost 35 minutes exposures oh wow okay but uh I'm not
satisfied about the results but anyway it was uh it was really fun to play
around with the the Scopes and uh mounts and so on so you know I for I forgot so
many things you know when you are not oh yeah yeah yeah there's a there's a flow of of
the Small Things the the important small things in astrophotography you forget so
quickly you have to keep going on and training and training and training as I
did for one year ago so but now I'm I'm back on track and I will take I will
squeeze every minute and every hour when it's when it's clear this the rest of
the season okay and then comes the moon and sun again and now the sun is uh
going up to maximum soon so I'm waiting for there was for one week ago there was
a giant spots on this that's right yes
and we had CL very active sun right now yes and we had cloudy we have had I can
count with my fingers the clear skies this uh season the whole winter season
wow you know how many sells their all their telescopes now on and user
telescopes there are hundred of telescopes on sale because people are
getting TR they are tired to wait tired of clouds huh yes and I will I will look
every almost every day I will get the bargain you know that's right yes right
if you like I can show you some pictures I have done the last
let's see there I can begin with the have you seen
the pictures of my C8 Orange it's been a while peka since
we've seen any pictures from you okay we can start with this one okay can you see
this uh there we just see thumbnails uh okay so how do you do how
can I do that then uh maybe ah I have to push this
one how about now you might have to stop sharing and then go back in and find the
fullsize picture and share that let's see they are here in
these and now you only can see yeah we just it's a long time ago I
did this yeah I know it's okay I do like this and
share okay now I know now I remember I have to open I have to
open these and drop these and then there
and then I share my what
one there we go okay perfect now you see the controller okay good and remember this
this is a this is uh a Illuminator yes yes yes I used to sell
this back in the 1980s okay in a telescope shop
yes and now okay you see the power yeah the equipment looks new I
that's yes they are in mint condition you know the whole thing is in mint condition
yeah I hope I was hoping that Cesar was need
to be like in a uh amateur telescope uh Museum or something yes yes perfect it's
like a out of a time capsule this was the picture that when I was a child like 10 years
old 8 years old I saw this this catalog and I was dreaming about this
and I thought that no no no stop scaming you will never ever get that
telescope peka uh David Levy was friends with um uh um this gentleman um why am I
having a brain fade here David who is this guy this is
spot yes this
actor your M microphone is off scott uh David
Leonard nemoy Leonard nemoy that's God how could I anyways yes um uh so I was
dreaming David's house I think there's a signed picture um an autographed picture
of Leonard Nemo there and all these okul are made in
Japan yeah they are not Chinese also so I have everything I have off AIS guy
there there is you know everything is
orginal uhhuh and the suitcase is also
orginal wonderful yes I'm so proud of this and now to the pictures this is my
last image of the moon this was taken December oh wow 23
very nice yeah so it's quite very nice quite
good and I don't know if you have seen playus
M45 MH and then we have this is my best image ever
taken that's beautiful and this is the last one I'm
not happy with this you can see that there is some banding yeah yeah and
there is some banding and I forgot tethering when I was Imaging
this yeah there is some banding if you if I can you see
here yes and these are probably because I forgot the
deing I think if you just I don't know about you but I think that's a pretty darn good image it is yeah thank you
want to collect more data that's all yeah but I I will start from the beginning with
thether so I think the banding is to I forgot the
deing so I'm happy for after one one year's pause to take that picture so I'm
I'm quite happy even though I am not really
satisfied but okay so I I thought that okay Wonder this is
my chance to image something how how are you David well David's doing okay it's
they're good days and they're not so good days yeah but um I'm doing all
right and I'm looking forward to April the 8th to see the total eclipse of the sun I'm also looking forward the end of
March to see a uh penumbral eclipse of the Moon from here so they're eclipes
coming we will have a partial solar eclipse in is it August or September
here in Sweden which I didn't know because we will have next total eclipse
in Sweden uh 2146 and I can't
[Laughter] wait it's around 120
years from now okay but is the total this year in in the
middle of the US yeah it's coming up on April the 8th
April yeah less than a month from now oh my have do you have Scot any any um like
U Collective uh Gathering you are getting to travel with people
or do you have some uh do you do you have some some you have a package when
you travel to mount plang no in in Los Angeles The Observatory you had 20
places which people could buy but do you have something in Arizona correct yeah
are you planning on going to Arizona but where where where is they totally
seeing is it in well we're going to Texas for the
total eclipse okay to Texas Texas yeah we're going to Hill Country so uh here
I'll put a link into the chat if anyone's interested there's still some
