Global Star Party 83

Transcript:

6:00 p.m..Scott Roberts - Introduction
other things that makes pressure for us you know phone calls text messages
6:05 p.m..David Levy – Intro and Poetry
have to do that to have to do that in your car i mean just go you know you can go on and on and on
yeah and you don't galileo had all the time and i think if we just uh when it's
6:20 p.m..David Eicher - Report on Astronomy Magazine’s Star Party
clear we just unclock everything else and do that what we want to do
i think we enjoy much more of of astronomy and not
to like hunt because you will get tired about hunting
6:35 p.m..Astronomical League Door Prizes – Don Knabb
just take the chance when it comes
can i share two pictures scott
6:50 p.m..Molly Wakeling- Astronomolly
uh yes sure i will show just two pictures because i wanted to show
my first picture with my eight inch celestron cst
which i took about two years ago that was my first picture with my
7:05 p.m..Karim Jaffer - Juno Mission
my uh my large telescope
wait i have to do it like this no
7:20 p.m..Randall Rosenfeld - Vincenzo Galilei's 1584 Manuscript
wait then we pull it up there
where it is screen one
do you see the whole screen yeah
7:35 p.m..Jerry Hubbell - Live from the MSRO
yeah that's my first moon picture which i took for two years ago
and this is the next one the same day and this is two years after
7:50 p.m..Glenn K. Roberts - Galileo Quiz
a little bit better yeah it's great
yeah so if you just um wait how do i
8:05 p.m..Pekka Hautala - Reflections on Galileo
unsure where is there
where is oh my god yeah i can get it there where on screen
8:15 p.m..Navin Senthil Kumar
here we go so um galileo means for me that
you can make big things what you have just take your time
8:30 p.m..Adrian Bradley - Nightscapes
because he really did amazing job with the
on that time with only his own made telescope
8:45 p.m..Nicolas Ariel Arias - Hammertime with Nico!
and today we have all this gear i mean that
i'm struggling to find something because i i don't do that go-to
alignment so i have to like i have to
9:00 p.m..Marcelo Souza - Celebrating Galileo
look after with my guiding scope with a little bit longer
larger field of weave so i find the target
but it's fun right thank you
9:15 p.m..Cesar Brollo - Southern Skies Universe
now pekka do you uh do you need to go on earlier than the schedule i had planned for you or
yeah it's it's for me it's uh 3 a.m and i have
9:30 p.m..Maxi Failures - Astrophotography to the Max!
yeah yeah okay i have i have to go up i'll juggle the schedule just a little bit so you can yeah i think
there we there will be delays so i think you will
9:45 p.m..End?
will pass my time over
but it's really good to be back on track so i have to i have to just
plan things but
but the weather has been awful
we have had now like two weeks cloudy and rainy we will
be we will have some sun on friday but not on
at the night time i think and the sun is so low that i have all these trees
that the sun won't climb up yet that high so i can image
the sun
jovid have you ever tried the sun to trim its sun
you muted
david he's muted
yeah now it's better how his uh image sounds sometimes i don't do much imaging of the sun but i
um i looked at it just a few minutes ago okay um three one two groups 10 spots
and 41 prominences yeah i looked with my children for a
week ago and this big flare and that was the first time my kids saw
uh close image from uh prominence and there was like what the heck
and i told them that that flare is a large one and that's like uh
seven eight suns uh earth like if you roll earth
as it's like yeah it was like a week ago and i think that flare
or the sun sunspot made this uh this uh outburst
that we had we had over stockholm but it was cloudy that
night we had northern lights
yeah it could it can come come so low so south yeah
like stockholm and that's 59 degrees north
we rarely get northern lights here at uh plus plus 32
uh but occasionally we do but i haven't seen any of this cycle yet although the sunspots have been very active lately
yeah i'm waiting for them really so
let's see if we get some numbers like 19 1869
yeah which was sown in the caribbean islands
aboard those telecraft well this cycle is starting out to be a
very strong one so we just might yeah we have a maximum
2025 i think 26 25 26.
i hope that
yeah good to see you all
good to see you too yeah well done hi david how are you doing
i don't doing okay glad to be here it's good to see you
yep it's my first time here doing this oh really yeah yep i'll be part of the
regular uh regular rotation going forward
good good for you good yeah terry asked me to say no problem i can manage that
pekka what we'll do so i'll have david levy go on then david eicher then you
you know if you got a short period and then don nab you'll you'll go on after that so we're just going to change up
the schedule a little bit it's uh very late for uh pekka at this point he's in
sweden so it's like three o'clock in the morning or something it's one a.m
well it's one am okay yeah all right not as bad as three not as bad as three that's true oh
becca's an astronomer he can he has and does uh stay up all night so
yeah that's the weather that beside that one
[Music]
[Music] it was the spring of 1609 in venice when
galileo learned about a new device invented by a dutch eyeglass maker through which far away objects could be
viewed as if they were nearby
spectacles compared to telescopes are very low tech but they had been around
for several hundred years it was only when lenses became available in certain range of
strengths that one could take the weakest convex lens and combine it with the strongest concave lens and get an
appreciable magnifying effect galileo worked out the mathematics of
the telescope and was certainly make it more useful hearing reports of a new invention from
a lensmaker in holland i determined to fashion a device for myself and was able to make considerable
improvements galileo realized that spectacle makers could not give him the lenses that he
needed in order to make this device more powerful they just weren't good enough and they weren't
the right strength and so in order to improve the instrument he had to teach himself to grind lenses
and that is extremely difficult and it certainly wasn't 1610.
initially galileo was most interested in improving the optics of the telescope and by grinding his own lenses he was
able to increase the power of his telescope tenfold but soon galileo began using his
telescope to explore the heavens observing the rough surface of the moon phases of venus moons of jupiter and
sunspots each new improvement in the technology of the telescope brought greater and
greater understanding of the universe
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
well hello everyone this is uh scott roberts from explore scientific and the explore alliance and we're celebrating
the 83rd global star party uh and the celebration of the birth of
galileo galilei uh he was born uh uh you know 458 years ago and he's been
called the father of modern science the scientific method the father of
physics astronomy and he has
uh he has impacted virtually everybody's life if you use anything that has to do
with science or technology um you know or or if you are certainly if
you're an amateur astronomer uh you are you loaded a debt of gratitude to galileo
um tonight's program uh uh has a lineup of uh speakers
presenters that uh are from around the world and uh you know they are going to
give their thoughts on on galileo and i don't know if uh you know if there are
poems or songs about galileo i would i would be surprised if there wasn't
um but uh i think that um you know that our uh
you know our our speakers are going to give uh uh some some food for thought um i i have not
attended an event where we were celebrating the birthday of galileo but i think this should be an international
galileo day so what better day than the day he was born on february 15th uh
we uh start off every global star party with my friend and yours
david levy david uh always has
you know wonderful thoughts and commentary about each and every global
star party and um often has a uh you know a
poem that uh that will leave some impact as well so david thanks very much for
coming on again yet again uh for the 83rd global star party and i'm going to
turn it over to you well thank you very much scott roberts
and wendy and i are saying adding our welcome to all of you today and it's good to see randall rosenfeld
here and i don't see him very often enough but i'm glad he's here today
to help us celebrate galileo's birthday anyway um
today will be the 2326th time that i have given a lecture or
read a quotation either in person or online the first one was in the spring of 1960
i think the younger people who were here tonight will think that
i was actually as old as galileo and i wouldn't argue that point
and it's also good to see kareem and karim is reminding me that his daughter tara gave a wonderful
outstanding presentation on sunday at our cosmic generation meeting
worldwide globally wide and organized by young kids run by them
produced by them it was a fantastic event and it might have been the very best
singing session that i've ever been to it really was good for a quotation today i have several
from about galileo and uh the first one [Music]
says quad dicat
veritatum alias devin yetter
these are from the official minutes of galileo's trial in 1632
and they're stating the galileo was under the threat of torture
um then there are then uh the final result of this
sentence also in 1632 we condemn you to the formal prison of
this holy office during our pleasure and by way of salutatory penance we
enjoyment for three years to come you will repeat once a week the seven penitential psalms
um galileo was became a very good friend of
john milton and after the sentence of course the sentence
in the uh in prison in the inquisitions prison
was so harsh that um someone begged the pope after that to
allow him to serve his sentence at his house which is what the pope decided and
relented and so galileo was allowed to spend the rest of his life at
home and one of the people that he met there was a young graduate
of cambridge named john milton and uh
in uh in ariel pagitika as well as famous prose worked
he talks about meeting galileo but then in the major work that he wrote
in his life which was paradise lost there are two mentions of galileo the
first one is from book one through up to class the tuscan artist
views an evening from the top of bezel or in valdarno
to describe new lands rivers or mountains in her spotty globe
milton is describing galileo's observations of the moon and then
in book five he actually mentions galileo by name i'm not certain of this but i believe that
galileo is the only person that is mentioned in paradise lost by name
the only human i believe as when by night the glass of galileo
less assured meaning the glass not the man observe imagined lands and regions in
the moon or pilot from amidst the cyclades de los osamos first appear
in ken's a cloudy spot and uh
you know i think if john milton was that impressed with california
i certainly think that we all these hundreds of years later deserve to be as
impressed as well and back to you mr scott roberts thank you okay well thank you very much
it's uh uh it's hard to imagine the uh circumstance
and and the you know what it was like to live under uh the threat of um you know speaking
your mind and and to you know to take such amazing discoveries such as
galileo made with his telescopes uh and not be able to um you know really be embraced by that i
i think that there was probably uh people who were amazed but probably a lot more people were either
confused or angered um by you know the
what galileo was claiming you know so but um
he is uh he is something that uh you know and he's not the only one you
know giordano bruno um i think that uh galileo was also
perhaps some thoughts of what happened to him were going through galileo's mind during this
inquisition so you know giodarno was burned at the stake so
um thank goodness that that didn't happen i believe that
galileo was um you know the church had uh
uh judged in in favor of galileo or or maybe forgave galileo for his uh
his uh you know his claims or the way that uh uh that he came across and and excuse me
the church might have forgiven him but they sure took their time about it even though they founded the vatican
observatory one of the great observatories in the world yes to study the things that
galileo had studied it wasn't until the 19 late 1970s
when pope john paul ii officially said we blew it with galileo and
we should never have done that and i wasn't until then
well better late than never uh i say so um
but uh anyways again david thank you so much it was awesome and um
so we are going yeah thank you we are going to uh
move on to uh david eicher the editor-in-chief of astronomy magazine uh
david has just got back from astronomy magazine's star party and so here you
here you guys you have you have uh the editor-in-chief you think maybe he would
be up in his ivory tower or something you know directing uh what goes on in the astronomical world but no these guys
roll up their sleeves uh they go way beyond the print and the and the website
and uh you know the things that you know of astronomy magazine uh and they add a greater dimension by
interacting with the public and putting on their own star parties so i think that's awesome and uh
david so um you're here to give a
uh quick report and uh we look forward to it so thank you thanks scott and it's nice to be back
although uh when i got back last night from arizona it was 59 degrees colder
than it had been in tucson so that was a little bit i wasn't able to bring the weather with me but i
brought the spirit of something with me and that was because of course as we know uh in the fall of 1609 when galileo was
looking with his newly invented telescope which he had recreated based
on a hearing about telescopes being on the street for sale in paris which
terrified him because he had always had dreams of making extra money
as a professor in a tutor uh by inventing a telescope and so he