spots available yeah I have spent some money for my traveling I will have my
new passport tomorrow and I have I have Pro to myself that this year I will take
my my uh uh travel to for my for the lifetime so I
have spared some money to travel and I want to see the Space Center in
Florida and I want to see Saturn 5 I want to see one of the subtles maybe in
some Francisco or they have one in they don't they do they have one in Texas also in
Houston one of the shuttles in museum they have one in New
York one in Washington one in Los Angeles yeah and one in Tex in Florida I
think Cape Canal and one in Texas maybe I have to check out that Houston you
want to go to Houston yeah I think they that's it in Houston I I I have to check
out that but if you send me the information about your your
traveling uh plans yeah I will I will I'll send you an email I already put the
link in chat yes so that would be very
nice excellent excellent okay guys now I
let you go oh oh you you are not going to sleep I will okay all right yes we'll
get some rest peka and we'll see you next time okay yes I probably will um
when I get some photos I will ask if I can join and um anytime Pekka you can Jo
yes thank you Scott okay David have a nice day Scott have a nice
day and take care take care thank you so much thanks thank you thanks byebye
byebye okay so uh so David uh we are
going to do our last um uh bit of this uh star party and I've already started
working on the poster for the 146th Global star party which will be uh
changing perceptions which is your um suggestion for the next uh Global Star
Party the next theme uh I found a beautiful shot of uh the pale blue dot
and to me that is one of the most
lifechanging you know perception changing images I believe it's probably one of the most important images ever
made um uh for for Humanity to u i I think it is too um I miss Carl I knew
him quite well um but um I mean I think he had the
spirit of where of where the night sky is more than most people do
today I would agree and he put it the the words that he would use in his
presentation style and all the rest of it you know are still loved by millions
around the world you know with his books and um I saw a recent um kind of a
documentary of Carl Sean's struggle with his book um
contact and the struggle that he had was is was the uh time travel aspect of uh
being in a black hole and um I think that uh marchello might have touched on
it a little bit um but Kip Thorne is the one that helped Carl San uh crossed that
bridge and uh helped put that story together uh because Carl the way that
Carl had written that part you know where where uh the girl takes the U uh
the time travel apparently car Carl Sean really had a tough time with that you
know and and worried about it quite a bit so but U anyways um I want to thank
our audience for tuning in today and watching the 145th Global Star Party
uh I want to thank um uh people that uh popped in that uh didn't think that they
might make that Terry man had to race over and do that uh we kicked it off
with cran Vera heini who took time out of her very busy conference uh down in
Houston to be with us um uh you know Caesar uh uh was there
to tell us all about the star parties that go on in Argentina down there and
those remote areas uh north of uh venair and um uh anyways uh there's
astronomy loved all over the world it's kind of fun to sit here and interact
with all of you and in fact it's more than kind of fun it's a lot of
fun and I know that David and I both love it as well so anyhow um we're going
to finish with a uh a video it's it's actually a two-part
video we're going to show part one tonight uh about the life of of Albert
Einstein I think you'll find it fascinating so uh here we
[Music]
go he was the first scientist to become a
public figure a legend in our
times the realities of 20th century science its power are linked with
Einstein's image it followed from the special theory of
relativity that mass and energy are B are but different
manifestation of the same thing a somewhat unfamiliar conception for the
average mind furthermore the equation E is equal m
c² in which energy is put equal to mass multiplied with the square of the vity
of light showed that very small amount of mass may be converted into a very
large amount of energy and with the Earth the mass and energy were in fact
equivalent according to the formula mentioned above this was demonstrated by
Craft and walon in 1932 experimentally the world of
experience and the Nar Ness of Consciousness bring about a sort of atomizing of the life of every human
being in a man of my type the Mind disengages itself from the momentary and
merely personal and turns toward the mental grasp of
things 1905 in Europe there is peace and stability Europeans are comfortable and
secure in their well-ordered life confident in their ideas and ideals
a sense of progress and power is part of the way of life previous generations have given them a revolution in Coal
steel steam power now there is a further Revolution electricity is completing the
transition from the medieval to the modern [Music]
[Music] world in the Swiss town of burn Einstein wrote
that year the three papers which revolutionized thinking in the 20th century he worked in a patent office
technical expert third
class his job was to analyze the gadgetry of the modern era telegraphs
telephones Precision Instruments at night he continued his studies of
physics [Music] an outsider he began to reshape
scientific thinking who was he these are the photographs of his
youth a German Jew comfortable if modest childhood in ul and Munich he rebelled
at an early age against the rigidity of the Prussian classroom at 16 he sought a less
coercive education in Switzerland where a Jew in in Germany advancement of the professions is not assured his goals
were simple to study at the Zurich poly Technic and become a professor in the Natural Sciences one should do things
for which one has talent besides there is a certain Independence in the scientific
professions he failed at first attempt the entrance
examination something of a vagabond independent Einstein thrived in the only
Europe an democracy he developed a passion for nature experience flights of
imagination the Young Einstein was still not a distinguished student rather he
preferred experiment on his own talk in cafes and the books of the new physics
especially Ernst Muk who urged intellectual skepticism there were few opportunities
for him when he graduated he took Swiss citizenship but successfully appealed
military service he fell in love with Mala Maric another foreign student they
were married friends secured him positions teaching and in the patent office in
1905 Einstein at 26 had a family and had been a patent clerk for 3 years he
shared his thoughts with his friends among them Michelle besso from the zorich days and a stylish Bohemian
Society of three young intellectuals he gathered around him the Olympian Academy as they called it the current state of
physics was a favorite topic 1905 he wrote to one of his friends I'm sending
you some revolutionary ideas at the turn of the century there
were two alternative ways of viewing physics through Newtonian mechanics or
Maxwell's equations 300 years before Newton had described physical
occurrences as instantaneous action between bodies at a distance this worked
well with the motion of planets around the Sun as well as with motion on earth like the path of
cannonballs but there were other kinds of physical occurrences which Newtonian mechanics could not explain well
magnetism electricity and Optics Maxwell described these
electromagnetic phenomena as moving like ripples on a pond only faster at the
speed of light interaction takes time this scheme was embodied in
Maxwell's equations by 1900 there were two competing research efforts to reduce the
world to one or the other system Maxwell's view was particularly successful people thought that was the
right direction but Einstein had seen crises where others were confident
historian of science Arthur I Miller Einstein viewed physics differently in
particular because of a thought experiment which he he conceived of in 1895 it concerned an observer on a cart
moving along and who who was capable of doing any sort of experiment for example measuring the velocity of light the
Maxwell Theory predicted that the result for the velocity of light that the Observer obtains should depend upon how
fast the card is moving however this was contradicted by certain experimental evidence Einstein's intuition asserted
that the result which The Observer obtained should did not at all depend upon how fast the card is
moving many physicists at the time proposed reasons for the lack of any
effect of the card on on the measured velocity of light which they tacked on to the Maxwell Theory Einstein on the
other hand moved in a different direction he cut through this situation by raising to a lore of physics that the
velocity of light is always the same and is independent of the motion of the source this view is based on Einstein's
other intuitive look namely that the Observer on a moving C where the cart is
moving in a straight line at a constant velocity this Observer cannot do any experiment at all which will reveal the
card's motion and this is what is known as the the principle of special relativity as a consequence of these two
laws time is no longer an absolute quantity but rather it depends on the motion of the card this was a stunning
result and run against everyone's grain including Einstein's to to convince himself of its veracity he had to turn
to the critical reasoning in various philosophical works of the time which
convinced him that the notion of absolute time was anchored in the unconscious that is to say the very high
velocity Alik compared with all other velocities that we encounter in our daily life has tricked us into
concluding that time is an absolute quantity Einstein's reasoning was is
something which uh transcended science as it is normally conceived that is it
went from an analysis of science per se to analysis of Sensations to an analysis
of thinking itself Einstein soon realized his paper contained a thought
which transcended relativity itself the equivalence of mass and energy the
well-known e equal mc² overall Einstein's approach had been
to accept principles justified by experience from Maxwell's and Newton's systems but reject the idea that all of
physics could be described by only one of them with the speed of light established as a constant Newton's
mechanics was ruled out as the Supreme system Maxwell's systems were adequately
reinterpreted but this revision only lasted a few years a German physicist
Max plun had discovered that some types of light radiation did not correspond to
Maxwell's wave scheme and Einstein himself demonstrated that it was useful
to think of light not as waves but as discret particles
Quant he remained a patent clerk for four more years then finally came
recognition and employment as an academic in 1911 he was invited to a major conference for his work on light
Quant the salv conference was an expression of the era of international science Madame curri radioactivity po