lickety-split uh did exactly that and uh one night he looked at the church
dome that was near his from the roof of his abode and padua and swung over uh to the
moon and made the first astronomical observation with a telescope in history
and so we carried that on and and of course galileo um you know went went right on to um
observe the phases of venus and uh a miniature solar system if you will and
with the moons of jupiter and the fact that the milky way is made of innumerable stars and all sorts of other
firsts that really led to the modern era of observational astronomy so we were
happy to be in tucson for the first time in a couple of years with a public event and had a very nice star party and
turnout at pima community college for the magazine there people were masked and careful but we
had a good turnout and saw the the moon lunar craters we
had some looks at uh uranus at the orion nebula of course was ubiquitous uh
the double cluster the owl cluster and other bright deep sky objects because the moon was out saturday night and
reasonably bright we coincided this with the gem show so that we had a lot of people coming over who were looking at
minerals and rocks and meteorites during the day and they needed something to look at it night and so we had a nice
turnout on saturday night with a 14-inch telescope that's in the observatory
there at pima community college and then seven telescopes from jim knoll and the
great tucson amateur astronomy association one of the great clubs in in the country they're turning out for us
as well so that was a lot of fun and it got me thinking in the tradition of observing that galileo started us with
and i don't mean by any means whatsoever to compete with david
which is not possible but i thought i would read a poem which i stumbled on uh
today for once because i don't have a regular presentation having just
arrived to a whole lot of work this morning at the magazine so this is we grow accustomed to the dark when light
is put away as when the neighbor holds the lamp to witness her goodbye
either the darkness alters or something in the sight adjusts itself to midnight and life
steps almost straight that's from emily dickinson and then uh
shorter and more to the point salvador dali simply said to gays is to think
so [Laughter] there are a couple there um
and i'm borrowing a couple of lines also from tim ferriss's great book about observing called seeing in the dark
um and you know that this is really uh
an interesting paragraph i thought uh the first bit of his book is an account of his own experiences as a lifelong
stargazer principally the experience of what happens in the moment when ancient starlight strikes the eye and incites
the mind these encounters involving as they do the inconceivably remote and the deeply
intimate have meant so much to him that it seemed inadequate to describe them solely through the eyes of others
um observing uh it uh it really uh
is at once one of the oldest and most ennobling and one of the newest and most
challenging of human activities says tim ferriss who's a great writer
and just a couple of stray thoughts i had tonight on that we have the same laboratory with astronomy that the
professionals have which is almost unheard of in science in archaeology even uh you can't where
you can go and explore things generally speaking you can't get that the same laboratory the same places as the
professionals can go you can't get that with applied sciences say with doing
home surgery you know or at least you shouldn't probably you know you could run into
major problems there we also have now almost an unlimited
number of targets which scott and explore scientific and others have
helped bring to us when i was a young observer and i got my first c8 and i
read about what you could see in an 8 inch telescope and i went out early in the morning in the winter time and i was
really disappointed to read that well you can't see the veil nebula in an
8-inch telescope in the mid-1970s well i went out and looked and by god you could too
you know so the information that's available now as well as the instruments
is so so much better now than it ever has been we have vastly more targets 10 000 or
more we can look at that are pretty exciting targets to look at in amateur telescopes we've gone from the mundane
from the big three types of deep sky objects and some planets and double stars and maybe a few
variable stars to things like remote galaxy clusters and the companions of
black holes in systems of carbon stars of other really interesting exotic
things we're limited only really by our imagination so it's really a golden age
of star gazing that we're in not only the science of astronomy but stargazing
as well as we have the launch of the next great telescope we also have more
capability now with our own telescopes at star parties than anyone has ever had
by a long shot in history and i thought scott on an unrelated note just because
i got back from the from tucson and we snuck over to the gem show is always from our star party i
just thought i'd show a couple of little things because this heritage galileo's time the 16th and early 17th century it
was marked by a big change among what were called natural philosophers
at the time or now we like to think of science scientists and that is that they
had a cabinet of curiosities as they called it uh interesting neat little
things that uh helped us contemplate what was going on in the world and in the universe so i
only brought two little things back which i thought i would show one is a little uh sphere of
rhodochrosite manganese carbonate brilliant pink reddish mineral and and to take a block
of this stuff and to cut it into a sphere is actually a lot of work and a big deal so you know
now we know that these don't have any magical properties except to you know uh
take a hundred dollars out of your wallet this one but but uh but they're cool and they remind us of what um
planetary science is all about this is a little bit more unusual and exotic and i
got this from a meteorite dealer friend you can see it has a little germanic
seal on it here with wax and an explanatory paper well this is a block of stone
and it's actually what meteorologists call impactite that is it's not
meteorite of course but it's ground that was struck by an impactor in this case
about 15 million years ago this is from the famous nordlinger rhys
crater in europe in bavaria in southern what's now southern germany about 15
million years old and what's cool about this block this contains a lot of micro
diamonds this nordlinger reese which is uh centered on the town of nordlingen
uh in in bavaria and what they did starting in the year 1427 in this town
was to build a large church it's called saint george's church so this is block
that's both uh impacted by an extraterrestrial strike
and taken out of an historic church that was built in 1427
in this very unusual region called the nordlinger reese crater
so there are a couple of uh bits from the cabinet of curiosity the latest
things and let's celebrate scott that we have a unique and the best era ever for
observing the sky we can celebrate galileo's tradition and carry it on
oh scott i think you're muted
how about that here we go i'm curious if um
were there any have there been any special issues uh that have been published by astronomy magazine uh
dealing specifically with galileo i mean there's been some great publications
we published a very special large issue about dealing with a lot of things
um you know what was it uh some 10 years or a little more ago that
was the 400th anniversary of of galileo's observations first
observations and publication you know the siderius nuncius basically brought
uh the first round of important observations of everything that he saw in his telescope for all the for the
better part of a year not quite a year uh to the world and and so we did a big
i guess it was in uh must have been in 2010 um that we did a special galileo issue
then we'll have to do something again though uh it's very very interesting of course the story of galileo and you can
go you know to to padua and see his house the house site and the church
where he's entombed you can go to archetree which is just outside of the one of the great places in the world
florence italy and and see where galileo was imprisoned still of course
uh and and all of that stuff is right there to for the seeing if you can get over to florence italy and the region
[Laughter] yeah that's on my bucket list for sure
david could you uh tell us um who was the first person to discover
that the reese was an impact crater and that he could get samples from the church yeah and was it not the same
fellow who determined uh something about that crater that's near you my friend
it absolutely was meteor crater and and not only did gene shoemaker figure out
that nordlinger reese was an impact crater but of course for uh uh many many
decades uh meteor craters was it was a mystery as well uh near winslow arizona
and gene shoemaker did his phd work uh figuring out that uh um meteor crater
was an impact crater and by uh extension that virtually all the
craters on the moon were impacts and of course he brought the astronauts there and he trained the apollo astronauts
prior to the apollo missions so jean shoemaker who you knew extremely well of
course and worked with david you were kind enough to introduce this kid from ohio to gene and carolyn many years ago
and they were heroes of mine and and we were in fact at lowell observatory with them i think the
first time i met them and they were very you know fatherly and motherly if you
will and very very sweet and kind and uh this is a fellow you know we know what
carolyn did as well and all the discoveries and the incredible work she's done gene essentially invented the
science of impact geology almost single-handedly
yes wow yeah thank you david thank you dude david
all right um we will uh oh and before you go uh uh david i do want you to
mention your new publications that are coming out and and what's going on in astronomy
magazine so oh well there's some things kicking around maybe to talk about a little later on in the year but but i
have a kids book that's coming out uh that's called a child's introduction to
exploring space this fall from black dog and leventhal publishers in new york
we're excited about that michael bockitch my pal and i uh and we have a bunch of special things
coming down the road from astronomy magazine one of them is a couple issues from now that's in the works there's
going to be a huge special issue on space art
that the iaa has worked with us on and there'll be 50 pieces of the greatest
current pieces of space art published in this issue with the magazine that's coming down the road and then next year
we have some other special things this year which i'm not going to mention quite yet but next year actually 2023
will be the 50th anniversary of astronomy magazine so we have a whole bunch of special
things coming down the pike there and we're still uh by far in fact by a factor of two the largest publication
uh on the subject that there is so we have a lot of things in the works and it's going to be an exciting year to
come an anniversary year coming wonderful wonderful that's great i i
really appreciate you coming on david i know that uh you're you're when you leave the office like that and
and then you get a little buried but thank you for taking your time thanks so much scott okay
all right so so we're going to juggle the schedule just a little bit because we have a special friend from stockholm
sweden is his name is becca hautela and pekka uh has wanted to say a few words about
galileo so we're gonna let him go on first so that he can get some uh some sleep
it's it's quite late there so yeah thank you scott and uh nice running matong you gave me
again after david it's hard to keep on with that
uh thank you david it was a really interesting lecture you gave but
okay uh back to galileo and what galileo means to me especially for me it's that
when i started astronomy when i was like 80 years old i got
my first pinnacles for my father and the other side was broken so i had
monoculars and those were too heavy to carry eight by fifty
and so i changed it and bought this one
it's quite the same size that galileo had it's 30 by 30. it's all metal
it's from 70s i found it on ebay it's similar that i have when i was 9
76 and it has a manual
if you can see this right it's an organelle manual
single page i like how to use a tube hand telescope and it's very long and it has an
organelle box also and
i used that quite long and after that i bought similar telescope that scott has
his first but the legs were too short so i took some
took some wooden slats and made a longer woods
legs for it and i use that scope for observing venus
and so on and that that reminds me when i think about
galileo those backed for those times when
it was so primitive for me everything studying by library and
borrowing some books from library and copy them by hand
to blank paper breathing down everything because that time we didn't have any copy
machines maybe the
some lower houses had that time i don't think that they had but i copied
everything and i drove as much i could the pictures and
what's is amazing for me what galileo did is that he could
make the research he did and inventions with those
resources he had think about that he made his first telescope by hand and
he found jupiter he is probably the founder of
uranus he have drawn it on his map but he thought that it was a star
uh he made the first tempers fluid temperature meter with those
floating differometer yeah yeah and uh
we talk about the fingers scott but there is three fingers in the in the
museum right that's true that is true oh and i
think the tooth one of his teeth are around somewhere it's his thumb it's a pointing finger and the middle finger
yes on this uh glassing uh
in a display case right yeah display case
but what why he is so important because he reminds me from my grandfather from my
mother's side he was also an inventor and he invented
stuff that was useful of all that stuff he had around he he didn't throw
anything if a car went broken he took it apart and made something about