car who nearly expressed relativity Laurence the electron Rutherford the atom but it was
the young who were creating the theoretical framework especially Einstein and the Dane Neils bore who was
formulating a new model of the atom Einstein now had obtained some
security a chair in physics at the German University in Prague the university is near the old
Jewish cemetery here the images of jewry were strong
was a reminder of the role of the Jew in European civilization civil servants were
required to have a religion Einstein wrote on the state questionnaire
Mosaic frog was a time of Crisis for him marriage with Mala was
failing the author Kafka described this declining World militarism authoritarian
bureaucracy a monarchy unable to rule 18 different different
nationalities anti-Semitism flourished a friend introduced Einstein
to the intellectuals around kfka critical of the morality of European civilization concerned for the fate of
jewy there is unfortunately no account of the meeting of kofka and
Einstein in Prague Einstein's political sense began to develop his political
philosophy came from the same source as His science as a youth he understood
that the validity of a human or natural system is dependent on the logic of the rules governing the
system at 12 in a moment of intuition principles of ukian geometry were
self-evident to him but principles both moral and
scientific had correctness only in so far as they were justified in everyday
experience these ideas were soon to be tested in the center of civilization
he had left Prague in 1912 returned to Zurich then came
[Music]
Berlin the proudest Tower in Europe was Berlin its monuments were Testament to
its victories it streets the triumphs of 19th century civilization No Other
Nation had so well ordered its social energies and
ideas as an expression of this National Power Kaiser vilhelm II had created an
Institute of physics which was independent of the University Einstein was brought in as its director as a
celebrity he joined the elite of European physicists they were conservators of a
system of science which had grown with and supported the development of the German
Nation out of the Laboratories and the seminars of the universities came the ideas for petrochemicals electricity
military technology which had created the industrial and military power of
Germany explosion in knowledge was in turn protected by the
[Music] military this was culture proportion of
ideas and power 5 months after Einstein came to
Berlin the war happened 93 German intellectuals
immediately delivered a Manifesto to the world they urged faith in German militarism as the protector of
civilization and of the German nation that holds the legacy of gerter Beethoven and Kant no less than Heth and
Hol another Manifesto followed signed by four academics Einstein shared in the
writing of this document suddenly instinctively Einstein emerged as a
pacifist on the European scene never before has any War so
completely disrupted cultural cooperation technology and communication
suggest the need for international relations which will move steadily toward a universal
civilization the scientist gorg Nikolai who organized the manifesto was not a
Swiss citizen like Einstein he went to jail during the war Einstein remained in
touch with European intellectuals among them Roman Roland on the subject of
Peace German scientists to Einstein's dismay put their knowledge to work it
was the same everywhere in Europe his friend Fritz hobber developed nitrates for gunpowder Walter nerst helped
develop mustard gas trappings of War became everyday
surroundings More Heroes more soldiers on the street Einstein faded into the German
home front there was a second marriage through relatives he had met his cousin Elsa a good-natured woman she looked out
for him he settled into the routine of a Berlin teacher pursued His
science the war ended in 1918 with an outburst of revolution ution world
around Einstein changed abruptly a Democratic Republic was proclaimed by the Socialists the viar Republic
Einstein took on a new role not unanticipated representing the university during the Revolutionary days
and when the victors blockaded Germany he sought to plead with them on behalf of the famished
population but the Germans were the outcasts of Europe at Vera the leaders of the Republic acknowledged war guilt
but were forced to accept a treaty with preparations as this post-war political
order was created Einstein's New Concept of the universe was being tested during the war he had completed
Major Works some of his work in atomic physics ultimately resulted in Laser
Technology the primary achievement was the completion of the laws of general relativity they would become the
foundations for understanding a universe later to reveal itself black holes
gravity waves and expanding boundaries even though special relativity removed the absolutism of space and time it
referred only to reference systems moving in a straight line with a constant velocity Einstein removed this
restriction by means of another thought experiment Newton's mechanics predicted the same results for the case in which
the cart is uniformly accelerating in a straight line or when the cart is at rest but is in a constant gravitational
field einar concluded that we have no reason at all to distinguish between those two cases for example if you're in
an elevator accelerating upwards your briefcase feels heavier but you might as well be but you could also consider
yourself to be at rest but in a gravitational field which is more intense than the one you would be in if
you were standing on the earth so Einstein concluded one cannot do any experiment whether it be electrical
Optical or mechanical which can distinguish between the cases in which you're in a in a system which is
accelerating or in a gravitational field this is the principle of general
relativity application of the principle to the Maxwell equations LED Einstein to conclude that the velocity of light is a
variable quantity that is to say it depends upon the gravitational field and light can take a curved trajectory in a
gravitational field another consequence was that measuring rods could be so severely distorted in gravitational
fields that the concept of distance is very difficult to Define but Einstein
ended up with was a mathematical formulation of curv space time in which the curvature of space is determined by
gravitational field since Fields result from matter therefore it is matter that
causes the curvature of space general relativity predicted the curvature of light near massive bodies an English
Expedition organized by Edington in 1919 and a later American expedition tested
this prediction during the eclipses had Einstein been wrong it would have been no bending of the staright The observed
deflection was within acceptable limits of prediction the event made news and the myth quickly
emerged Einstein was now a world celebrity the popular mind of the Jazz
Age he was the founder of a modern way of thinking it's all relative The
Familiar images of the world traveler began to take [Music]
shape his lecture tours abroad are fets and Balo none more so than his first
trip to [Music]
America but there are serious purposes the American trip was funded by the zionists to raise money for the Hebrew
University in Palestine it was an emotional occasion when he inaugurated the university the following year
[Music]
he speaks of educational opportunities for all Jews and of cooperation between
peoples on the international scene he worked with Scientists such as Madame curri and A League of Nations committee
to restore the International Communication of Science and ideas but order in post-war Europe was built on
weak foundations the league committee was hindered by French and German
antagonism in Germany there were threats to the Socialist viar Republic in 1920 a
pooch was organized in Berlin by intellectuals and soldiers dissatisfied with versailes much of the violence was
near Einstein's house the right was emerging in the post-war
world even though the PCH failed the Coalition extended into the academic world groups associated with it singled
out Einstein and relativity for attack among the leaders was Philipe
Lenard a Nobel Prize winner the anti- relativity group organized a public
meeting Einstein was present to hear relativity denounced as Jewish and hostile to the German
spirit in the Nationalist Revival anti-Semitism was a force Einstein is a
rebel internationalist Jew Lenard was extreme among academics
but there had already been in the academic world a sense of opposition to The Republic many felt themselves the
embodiment of the traditional culture there were still old friends
flan fanau hubber but Einstein is the
outsider the Gumble Affair focused his alienation Amil Gumble a young scientist
was denied promotion because he exposed assassination attempts on viar officials
when Gumble sued Einstein supported his civil liberties for this he was censured by his
colleagues there was a crisis in democracy in viar Einstein was identified with its
preservation his political beliefs like those of this socialist election film envisioned the state as a rational
social order ensuring an education based on
reason planning technology providing employment and material security the goal of the state
was the development of personality the Einstein Observatory at potam expressed this ideal experiment
but order reason the humanity of technology in contrast to the monuments
of nearby Berlin it was designed to reflect the rhythms of Einstein's
Universe Simplicity was the way of the man himself at kaput his house in the lake area outside Berlin he was followed
here by politicians and academics like the American physicist who took these home movies but here he could sail think
Lounge With Friends the informality became part of the
legend by 1929 Einstein was acknowledged as the high priest of science he had a
Nobel Prize for physics he was the embodiment of European civilization 5
years before the saan had snubbed him as representative of German culture now it
accorded him its highest
honors at 50 Einstein was at the peak of the scientific Community his work was
the starting point for a golden age of physics there was a new generation of
scientists to these young Lions physics had its limits Eisenberg expressed the
sense of things one could not find the location of any one subatomic particle
because any measurement necessarily with light affected the result Einstein's old friend Neil's bore
gathered the youth around him we cannot know reality for certain he said only
that it behaves as both particles and waves this ran against Einstein Instinct
for order the exchanges between them were intimate and intense Einstein argued that God would not play dice with
the universe there must be order bore that uncertainty was itself a principle
of the universe Einstein presented thought experiments in which the position of atomic particles could be
determined bore counted that these conflicted with the evidence of Einstein's own general relativity
Einstein could not shake the belief of international science in