the spare parts of the parts so he learned me some du
rules and to be open-minded that was galileo was
he he was struggling he was when he made his first telescope he was he had a
pint of water in in some kind of uh holder and a
candle that he was the light went through the water
on the white paper surface that he was inventing the how the light
was spreading out and so on and so it seems like uh there were so many
there are many things that he worked on uh invented uh
correctly made observations of that it's just he was just an absolute
genius and his drawings inspirated me that i have to document
everything i see so i had to make first an um
a template for observations and i saw it in one astronomy book that i borrowed so i
copied it and then i duplicated for
papers by hand with the pen and
liner so i so that's why when i think about
all times when i begin that's the same feeling galileo must had
that like you you don't know but you want to know
and you want to no that's right yeah right so that's all for me and it was it is
really nice to see everybody again and have a
good start party it's as always and i will see the reply uh the
recording later thanks thank you thank you david david
don kareem everybody have a nice evening
thank you so much thank you yep thanks for sharing your thoughts about galileo get some sleep now
thank you that's right that's right okay well uh we are going to uh
uh switch to our door price uh segment of the global star party uh the
astronomical league uh uh heads up the door prizes um
and they rotate uh officers from the league that read questions uh
that were from the prior global star party and and then
announce new questions that the audience can answer for valuable uh door prizes
uh i do want to mention some things about the astronomical league though it is uh the world's largest federation of
astronomy clubs um they have over 300 member clubs that are involved there are
over 20 000 members that belong to the astronomical league uh the league offers something for
everyone whether you're a child or you know you're even into your 80s or 90s uh uh uh
just taking up the hobby of amateur astronomy uh they have uh uh a vast uh uh
selection of observing programs that you can get involved with and be recognized
for for completing uh there is a wide array of awards programs that the
astronomical league is involved in the our company explore scientific is
the underwriters of just a couple of them the national young astronomers award
which is an amazing program with high school kids doing research in astronomy
and the leslie peltier award which is uh given to someone for a lifetime
achievement in in astronomy and a new one that we're involved with which is the will mean a
fleming award uh that is uh an award to recognize women in astrophotography
so we're real proud of being part of that but that's just that's just a tiny little
taste of what the astronomical league is all about don knabb is representing the astronomical league
today and don you're up okay thanks god i will share my screen
and start the slideshow
so we start every presentation with the warning about never looking at the sun through
binoculars or through a telescope because it will make you blind and the club i meant when we do star
parties we tell people this and although it's not medically correct what we tell people to think about is when
you cook a sunny side of egg and you crack it into a pan of course you have the yellow yolk and
what we call the white but it's not white when it goes in the pan it's clear right but as it cooks it turns what it turns
white and opaque so think about that happening to your eye not medically occurred but admittedly
so uh so we say always use you know the proper protection on the front of a telescope
never use binoculars that are unprotected look at the uh the sun so so the next thing i'm going to do is go
over last week's questions which were presented by john goss
the planet shines at its brightest this planet four weeks before and after it reaches an inferior conjunction
and that happened actually uh this was presented as february 8th so tomorrow morning he said last week it was again
as the brightest and that was the planet venus
question two john presented that again would have been february 8th the uh sort
of been on the ninth the near first quarter moon passes in front of fourth magnitude star
capital tori to be seen north of uh san antonio so that event is called an occultation
third question was the value of the woman's gravitational pull and observer depends how far that a
person is from the moon following the inverse square law further from the moon less the pole
so if you're on this side of the earth versus that side how much more pull does the moon give to
you when you're overhead and that is six to seven percent depending on whether the moon's close or far away so
i guess that explains why we have tides right so
okay now uh these are the folks who sent in correct answers and they're added to the door price list cameron gillis john
didn't give us his last name but john's there rich crailing josh kovac
uh rich eubank mike overwracker he's actually uh from star city i recognize his name from
the mideast region andrew corkill and neil cox
okay so here are the questions that i came up with and i have to tell you if i had uh i put these together a couple weeks ago
if i had realized we were talking about gail galilea i would have included a question about that later but i didn't
so ngc 1981 open cluster knew the near the orion nebula here's a picture of the
cluster and if you went down several fields of view you would get to the orion nebula
so what is a common name for this cluster the ox-cart cluster
coal car cluster or the rabbit cluster i'm going to pause just a minute because when i
when i listen to the global star party i go and make notes to answer these i write furiously to look at these things
written down before they go to the next question so i'll just pause for a moment there so people can write this down and this
is a picture from uh palmer observatory of ngc 1981.
next uh light from the andromeda galaxy takes two and a half million years to
reach the earth because it's two and a half million light years away so but if you were to get a ride on the
back of a photon traveling from andromeda to earth how long would that trip take from your
perspective on the back of that photon would it take two and a half million years
would take an infinite amount of time or would it take zero time
here's a picture from uh of andromeda i'll pause just a moment because some
people are writing furiously to put these choices down
and the last one fred whipple of the carving college car harvard college observatory developed a
hypothesis to explain how comets behave what object did he suggest as a model of
a comet and i'll give one hint this is a good time of year to make this model
okay so fred whipple of harvard college what was his model of a comment
so as always send the answers to secretary at astrolead.org
and uh get your email in uh terryman receives those and she will
sort through them uh one other quick announcement this coming friday at seven
of course john goss presented the questions last week and uh we'll have friday at seven o'clock uh
astronomically live and john will be the main presenter for the evening along with a few other
folks from the a.l oh including scott roberts and david levy how about that
okay let me stop my share then okay
john thank you so much that was great um i have a question for you uh
uh you guys always come up with all these great questions it is the presenter
that's selected for um uh you know a particular global star party do you guy is that the does the
presenter have to come up with questions themselves you make your own questions up yeah i see that's interesting you're on the
spot yeah so it looks kind of fun it was kind of fun sure sure
well great okay so um we were sent a video uh that i'm going
to play this is just a short video um from uh uh nicolina olavera
she has she was she made world news as being one of the
youngest astronomers studying asteroids and perhaps the youngest amateur astronomer
at age six going through a formal program about astronomy in brazil
and she has we've recently made her our first uh youth
ambassador for the explore alliance but that's just one of the many accolades
that's attributed to nicolina but i'm going to play this little video that she prepared for us
bye thank you nicolina for for putting that
together uh it's my pleasure to uh introduce once again molly wakeling
molly puts on a fantastic program uh called her astronomy series and uh
um she's a fantastic astrophotographer uh she uh
uh regularly is making astrophotographs from her backyard uh
and uh she's a really i'm gonna stop for one minute my food just arrived i'll be right back okay no problem
no problem i'll just talk about you as we go along here i met um i met molly
for the very first time at the advanced imaging conference uh and uh she was i could see the smile
like halfway across the uh uh you know the exhibit
are you back already and she had this amazing shot of the rho
fuchsias um uh you know star star cluster region and
it's just beautiful yellows and you know all the things that you know about when you see this uh particular object but it
was really stunning and uh you know it was just uh i was really
impressed with molly's energy and knowledge and uh you know and then she's
been on many of our global star party events um you know sharing uh her uh unique
take on uh uh you know astrophotography uh and um what she knows uh science-wise
about the uh objects that that she focuses on um
she is also the first place winner of the very first uh
philomena fleming award from the astronomical league with her astrophotograph so congratulations on
that and molly uh if you're all set to go i'll just turn it over to you i am thanks
yeah i ordered some dinner a little bit ago um and uh yeah it happened to drive at the exact wrong moment of course
excellent uh my main computer is uh having some struggles today so i'm on my laptop so
apologies for the audio and the video decorate severe degradation of quality
that's much nicer it's coming over loud and clear uh i've got something something's wrong
with it anyway okay let me uh get sharing my screen here
uh yeah okay so um in uh in light of uh this session being
about galileo i decided to talk about what everybody affiliates galileo with which is the uh well the moons of
jupiter but i started to talk about jupiter a little bit more widely because that um
it's really cool there's a lot of cool stuff happening on jupiter um
yeah okay so uh this slides a little a little
uh i have a format for for these talks and this slides a little bit funny for uh for jupiter because i think i think
we all know what jupiter is uh being planted number five a gas giant uh and
it is the largest planet in the solar system by by size and by mass um and it's it's two and a half times
the total mass of all the other planets summed together it's very massive
so fun fun fact there um so for for seeing jupiter
it's uh it's only up in the sky for part of the year
and that changes from year to year because of the locations of earth and jupiter on their
respective orbits so this is a chart that i pulled for the year 2022
and it might be a little bit hard to see but um it'll so it's gonna be in about
the uh aquarius capricornus region which is uh this is
east of the milky way so you'll be able to um
uh to see it during the summer time and into
uh better better in the fall uh as uh as that part of the sky gets
it's higher earlier in the evening instead of having to wait until 2 or 3 a.m to see jupiter you can see it in the
early evening so um yeah so this is approximately where it's going to be at
and uh of course how high in the sky that is depends on what what latitude you live at here for the mid northern united states
it doesn't get very high that time of year um somewhere i didn't go double check how
exactly how high but somewhere probably between like 25 and 45 degrees so not terribly high
but still definitely beautiful all right so fast facts jupiter is now
known to have 79 moons only 50 something of them are named but
there's been some names proposed for some of the other little bodies four of them were famously discovered by
galileo in 1610 it is 5.2 astronomical units away from
the sun which is 484 million miles on average
it's made of a lot of the same stuff as stars 90 hydrogen 10 helium by
volume trace amounts of other uh organic compounds like carbon ethane
hydrogen sulfide and other things like neon oxygen phosphine and sulfur
little bits and pieces of those jupiter has a actually has a faint ring
system you might have seen some pictures uh taken by space telescopes of that faint ring system and interestingly it's
mostly dust as opposed to ice like saturn's rings are thought that might have been from a
destroyed moon and of course you can't talk about jupiter without talking about the great red spot
which has actually been shrinking over the past decades and centuries since it was first observed it's
currently a little more than 6 000 miles wide which is still larger than the earth
is wide and it is 186 310 miles deep which is um which covers the range from
the ground to the international space station in depth so it is a very
large storm of uh so of course uh you can't there's
there's so much to say about jupiter like i had to really kind of narrow down what what things i talked about with
jupiter because there's so many cool things to talk about so i picked a couple of my favorites
so it's thought to have been is most likely the first planet in the solar system to have formed
and because of its content with having a lot of hydrogen and helium it's
likely to have formed from the leftover nebula material the sun was made out of
in the first 10 million years of the sun's existence since that the the sun will have moved away from that nebula
material or it will have been eaten up um so
it's been around in the system for a long time it's it's actually so massive
that the center of gravity between the sun and jupiter actually lies slightly above the
sun's surface which is incredible considering how massive the sun is
uh just barely above the sun surface but it is above the sun's surface which is crazy
it was long thought to have a solid core but recent more recent measurements during
uh the 21st century have shown that it actually really doesn't
have a solid core it's kind of got a very diffuse core
in the middle of that being metallic hydrogen so hydrogen doesn't actually
have a solid state but when it is under extreme high pressure
and temperature then it can act like a metal becomes conductive which is really interesting
and above that level of hydrogen there is helium and neon rain you can imagine
that neon at the core of jupiter the estimated temperature is something like
20 000 kelvin which is like the same as 20 000 celsius or 20 000 fahrenheit when
they get really high temperatures it's all about the same um so pretty hot not hot enough to
become a star however and the estimated pressure at the core
is some 4 500 gigapascals or units that a lot of us are more familiar with 652
million psi or 44 million atmospheres
so uh yeah super super high pressure environment uh something that i i didn't know about
as i was as i was reading up on it was uh so after after the moons of jupiter
were discovered of course people wanted to catalog them in great detail and
observe all of their phenomena so transiting in front of jupiter and eclipsing behind jupiter and
their orbital periods and all the stuff so this was very carefully measured in the 1600s after the discovery
and it's it's of course easiest to do these measurements when jupiter is at opposition
which is uh more or less when it's closest to to the earth in its orbit uh
more or less usually about the same time um but of course people wanted to
observe it at other times of the year as well and a lot of observations were made when
it was almost going around behind the sun so about six months different in the year
than when it is most easily seen during opposition however after having carefully timed all
of the all of the eclipses and the transits and actually being able to predict them pretty accurately was discovered that
when jupiter was closer to the sun on the opposite side of its orbit the eclipses and transits were always
coming late by about 17 minutes and the eclipses were the same length
but we're coming we're coming the same same amount of time late every time they were observed
and that's when the idea started to come about that the speed of light was not instantaneous but it had a finite speed
and i i couldn't find in the in the quick time i was looking for it what the estimated speed of light was at that
time given what they knew about the orbits of earth and jupiter and the size of the earth and stuff like that but
pretty incredible that there was an estimated speed of light back in the in the 1600s so that's that's
really cool and uh what it took to discover that so like to show
in this segment what the objects i'm talking about look like at different wavelengths because we're used to seeing them in optical
wavelengths a lot of the time whether that's through really gorgeous images from juno
and hubble and whatnot or through our own telescopes but we don't oftentimes we don't as
often get to see what it looks like other wavelengths which can reveal a lot more about the planet's interior
so the image on the left is in a radio wavelength i didn't see in the article this was in
what the exact wavelength was but it was uh done by alma and it's kind of so so in in these radio
wave maps in these intensity maps the brighter areas are basically brighter light more
more radio emissions at whatever wavelength they're at the dimmer areas are dimmer light so it's kind of
interesting that one of the cloud bands is glowing a lot more on radio than the other cloud vans and there's not
symmetry across the equator there so um there's been some some uh effort going into what that'll what
that's all about over on the right is an infrared image from hubble which is pretty close to
optical light looks much more similar to how we are used to seeing jupiter in
optical light and again here intensity is mapped the colors are mapped by intensity as opposed to wavelength
but you can the cool thing with infrared is you can probe a little deeper down into
the cloud decks and see different uh like i think things that block
optical light will oftentimes allow infrared light to cast you can see deeper down into the cloud decks and see what's going on you can see that the
great red spot there is actually quite dim and infrared which i think is really interesting
probably has to do with the uh the gases that are in the in the uh hurricane and cyclone on in
the great red spot than are in the other parts of jupiter on the left here is an ultraviolet image
from hubble and um given the colors on this one i think it's actually a couple different wavelengths of ultraviolet
and you can see the great red spots also quite uh quite dark in ultraviolet
and how you have different gases at the poles than at the bands
and in x-ray jupiter actually has these incredible huge aurora and you've probably seen
pictures of an optical image of jupiter with these blue aurora overlaid over the top
uh this is a um just an intensity image of of the x-ray images of the aurora
but uh extremely cool extremely massive very similar or like but it's like aurora on earth but much larger and much
more intense because jupiter's magnetic field is a lot stronger than earth's
magnetic field so if you want to observe jupiter um
this this coming year the best time to observe it in the early evening hours around 9 10 o'clock so you're not having
to stay up real late it's september to december but it will be visible at some point in the night for much of the year
the nice thing with observing planets especially bright ones like jupiter is that you're not limited by light function you can observe jupiter from
out in the boondocks or from a rooftop in shanghai you can see it from anywhere
which uh is the really fun part about the bright planets you'll see it better with longer focal
length telescopes the ones that have more magnification and you may even want to throw a barlow
on there if the same conditions support but you can see the the four galilean
moons just with a pair of handheld binoculars which is really cool
photographically again you can do it in any level of light pollution which makes it a very accessible target for people
who are living in all parts of the world it's best to have a small field of view so that you can get a lot of high detail
on it and high magnification and because it's so bright you don't have to worry about the amount of dimness that adding
more magnification gets gets you like when you're using like an f10 telescope with a barlow it
becomes f20 you don't have to worry about that dimming in in the brightness because it's so bright you'll still be able to
collect plenty of light it's best imaged with a fast cmos camera on usb 3 using lucky imaging to
beat the the blurring effect of the atmosphere that's how you can get nice
really sharp images of it uh now the image i have in the background here is when uh see when was
it in 2000 it was just like a year or two ago when
uh jupiter and saturn were extremely close to each other something like within half a degree
and actually this is imaged with my schmidt castigrain this is not with like a camera lens or
or a refractor this is with a long focal length telescope i should make cast of
green so um that was extremely cool to be able to witness i think i was live streaming it either
on here or on a universe today's star party one of the two it might have been on here i can't
remember uh yeah very cool conjunction of those two
i wanted to include one last image here which is actually a gif of
a actually a double shadow transit so we have ganymede and then later uh
actually no i think yes you can see um coming up coming off the edge of jupiter
toward the end of the video i think i've labeled i i was going to try and pull up more information on this one but since
my computer was having lots of issues uh but i think ganymede is the first one that pops off the surface here and then
io but i might have those backwards and um this is not near
uh opposition so the offset of the shadows from the moons is quite large
actually no this is when it was near because you could see how close the shadow is behind that moon there yeah that's right
okay anyway double shadow transit very cool um and you can these are these are
predicted well in advance and you can go image this too which is lots of fun
and yeah that's what i've got on jupiter for tonight that's great
fantastic fantastic um i uh uh
you know i love to look at jupiter um when i think of jupiter i also think of
uh uh comet shoemaker levy9
to learn of that those impacts and everything and uh watching you know my my friend david up there with uh carolyn
shoemaker and jean shoemaker on national television and it was in the whole country indeed the whole world was so
focused on this astronomical event uh and uh i remember at you know that they were
telling amateur astronomers those images that you showed in infrared and the alma
image that you showed um they were they it reminds me of some of
the uh the data that was coming down and uh you know being able to see some of the
explosions uh in infrared but they were telling us before that that amateur astronomers would not see
anything from these impacts and boy were they wrong we saw we saw
amazing uh disturbances on the planet surface which lasted
gosh for it seemed like many months david can correct me on how long that was but
it was quite a while before jupiter regained its uh composure of of looking like it once did so
you're absolutely right scotty um they lasted i think almost a year
i think um there is actually a jovian quotation from that week it comes from none other
than neil armstrong who is giving a speech at the white house
to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the apollo 11 moon landing and he said in
our old astro geology mentor gene shumaker even called in one of his
comets to mark the occasion with spectacular jovian
fireworks so jupiter was ushered into the white house that day good talk molly
yeah awesome awesome looks like uh kareem has a uh either a model or like a
like a squishy ball i can't push it's a squishy jupiter it's one of the first things that uh
that a student got me a long time ago when i started teaching astronomy and i just you know it it just draws your attention draws
your eye and when you see it in all the different wavelengths and you see all the different phenomena you can't help but just want to study it more and learn
more and i you know when you were mentioning the fact that we can't see it right now
i have to say as a teacher i was really frustrated looking at the night sky for
winter 2022 because there's no planets in the evening visible and i thought
that's going to be so hard to teach and then i realized that it actually explains the solar system orbits even
better because they start to see that you know venus went from evening to morning early on in the term mercury
reaching its highest elongation right after saturn in conjunction and now jupiter reaching solar conjunction
saturn will start to pop into the morning sky they start to get a better feel for it when they actually have to search for it
a little bit and then come summer time when it starts to come out you know just past midnight and you see it start to
rise in the east we can start sharing it again with people and that's going to be that's going to be a blast
yeah you uh you wrote kind of in the zoom chat uh kareem about uh uh the december
21st uh great conjunction global star party experience and yeah you were there
um yeah my daughter was uh but molly's molly's chair was just fantastic that evening
yeah and i was just i i'll tell you that was um
that was certainly uh a top 10 uh astronomical experience for me to to see
that and all the excitement that was going on and um and that was it was a privilege to
have uh to do this with global star party because we we started with uh i think it was uh christopher go in the
philippines and then move across over several sections that day uh david uh
david levy hung in there and and uh did that whole uh uh event uh with us and he
was on for like 17 hours it was it was incredible i don't think he slept the entire time i
didn't either but uh uh you know it was the kind of the the shared energy of what was going on that
day and everything and to be able to share that in a uh environment of a
lockdown from a pandemic uh was amazing so yeah and then that was really
something i'll never forget that and i don't we don't do it again for a while
for a long time i think that we got a little while to wait so unless something else really big comes
up like well we've got we've got the mars moon occultation happening uh
during mars opposition in december that's going to be incredible i'm looking forward to trying to catch that
i i've never caught an occultation like that i i that's going to be amazing now the last uh couple of occultations
since i started doing astrophotography haven't been visible from from where i've been at so um
i think i might have put that one on my calendar if i haven't i need to and also my my cat orion says hi
yeah let him sneak in there and yeah bombing the uh videos
it's the time of year for orion to be prominent right you gotta be there all he knows astronomy
and glenn uh messaged me in the chat said that his cat saw my cat and had some kind of reaction i guess
wonderful and uh his classmate was callisto how perfect
well naveen was writing in the chat that they had a school uh interactive sort of a role of solar
system planets and he got to be jupiter and he was so happy you know it it strikes everybody just by its sheer
beauty and its magnificence and you know when molly started talking about the size and where the orbit is where the
center of mass is you know the teacher and he was just yeah
yeah there's just like there's so much you can't say enough about jupiter so much cool stuff going on it was one of