uncertainty in another world in Berlin Einstein was often in a Cosmopolitan
Society of writers artists
[Music] academics supporters of vimar democracy
they shared also Einstein's internationalist and pacifist views Einstein was among their leading
advocates [Music]
Geneva the League of Nations was the center of this Society a European Outlook flourished around League
programs for disarmament extending from the far-left in France to the heart of the English establishment these are the
voices of militant pacifism reason here gathered with George Bernard Shaw at a
banquet honoring Einstein Napoleon and other great men of his sight they were
makers of Empire but there is an order of men who get
beyond that they are not makers of Empires but they are makers of
universe their hands are unstained by the blood of any human being on
Earth colonist made a universe which last of, 1400
Years newon also made the universe which which has lasted 300 years Einstein has
made the universe and I can't tell you how long that will
last in Germany the viar government was disintegrating the Depression was
beginning and the issues of democracy were being taken to the street those who spoke of reason and Brotherhood were few
in number Einstein at a 1930 radio
exposition the real source of all technical progress Divine
inquisitiveness and the Instinct for play the constructing and pondering
researcher and no less the constructive imagination of the technical
inventor the technicians not only ease the daily work of humans but also make
available The Works of the finest thinkers artists to the general public
whose enjoyment only a short time ago was a privilege of the great thus awaken the peoples from a
sleepy [Music] stuper that same year in 1930 Einstein
made the first of three annual visits to America his Humanity was quickly projected to the public in news re such
as this in the greatest city of the world I'm delighted
I'm delighted what do you think of prohibition
Professor he doesn't drink at all so he is not interested in this
question Professor C here in
[Laughter] America
[Applause]
his welcome was the kind given to the heroes of the age he looked like chaplain and he had
[Applause] brains what did you think of the reception of the port
children didn't yes that was lovely children and so healthy so
[Music]
healthy he was brought to the California Institute of Technology by the chancellor Robert milikin to work with
Europeans and Americans on new theories of the expanding Universe Mount Wilson observed vatory
was the center of their work when he arrived American physics was at a turning point American Science had an
inclination toward big equipment an experiment since 1900 proes have been
plowing Millions into a dozen Elite institutions now out of this funding of
best science as it was called Americans were emerging in the Vanguard of world physics the Nobel laurate milikin
himself who had measured the charge of the electron Harold Yuri of Chago discovered dyum lauriat Compton who
experimentally confirmed Einstein's light Quan Laurence of Berkeley who was
building the first of his big cyclotrons and represented the destiny of American
Science for the first time Americans could meet Europeans on their own ground
that Einstein the leading physicist of Europe undertook these visits was a recognition of this
[Music] equality
but there were other reasons on the University scene Einstein adroit and Charming was a useful symbol for the
promise of American [Music]
physics in California it was a relaxed lifestyle Einstein was at home in it but irrepressible he stood
out among scientists with his independent views on man and Society he went his own
way let's make sure my microphone I want to thank everybody for tuning in and uh
learning more about Einstein and um uh we're will'll be back next week next
Tuesday on I think it's the 19th of uh March uh for the uh uh the 146th Global
Star Party um and so uh you guys have a
great night and as uh Jack Jack hor Climer always used to say
keep looking up let me bring uh David on he's he's with me right now thank you so
much I just love that first part of that movie can't wait for the second part next week yeah yeah really interesting
you know I'd also read uh something kind of unexpected David about um uh um
Einstein is that uh you know although he has a famous quote about imagination you
know and how important imagination is but I read that he hated science
fiction I can't imagine well he might have at the time sence fiction if you
were to come back now my guess would be that he would change that view because science fiction is so matured partly
thanks to Clark and uh and um Stanley
kubert uh science ition has really turned around I think and you know Space
Odyssey is still my favorite movie of every movie I've ever seen it's one of my favorites too for sure uh it's a
movie I bought and I don't know how many times I've watched it so um but I
usually watch it about once every month once a month uhuh I'm overdue right now
so I watch it sometimes I watch it um
kind of like back to back because every time you watch that movie uh you see something that you
didn't know before you know so pretty interesting so many
dets the fact that kuber used music to tell the story the way he did instead of
uh dialogue is really so powerful right
that's right well okay that's it for tonight
thank you very much David I'm yeah we'll see you guys next week and um uh uh take
care and uh uh if you got clear skies out there I hope you're taking advantage
of them I'm going out right now good
[Music] night [Music]
[Music]
[Music] [Applause] [Music]