the first things that i got to observe in a telescope back when i was an undergrad at uh uh at washington state
and um yeah i got to look at it through a big ol big old uh
like legacy telescope super cool wonderful
uh we'll have to get your cat on our program more often to give a presentation so it
does tend to come come uh photobomb me and uh he's been in several of these i think
[Laughter] molly thinks i'm pretty sure i'm pretty sure our viewership just goes
way up there each time oh yeah it's not a problem that's like the secret to social media
that's how you make something go viral you throw an animal in there you know that looks really cute like molly's cats do
exactly yeah all right thank you very much molly thanks for
coming on we look forward to the next time so karim uh we are
honored once again to have you on global star party uh always excited to have your
uh you know presentations uh i always i'm always very curious also to what
the royal astronomical society of canada is especially the montreal center which you are uh you know
you're heading up all their outreach activities um you know your uh enthusiasm and uh
seems to have no bounds and you know you're that i don't know where you find the
time to make you know the presentations that you do online to do the outreach that you do all the stuff you prepare
for your students and it's uh it doesn't seem like you're rehashing stuff
it really does seem uh you know uh maybe you have us fooled somehow but uh it really does seem that you are
uh preparing for stuff all the time so it's i try to i try to make sure to fit
the theme as best as i can and to give you something interesting each week and uh i i have to say you know coming from you
that's that's a big compliment because i see you so active in outreach aside from
running the company itself and all of the other support and work that you do it's just incredible to
watch and so you know i'm honored to be part of the global star parties and especially tonight celebrating
galileo's birthday and galileo himself is just you know fantastic to do uh i
will talk briefly about some of the stuff going on at the montreal center and some of the other individuals that are organizing some great stuff
uh we had our great astro radio reach out and touch space show yesterday which was just full of just great conversation
and discussion and you know hearing david and david chatting earlier and you know sharing
stories that's kind of the vibe of outreach that i'm really liking these days is you know
not just the presentations but also the conversation like what we just had with molly
i would be remiss if i didn't mention when we start talking about galileo that explore scientific has this fantastic
galileo scope available for teachers to be able to use and so i have one of these that was purchased way back
at the start from explorer scientific when i first started teaching i felt like i needed a refractor and if i was
going to have a refractor to show students i wanted it to be a model where i could talk about the origin of looking
up at the sky with an instrument so you know i have uh i have an old astrolabe set of dials i have a sextant i have a
couple of really nice images of of armillary spheres but then what i really
wanted to have was some of the original types of telescopes so having something like a galileoscope
to pull out and be able to share with students how the optics come in and you
know the difference between changing the eyepiece from converging to diverging to go from a galilean refractor to a
couplerian refractor and what that does is what i've actually spent the last couple of days talking about with the
students so i'm gonna share with you a few of the activities that i do with the students
kind of motivated a little bit by not just galileo but also by some of the missions
to jupiter but before i do i did want to do a brief check in with a few of the activities going on and i'm going to
start with the one that david mentioned this past sunday we had the first workshop by the cosmic generation now
the cosmic generation is a group by youth for youth for an international
astronomy club that meets virtually and does workshops together they're hoping to do projects together and the first
event was actually a workshop delivered by my daughter tara jaffer and she did an alien drawing workshop where she
taught the kids who attended a little bit about extremophiles and why we look
for extremophile signatures when we're talking about aliens and the types of extreme environments where we hope to
find some semblance of life and then the kids themselves tried to draw an alien
and explain where that alien would be what type of an environment why they drew the alien the way they did
and the students shared a lot of their pictures towards the end of the workshop and it was it was really amazing to see
and we're going to be sharing some of these drawings at the next global star party hopefully next tuesday so we do
invite you to come and watch some of the the see some of these creations but also
to give these kids a little bit of of motivation and inspiration to keep doing
this because this this is a fantastic initiative started by the denver astronomical society and uh dina the
president there has been leading these kids to really get organized and start this club so it's been fantastic dovid
has helped set up a group of individuals to help mentor the students if they have any ideas where they need expertise
we're going to be drawing on some of the global star party presenters and some of the other astronomers who have a lot of experience
and outreach and so we're hoping to see this club really take off over the next couple of months
at the montreal center our current outreach coordinator russell fralick has started a series of citizen science
workshops and our first two episodes were real gangbusters i mean it was
great to hear the conversation and to to kind of walk through some hands-on citizen science that can
be done for amateur astronomers and enthusiasts anybody with an interest in trying to
connect science to the astronomy that we do so the third episode is this wednesday tomorrow and anyone is welcome
to join us the link is on our calendar or you can always email me montrealrask gmail.com uh we're gonna be having a
short presentation on quantum entanglement and what we can see about that and try to understand about that in
terms of astronomy and then we have three short presentations on double
stars because the double star program has been a cornerstone of the rasc montreal center for many years dovid is
one of our double star certificate holders and so we're going to be talking a little bit about not just observing
them but also what features that you can look for and show when you're doing outreach and you
want to showcase double stars because one of the things i love doing is having a spectral filter and showing people the
difference in the spectra between the two temperature stars in albarea and it's just amazing to them to see that
the rainbows of these two stars are visually different and they can see that difference
and then this saturday we have our february public event which is the perseverance first year on mars
celebration and again everyone is welcome to join us it's a bit lee slash percy one year
it's on saturday february 19th 7 o'clock eastern standard time and it's a phd student at mcgill university who's part
of nasa's rover operation and science team erin gibbons and she uses the laser
on perseverance to do the chemistry of martian rocks we have a beautiful perseverance image here processed by
pete williamson a fellow of the ras in the uk now what i wanted to talk about was really
about what we associate galileo with which is very much the observations of jupiter
and the first part of that was the moons of jupiter and the observations of the
moons of jupiter moving around that target now whenever i teach this in
class one of the things that i love being able to do is to take them out one night and show them the points of light
or to show them and i do this i bring in pictures and videos from very simple
telescopes not the really well processed ones where you can see tons and tons of detail i want them to see the grainy
thing that you would see with a refractor that you pick up from a local hobby shop or binoculars if you manage
to get them on a tripod or stick them stable while you're sitting back on a sheep but if david eicher is still here
i want to mention that thanks to the space and beyond box i now have a reproduction
of galileo's original observations with the latin text that i pass around the
class so they can see the way in which astronomical notation is done one of the things that was being mentioned earlier
about the way in which we approach it pekka said that you know it really the way we observe and the way we document
our observations is something that a lot of us we we model ourselves after the
astronomers that came before us and galileo was really one of the first to meticulously
write through his observations through devices if we look all the way back i mean hipparchus managed to measure the
magnitudes of hundreds of stars and categorize them and figure out where they were in the night sky in the days
of the greeks and figure out a relative magnitude scale that still is the basis
of what we use now so the idea of observation in astronomy is one that's
very rich using instruments and detailing you know you see something like this when you look through your
binoculars you see a very bright overexposed slight disc and if you're
if you've got fair sized binoculars you know reasonable magnification you can see that it's a disc and not a point and
then you see these points of light around it and i remember a few years back we had a
summer evening at a semi-dark sky spot where one of my former students who had
finished her course she graduated from sejap she came out and she started at
the start of the night with jupiter just rising a little bit above the east and she started taking notes of where the
moons were and over the span of the evening she tried to recreate a lab that my students are actually doing tomorrow
and what they do is they get to follow the movement of the four galilean moons
over the span of many many many months and their plan is to measure the maximum
radius from a cross-sectional view like what you would see through a telescope
and the amount of time it takes to come all the way back around to that position
and with those two measurements they can use kepler's third law and newtonian gravity and simple circular motion which
they learn early on in high s well late in high school early in college and they can figure out the mass of jupiter
reliable and then every now and then you get a student who will come up with an idea of
trying to graph this motion in some sort of a unique fashion you can even watch them graph where the different moons are
going to be at different times of the year and then they can go out and try to see if that's
actually what they spot and it's always great for them to do a little bit of this real astronomy even
if they're not under a telescope or or out under the night sky because of covet
conditions or just because of the weather here in montreal getting them a chance to see what real observations
would look like helps them connect to not just the science but also the hobby of astronomy
now we've been lucky with jupiter where we've had many missions go close by and
give us details on these points of light that we used to see through simple refractors or binoculars
you know these days you have you know a nice eight-inch dobsonian you take it out to your driveway on a nice clear
night when jupiter is a fairly high altitude you might be able to make out a few of those strikes you might even be
able to see the great red spot but for most individuals your first introduction
to jupiter is that point of light with those dots around it for me it was actually the voyager video
from voyager 1 because i was a kid when that video was first taken that was
during the closest approach of voyager 1 on march 5th 1979
and when i saw that video and realized that this wasn't artist rendering anymore
this was the actual picture of what this planet looked like it was just awe-inspiring i couldn't
believe that this actually existed and so pioneer had passed by voyagers
passed by and voyagers are still doing an amazing job i can do an entire talk about voyager but what i want to mention
is that the next probe that we sent out the first solar system probe to enter
orbit around a planet was the galileo probe and it was sent out in 1995 it
took six years to reach jupiter much longer than it took pioneer or voyager
because we were aiming for it to actually enter orbit and then over the span of eight years it
completed 34 orbits it characterized the exospheres of the moons and determine which moons exhibited
magnetic behavior magnetic field around a moon was unknown before it was measured around ganymede
galileo probe identified the volcanic activity on io it confirmed that there
seemed to be a liquid ocean under europa but also that both ganymede and callisto appeared
to have liquid layers and then because it couldn't survive anymore and they didn't want a risk of
it impacting any moons they sent it into jupiter's atmosphere to
destroy itself now that galileo mission was an incredible first step for us to
place an orbiter around another solar system planet and the one i want to tell
you more about today is juno because the juno mission is the one that i talked to my class the most about
juno launched in 2011 and after several years of movement and
deep space maneuvers another swing by earth to get a little bit more of a gravitational push it entered jupiter's
orbit on july 5th 2016. now one of the most interesting parts of
the juno mission is that entire time for those five years data was being taken not just by the
past buys of asteroids which galileo had begun the actual visiting of asteroids
but it's sampled the stellar material that we have in the solar system and one of the findings
that came out years later was that the zodiacal light that we see the sunlight reflecting off of dust
along the ecliptic that we see right now at this time of year is actually martian dust from martian
dust storms that has escaped into the solar system so the judo mission was
able to determine that based on the chemical signatures of that dust now one of the most fascinating things
my students and i talk about with the juno mission is the orbit itself because the galileo probe had discovered just
how intense the magnetic field was around jupiter so the worry was that
because juno was going to be taking some very sophisticated measurements it couldn't spend too much time close to
jupiter so they entered into a sort of ammonia orbit where it spends a long time away from jupiter and then because
of kepler's second law we know that when there's an orbit in an elliptical fashion when you get very close to the
focal point where jupiter is you will be moving the fastest in your orbit
so juno does these quick flybys of jupiter perijoans and as
it completes each perijove it gets more and more data about both jupiter its
magnetic field and all of the moon systems so the plan was for juno to be able to
survive for around the same amount of time that the galileo probe did lo and behold a couple of years ago
because juno was still in fantastic condition we extended the mission where now juno is targeting its perijoves
close to the galilean moons so we had some beautiful images of ganymede come
out next up is going to be europa and then io in a couple of years and then
hopefully we'll be able to extend the mission even further but the other wonderful thing about the
juno mission happened almost as an afterthought just before they were ready to launch
the juno probe a group of scientists at jpl as well as
at nasa suggested putting on an extra camera just for public just to take some
images so that the public could be part of this mission and it was approved and so the judo cam was added on as
basically an afterthought but what judocam has done is it's enabled citizen
scientists across the world to be a part of the work being done
so in our last citizen science episode at the rasc montreal center i explained how my students use junocam and i
mentioned that i'm trying something slightly new with them this term so i want to share with you the results of
this slightly new thing after telling you a little bit about what i get them to do so when you go into junocam you
can choose any of the perigels and for each of the perijoves as juno passes by
jupiter it takes slice shots at different intervals and so it gives you a chance to take all
of these slices and then take them as it passes by jupiter and for those that are a little
bit more adept at astrophotography processing you could even create a video out of this but that's not what i ask my
students to do i ask them to ignore this image because they're not ready to understand something like this
the next three images that you get from junocam are a red filter a green filter
and a blue filter and some of my students don't even bother to read my instructions like oh rgb we just did
that for the orion nebula we can do this and they sit there and they start processing red green and blue and they
try to pull out as much detail as they can and then they color compose them and they look yellowy brown
because the judo camera actually has a color bias to it and so you have to use a lot of adept
processing to the color as well as the hue and the concentration of colors in
order to try to pull out the true color of jupiter luckily the juno team does that for us and so
they create what's called a map projected view based on all of those slices the rgb
filter and then controlled for the color bias and so when we look at this i give my
students step-by-step instructions on how to use curves in which is free
software so i don't want them investing in software until they know this is a hobby that they might want to do or a
research area that they want to go into but i have them use to just try to pull out a few features
and then we choose a specific perijove for them to do it so the current one that i had them do
was perijove 35 because it's a beautiful one of the southern temperate zone
lots of storms lots of cloud layers and this is an example of one of the processing that my students did
of this picture from juno but this term i decided to do something
a little bit more i realized that sometimes it's hard for us to be able to image an entire surface
because there's just too much to look at so i encourage them to take a small slice a small square from the color
projected map or the map projected color image from juno the original one
and after they had done this take that small square and pull out the details in the square
that you want to so i wanted to share with you a collage of what my students were able to put together for this image
of jupiter i was absolutely fascinated by seeing this beautiful work done by my students
i needed to find a way to represent it my plan is to print out a whole bunch of really nice glossy photo paper versions
of this to give them right after their first test so they have something cool to take home with them after they're miserable for having to write a test but
i found it incredible to listen to their conversation as they were doing this
they were arguing about what feature brings a storm out most which cloud they
wanted to focus on they discussed whether the colors were real or not they tried to talk about what sort of stuff
might be going on underneath they looked up pictures of hurricane katrina they looked at pictures of tsunamis of
cyclones they were trying to understand the atmospheric processes because all of
a sudden they were focused in on the details on the atmosphere of the biggest
planet in our solar system and just like it does to me every time it took their breath away
so with that i want to thank you and uh open it up if you want to chat or any questions
absolutely let's see what we have here um
everybody just wants you as their teacher oh that that's so kind i i have to admit
ever since i started doing this juno processing i go back to it in the evenings when i when i when i'm either
you know it's been a long day and i just need something to do that that will kind of bring a spark back or
you know it's a day where where i was frustrated because my equipment didn't work right
the juno probe is there it's taking images the images are there for us to use one of our rafc
members actually took two consecutive slices and processed both of them and moved one red
one blue so that you can use those old 3d glasses that you would get at the cinema to try to pull out some of that
cloud structure it's just you know it's it's amazing what you can do with with
the solar system probes right now and so one of the projects i make available to my students and they're currently
choosing what their major project will be but it's using cassini and the mars reconnaissance orbiter the
lunar reconnaissance orbiter new horizons parker space probe solar dynamics observatory look at all these
space probes choose a few and look at another target other than jupiter and use the same types of tools
but go deeper and that way it's student directed they go as deep as they want they learn as
much as they want and then they share it with the rest of the class excellent excellent i i really enjoyed
uh you know uh looking at uh the prospects of what juneau will
will give to us as they pass through by the moons and uh you know
you can never get too much data on these things and it's it's just once again uh proof
positive that scientists are you know figure out how to squeeze out every last
dime out of our investment into these space missions you know
absolutely and i mean i mean half of half of what we talk about is trying to squeeze out every last detail out of
each photon right so this idea of trying to make the most of the limited bits that we can get is
astronomy because these targets are so large and so far away that that's that's what we're limited to
right i was looking at um you know a a section here on wikipedia about galileo
and his observations of the moons around jupiter and it says that
that many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that galileo could have discovered that uh
planet uh with smaller planets were orbiting around its surface and so
um but his observations were confirmed by the observatory of christopher clavius
and he received a hero's welcome uh when he visited rome in 1611.
uh so you can imagine just the elation that he must have felt
it was only a few years later that they placed him under house arrest at the start they were just they were they were
in awe that he was doing this wonderful work right there's actually
there's some evidence yeah there's some evidence that there were observations of the galilean moons
recorded by taiko brahe's observatory about a year or a few months before
galileo but they didn't believe what they were seeing so they didn't note down a
long-term progression they just noted that there were these other dots beside this this wanderer
right so i i wonder if galileo had uh uh uh you know
uh zeroed in on this uh these those observations if there were anything any
notes or or anything communicated amongst you know his close friends is his group of uh of scientists that were
that were he was uh communicating with uh he said it says here galileo
continued to observe the satellites over the next 18 months and by mid-1611 he had obtained
remarkably accurate uh estimates for their periods and that was something that johannes kepler believed in
impossible yeah so you know so that uh um you know just kind of shows you the
the stature and the ability of galileo uh in his observations and
you know the application of this scientific mind you also have to i mean one of the things that that always gets me is
there's there's a certain amount of i don't even know what to call it but the fact that jupiter's spin puts its
moon's orbits around it in almost the same plane as the ecliptic
so that we can actually see them head-on so that we can take accurate measurements of radii and accurate
measurements a period we're not missing something in that in that point it's that's incredible and then the fact that
he did it not just through a con not just through opposition but over 18
months which meant he followed it through the evening and then back out in the morning right so he actually followed it before
and after solar conjunction in order to do this right yeah just uh
amazing the you know and galileo didn't start this when i mean he wasn't uh i
was 45. he was 40. he was 45. about the age a lot of amateur astronomers get started you know about
45 years old 45 years old in the 1600s right in the 1600s that's like senior
citizens that's old age yeah that was people were dying at 35 right so that
was his full life at 35. he looked at 45 he lives to 77 years old something like
that so like that he died just before newton was born so you know there's this whole uh sort of progression of
knowledge where it would have been incredible if they had been alive to converse together
well galileo because he was still under house arrest his work was actually smuggled out i believe to to the
netherlands by some of the students at the university of pisa who had just they
told him that he couldn't sit on this and he had to disseminate it because it was scientific knowledge and if it's
wrong somebody will disprove it and they convinced him to share his work through them and so
they were probably literally risking their lives to do it oh yeah right so there's there's a whole movie
to be made there so absolutely well i mean speaking of history we have tonight with us one of the rasc uh the
the archivist for our national office randall rosenfeld he joined us back in the fall if you remember he did a
fantastic talk about the new dorner telescope museum that we have and so he's with us again tonight
thank you thanks for introducing him okay randall uh you are on uh great
so this is going to be a two-person presentation okay
or at least we're going to try that we're going to be using non 17th century technology
uh scott i'm going to show up so i'm going to share my screen
but um you should still be so when i say play a certain piece of music you can do that right
i i have it i have it queued up right it will not play through my uh
my uh scene scheduler but i've got my microphone close to the speakers so
we're going to try this well we'll see what happens so let me start this thing can you see
so can can you people see this yes oh thank god i see it just fine
good so i shall start the slideshow i shall try there we go right
there we go so in honor of galileo's birthday and he's had quite a few of them
what i'm going to be talking about tonight is just search a vignette or vignettes glimpses
of the place of music in his life and wanted to so one thing i'll mention before i actually
start oh this by the way this opening slide is a copper flame engraving it's from
the early 18th century but what it does show is the house well it's a palazzo in florence of
galileo's i think it was his last student viviani he was from a quite a wealthy background
and he had his house the exterior of his house decorated to tell galileo's life and galileo's
achievements so above the doorway there you've got a busted galileo and the two um cartouches near the side
you can see the people observing the telescopes and the other thing i should say is that
the music you're going to hear is stuff that i recorded and i'm playing
it on a reproduction of an instrument of galileo's time
so i'm going to deal with these things so give me a second here there we go
so one of the constants in early modern european culture that is the culture of galileo's day and
in the culture of the days before then and even in the days before that is the place of the antique
it had tremendous cultural prestige and the real thing the real ancient
sculpture the real greek text the real greek coin was worth
finding dusting off and emulating you reach the height of development the
height of skill if you can write like cicero if you can write like plato
that's the thing it was aimed for even in vernacular languages but i
should also mention this opinions differed about who had the real thing
be it in world systems or music and some of you will recognize that
again another copper plate you see the copper plate or um [Music] uh
um a word cut that's from my copernicus's dave revolucionibus and that's the copernican system
copernicus thought he was going back to antiquity and reviving a pythagorean idea of how
the universe worked so even someone doing innovation was looking to the past
so music of the spheres here's another aspect of this stuff the harmony of this of the spheres is
part of the classical heritage from someone well from their idea of who pythagoras
was even though he may have been largely mythical and plato and their friends
so harmony the spheres was the harmonious notes produced by the regular movement of the classical celestial
bodies that's the stuff you can see with naked eye the harmony produced by the movement of
the celestial objects was said to be that of the numerical proportions between notes of the scales which were
then in use things like fourth fifths octaves seconds things we're used to now
and that that harmony of the spheres those proportions they could be found in the proportions of everything
no matter the scale so however big or small it's almost like
a version of a theory of everything if you like but there were questions what's this
harmony the spheres music of the spheres was it real was it real and inaudible or was it just a concept
there and of course you could find a range of opinions aristotle didn't believe it was real other people did
but even for people who doubted its reality it was part of their cultural vocabulary it was part
of the cultural background of the cultural grade of society so you could refer to it in one of your writings
by way of an analogy poetry whatever even if you thought it was just a concept so keep that in mind
there's the sphere of the court so courts were an important fact of life
particularly if you were a musician or a philosopher looking into how the universe worked
the court was the early early modern funding body so where your patron was
this is a person the person in the organization which paid for your research
so an early an early experience of galileo's involving a lot of magnificence a lot of
magnificence and music of the spheres was a great medici wedding of 1589
it was a wedding of the guy who would one day become galileo's chief patron the grand duke of florence
and it was a big florentine medici wedding
um i cannot think of a modern equivalent of this this was bigger than even say a
a royal wedding now well there was good reason to think that
galileo and his father vincenzo they're both expert lootiness that they took part
in the entertainment for this wedding and one of the show-stopping pieces
featured it was on the theme of music of the spheres it had that imagery it was used to flatter the medici of course and
it's ammonia so those are harmony of the spheres and to give you an idea of what it
sounded like gonna have our first piece uh scott can you play the first thing okay
[Music] ah that's the wrong
piece you know what i'm gonna do um i'm gonna try to play it from here scott
okay and just to see what happens so to do that oh i'm gonna do this
um just give me a second i'm going to try something i wasn't going to do did i did i screw that up
um but this needs galileo's permission i'm actually going to get the instrument and
try playing it live oh wow you guys don't mind so i'll just see what happens give me a second
galileo has given his permission i believe
at some point um randall had played with you on stage right
i saw the ga and we did in toronto we uh yes we did that evening
yes yeah yeah remember really looking forward to this quote
well david if there's anyone who's going to give permission for this piece to be played live i think it would
be you and uh scott galileo who has to give us permission
well i think he works through you more can you hear me
galileo we can hear you just fine but you're just fine okay so yeah i'm just gonna try this
yeah we're looking forward to it i give you no guarantees i'm gonna play a couple of notes so you
can tell me if you can actually hear this
yes okay so here's the first thing stay close to the microphone
[Music]
[Music]
me [Music]
[Music] up
[Applause]
[Music]
do [Music]
be
oh [Music]
[Music]
uh
[Music] me
[Music] uh [Music]
[Applause]
[Applause]
so that is what the music the the harmony the sphere is what it
sounded like but at the time they had much bigger forces and that is something galileo and his
father may have taken part in so i find it very interesting because i
heard a few patterns in there that reminded me of canon and d major
from bach and i wonder if there was there were some some of the runs
oh yeah well i had a very had some similarity to yeah i'm just guessing runs in the
cannon what was going on what's going on there of course is the similarity of the materials i mean they're both broke
composers even though there's time separating them so the passage work so things like uh
as you mentioned scales rapid scales or yeah hostage merge consisting of chains
of thirds sure you would have thought so next interesting i found that interesting galileo's father very famous
luteinist and he made sure that his sons
all played lewd i mean really played well uh michelangelo was probably named after
the sculptor michelangelo uh was actually professional lutonis in munich
so like his eldest son the father vincenzo was a theorist an experimenter an
innovator and someone who could turn to antiquity to inspire his innovation
so galileo's father was obsessed with renovating modern music by returning to
the emotional power and purity of ancient greek music he thought that well
he read the he read the accounts of how greek music affected people
you could actually turn up angry mob into into a passive mob or get people
worked up the other way just to music and he thought our music can't do that so what did the greeks know that we
didn't know well vincenzo thought he'd finally found some original surviving greek music
and he was the first person to publish this stuff and this was this was in galileo's lifetime
and there is a page of of of that publication on the on the right there
so one of these pieces was a hymn to the sun by mazamadees it was a court musician to the emperor
hadrian he was actually freed slave very very famous guy
so this is second century a.d and this is the first piece of real music for which we've got the notation
which is on a text to do loosely with music of the spheres
one complication is that neither vincenzo nor galileo himself
could actually decipher the rotation they could figure out what the text was because they knew greek
but they or at least galileo knew greek not sure about his father i think he did or he could at least refer to people who
did but they couldn't know what the notes were those actually got transcribed in notation later
so below that the second paragraph there's got the text and i'll play you what this sounds like
oh
[Music] uh
[Music]
bye
um [Music]
[Music]
uh [Music]
[Music]
oh
[Music]
uh
[Music]
so that's that and finally i come to the last thing
probably taking too much time anyways so we've got lots of music written by
galileo's father by his brother but nothing as far as i know
actually survives it was written by galileo galileo liked to play lute um
at that time the early 7th century composing was actually much closer to
improvising and what i mean by that isn't that the pieces they composed that lacked art
or were simple or they lacked complex structure but
it's that it's the other way around but that people were trained the expectation was if you're a good musician you could
improvise stuff which was as good as as stuff which was purposely composed
thought about worked over and published it's just the expectations of the time and
someone earlier mentioned bach bach could improvise this is later of christmas it's the same craft tradition
there's accounts of bach improvising really complex fuse
so i i'm just guessing that galileo was probably content just to improvise i think everything he could have done
galileo himself is play the music that other members of the family wrote
so i'm going to end this by doing by playing one of the pieces
that his father wrote it's in a manuscript in florence uh
the manuscript at least as part of his date to 1584. so galileo was 20. galileo could have played this
i like that as a short piece well what what i like about it it's almost a dance it's a galley yard
but it's called urania so it's named after the muse of astronomy and what better way to mark galileo's birthday
than playing something with that
oh [Applause]
[Music]
so
[Music]
[Music] that's it
it's great so what i'm gonna do is ah
there they are so i'm gonna put my headphones on so i can hear what other people are
saying anyway thank you for your forbearance randall that was great thank you thank
you i i i did not
get this mp3 file that you had sent over to me properly loaded so
but um i'll try to play it later in the program uh as well so
uh probably at the very very end well as well so but i really appreciate it i
love the way that you uh bring about your presentations because um
you just have such a uh a great voice and uh you bring such great interest to your
subject and so it's it's awesome it's good to say that um i have to uh how do i get rid of them how do i
stop showing my screen i'll i'll do it thank you no problem yes well david
david had to sit through um there's something i did with david where i played and he did and he spoke poetry
and he had to put up with that so serves him right though
there was no putting up with it was uh it was listening to the songs of the past and i do find it interesting
um astronomy and music are intertwined how i can't say that i know but
i do see that almost correlation between those that
enjoy looking at the night sky and observing and studying it also have
an interest in music and not just certain music but music of all types yeah you're absolutely right
adrian yeah but i mean you know herschel herschel started as a as a professional musician james jeans he just put a pipe
organ in his house i think it's pretty funny i'm so yeah you're absolutely right um oscar
peterson apparently uh liked to look at uh saturn he had his he had a quest star so yeah absolutely
wait a second oscar peterson had a quest star was this the first time hearing about this that's amazing
he had a quest star he liked to um this okay um this has
as far as i know there's an embarrassment to the rask in all this but yeah he was interested in astronomy
as um uh he was very sick i mean jasmine jerosa and uh
so he could afford a quest star and he liked to go and look at it and look at planets um
i've been trying to find out more information about it but i couldn't and it's to our incredible shame
that as far as i know he was not a member of the toronto center or i mean i mean of the montreal center
[Music] well now i have some uh and i have some research to do i'll see i'll see if i
can find anything on our end i'll reach out to some of the french associations and see what i can find out i mean i was
hoping that um in uh stuff he wrote that there would be some astronomy
themed stuff but i mean i haven't seriously looked yet cool we'll look into that i'll touch base
with you well
ironic enough and i i forgot to write down the song actually in modern hip-hop there's
reference to the stars um there was an interview from neil grass tyson to the gizza of wu-tang
and some of the uh patterns he put together had to do with cosmo the cosmos
um and neil degrasse tyson interviewed him and said hey that's my stuff
um there were some other tunes that i had heard um
i think it i think the uh it's safe to say that the night sky inspires all kinds of musicians
absolutely right about it absolutely a couple of years ago we had uh we had a student who took the radio
signals from the sun and from jupiter and put that together into a musical
composition and i mean sonification taking variable stars and making music out of them or
taking you know the trappist system with seven exoplanets of different periods and making music out of it this is you
know it's a way to represent what you're seeing in a way that speaks to you a little deeper yeah i agree
you mentioned the pulsars um music has been made with the pulsar beat as the background to it
that that can be interesting i love that
is a astrophysicist and an entertainer and she took music um
from uh that she translated from radio waves coming from galaxies which is uh
pretty interesting stuff so um it's uh but i think that i think that
inspiration of looking at the stars the moon uh you know there are countless
songs that have been written about how uh how the cosmos has affected us not
not only from an intellectual scientific standpoint but our hearts you know so
um so it's uh and that makes a lot of sense since we are literally
made of the start stardust and uh so why wouldn't we put it in our music
caroline really wanted to do when we were observing together i think she i always like to think that
she was a little bit serious about this even though she did it with humor we wanted to hire a pianist
install a grand piano underneath the 18-inch and have him or her come and
entertain us as we were doing our all-night observing sessions with music
well remember i think that would have added to the added tremendously to it um when i first
started uh observing with uh my initial club university lowbrows i got the distinct
feeling that music was not allowed and i'm going why not but then again considering the music i
listened to that was probably why not but uh playing the little
and david you've seen the um where i put some of my pictures to music
watching watching it and having the music behind it does something
to harmonize with the uh with just those images it's uh
it's like it brings something together and i'm looking to do i am still looking
to do something with a mozart piece um sometime down the road to see how that
looks i have a lot of images to collect before i uh put that together but um i'm
working on it and i look forward to hearing that and seeing that there was a uh
recent thing on the internet of uh some shots of mars uh
from one of the the uh i forget which missions the latest ones all sorts of uh
snapshots and panoramas of of of the martian surface and anyways they had it
to music and it was very uh spiritual if you will in a sense you
kind of it was very dramatic and it really enhanced the the you know the
photographs which were you know almost like paintings because they were just you know
snapshots of certain areas but the music music was very dramatic and it kind of
grabbed you and you felt like you know it was like 2001 you know
the movie was just like wow you know made you want to go there
so i think that that's exactly what i'm thinking um
one way to present thanks glenn space is a nice guy that's exactly
uh it it works it works really well or at mars
i'll see if i can find it for uh next week's uh thing
uh sessions it was really good great now martin eastburn watching on
youtube reminds us that about uh the planets written by holst you know so
um it's uh it's it's a great piece to listen to
uh when you're out under the stars i like all kinds of different music as well you know whether it's classical or
you know if you're listening to some pink floyd or you know uh or world music you know all of these things
kind of come into play so and it would be totally cool to have uh that loot music playing in the background at some
some star party somewhere scotty did i ever tell you that did i ever tell you scotty that wendy
and i got married to the triumphant theme from jupiter from the planets oh i did not know that that's very cool
march 23rd 25 years ago wow that's very cool
i i do was it do you have video of it or um
i i did prepare a video of it um yeah i kind of do it's not our wedding
thing but it's a um a piece it's the original piece of music that nasa played
at the impacts and we use that as our uh wedding march
very cool excellent if people are interested in the crossover between music and astronomy
there is astro radio and the show's there but especially every august they have a music festival
with nighttime observing it's called solar sphere and uh those of you who want to rock out a little bit while
you're watching the stars that's a great place to go that's right that's right
okay so um up next was uh jerry hubbell was supposed to be here with us but he ran
into some internet issues and nathan hillary messelman has come to the rescue
so we are going to bring him on nathan how are
uh you i i'm doing great and um glad to be here
um i just wanted to talk about a new organization that is being created um
so uh last sunday was a pretty big day because it was the first meeting
of the cosmic generation as you can see i have our logo
up um on the top um so the cosmic generation is the first astronomical organization
created by youth for youth uh so i'm teaming up with people from around the world really um
and we've created this uh organization directed at youth but really
any astronomy enthusiast is welcome um so our first uh meeting was
last sunday where tara presented on extremophiles and extraterrestrial life and it was a
fantastic success um yeah it really started us off as an organization
um and i believe our next webinar is planned for march the 13th
um we're really excited about how many members we have already and
i guess i could just say a little bit about the organization um so as the cosmic generation we cover topics
uh well so far we've covered the topic of the possibility of extraterrestrial life in extremophiles
um next month we're going to be covering the immense scale of the universe putting that on a scale that we can
comprehend um and just amazing astronomical topics
um we're going to be running monthly webinars and um yes like i already said we're
directed at youth but any astronomy enthusiast is perfectly welcome to join
um so us as people um we are typical space geeks i should say
um we're middle and high school students uh we love astronomy um and we like doing astronomy outreach
to the public even more we do have a life i'll say that but we're extremely
enthusiastic about uh the cosmic generation and astronomy
and yeah i would like to share the awesomeness of the universe around the world so um
as we like to say we come from places around the world but we're all under the same sky
um so um i believe that progress is being made towards um a
website for the cosmic generation and as soon as that up as soon as that's up i'll make sure to let everyone know
um and we should have a link for the next uh webinar in the next few weeks as well so yeah i
just wanted to talk about that uh thank you great that is great so encouraging uh to see youth uh forming such an
organization um you know we it puts a big smile on everybody's face
so nathan thanks for that report that's great he's being incredibly humble but i have
to point out that that wonderful logo was created by nathan it's just so
it captures everything you want to picture when you talk about youth looking towards this towards the
universe it's great thank you i think i think his logo and the name were inspired
i think it's just outstanding the cosmic generation
thank you i went for the uh the rask approach to the logo
well the denver astronomical society has a similar similarity and they make nice pins
so no it's gonna do just fine um
i think you all without realizing it may be the generation that kind of pulls us back up from where
we are today with uh we'll call it pseudoscience we'll call it the uh
a uh irresponsible use of social media and disinformation i think you all
you all are going to pull us out of that rut and um we look forward to just by being curious
about space and curious about science um you all it's there's definitely no
pressure i think it's just something you all are naturally doing you're you're sort of stepping away from
the game consoles are there we we know the gaming consoles are there but you're taking time to step away
and to see what's going on in the actual natural world and uh you know we from someone who's
hopefully will still live to see your impact on this entire world uh we look forward to that and uh we
salute you for doing what a few of us could not which was
you know both take care of the planet and
you got kind of a heavy load that's true yeah but i don't i think they'll handle it fine
this this is a this is a wonderful start but no pressure no pressure just uh you know what it's
up to those of us here to help support you and take some of that pressure off of
you by helping with um with this you know uh
you know spreading spreading true science and i'm not here i'm i'm trying to give it back to you nathan
because you've got a presentation to do so i'll just do that but we you know we salute you for um
you and the others that have been um on global star party it's just wonderful to see so
yeah just had to get that get that out well thank you so much as a matter of fact that was my presentation i i
unfortunately don't have any cartoons um actually no i do have a whole bunch of
cartoons i just don't have any right here right now but um actually you've got an important one up to your right
and above that's that works just as fine well thank you thank you so much for
the time yeah beautiful presentation nathan yep
thank you okay all right well thanks very much uh nathan thanks for coming to the rescue
um up next is um is uh glenn k roberts uh we we might uh
be related i'm not sure but uh but um glenn uh
thanks for coming on uh once again on uh global star party and um
what do you got for us today well we're only
a related lad if you're from scotland because that's where i was born
in glasgow my relatives are any scottish blood
in you we are related in some manner i'm sure
that's right anyways pleasure to be here again um
i thought just uh i i just have a a little uh short quiz a
number of questions about the galileo it uh you know people can chime in if they
know the answers or whatever uh it's just kind of get you thinking about
galileo and uh maybe you'll uh learn a little bit odd information about them
that you didn't know anyway so we're on his uh 458th
anniversary uh born february 15 1564
and he died june 8th uh 1642 so he did he lived to be 78 years
old for their votes um okay first question um which university did galileo enroll
in hmm is that the one pizza
yeah pizza you're right uh he can actually considered the priesthood but uh his father wanted him
to study medicine so he put him into uh encouraged him to uh enroll in the
university of pisa but uh he had to leave the university in 1585 for financial reasons
but he'd later returned actually four years later as a professor
to teach mathematics um but again he had to leave uh this time
for inappropriate behavior um i couldn't get an explanation of what
the actual inappropriate behavior was but one of the things that he was always getting in trouble
with the authorities was he refused to wear his academic robes while conducting
his classes so i guess they finally got a had enough of them and threw them out
um one of the interesting things points is that he used to uh
teach his students to cast horoscopes
uh this time period in history uh horoscopes were still a big thing and we
weren't right in you know people hadn't moved into the direct science of astronomy in the in the heavens and so
there was still a lot of the astrological uh uh grab on things so he used to actually
teach his students how to cast horoscopes um okay
so he uh he then went on and gave lectures at the university of padua from
1592 to 1610. so uh
let's see in addition to teaching math and physics what other subject did galileo teach
not not in a university setting but
anybody any idea i don't know the telescope no
it was actually art drawing and painting yeah galileo himself was an excellent uh
watercolorist yeah so there's just a little bit of
something um what were the names of galileo's partner
and children do you know
his partner not his wife was named marina gambi he never married
her because tradition had it that scholars had to remain single
and nor did they share a home they had three children together
two daughters virginia who was born in 1600 livia in 1601
and one son vicenzo in 1606 named after his father
now the two daughters were sent to a convent because galileo didn't want to have to
pay a dowry to anybody who married them so both of them beca dooley became nuns
okay um now galileo is
usually um credited with having invented the telescope but that's not true do you
know who actually did the credit goes to lippershe
that's right yeah he was a dutch uh uh spectacles maker and he put a patent
out in 1608 um but he didn't get the package yeah he took galileo took the idea and
developed it further and he built his first telescope in 1609
and uh now he was credited with being the first
astronomer to study the planets through a telescope but who was the first person
who observed the night sky through a telescope
it wasn't galileo it wasn't galileo no no no nor was he the first to draw
naveen says it's hans and zacharias hansen uh well uh the name i have is thomas
harriet an englishman he was the first person to observe through a telescope he
observed the moon and drew pictures of it in july 1609
i believe you're correct on that at the moon until november the 30th
1609 galileo's first telescope initially had
a magnification of only eight but he later refined it to 20
magnification um [Music] so i think i i gave it away there but
what celestia object to galileo first observe
the moon is it the moon exactly it was yeah the craters on the moon uh in 16010 he became the first person
to study jupiter and discovered its four moons as we talked about later um
so they were the first moons known to orbit a planet other than earth
um what was the title of galileo's first book
you know
he wrote it in 1586 that's siberia's menses
it was all about the science of motion or uh kinematics can kinematics
yeah yeah it was titled the little balance and it was published in eighteen
first sorry 1586. that was what he was using for teaching physics and mathematics right that was exactly yeah
it was actually uh the end result of about 20 years study on uh on motion
um let me see where he was one of the first to figure out that uh the acceleration
was independent of mass for gravity on earth by doing the inclined planes and that was what he published in that book
yeah um so what was the title of the book that
uh gallo galileo wrote in 1632 that got him in
trouble with the catholic church it actually got him charged tried and found guilty of heresy
do you remember know anybody know the name of it
karim ayderius it was called the dialogue concerning
the two chief world systems and it was banned by the church he was found guilty of heresy and forced
to publicly repent and then sentenced to life in prison but that was later changed as mentioned to
house arrest um so what was the theory in this book that
got galileo in trouble with the church and of which galileo was a strong
supporter which i thought it wasn't pretty much the syrian theory but the way that he uh characterized
the pope's ideas uh and he kind of invented a character named simplicio
that uh really mimic the pope's ideas and that is what got the pope so angry with him
well yeah that's part of the reason anyways it was the heliocentrism uh the
capernaum theory that the sun was actually the center of the solar system and not the earth and that the earth and
other planets revolved around the sun but it wasn't actually his support
of the heliocentrism theory it was more had to do with the way he
spoke about the earth going around the sun and that
went contrary to certain uh passages in the bible so that's that's what i guess he was
really uh tried for but as david said it was probably a personal thing with the pope
too um in addition to his discovery of the
moon's craters uh the moons of jupiter and the rings of saturn what else was galil galileo credited
with being as being the first person to discover
the sun spots the actual rotational rate of the sun
yes yeah that was one thing but the the primary one was that the milky way was
composed of stars
okay let's see just a couple more um
let's see while under house arrest from uh 1634 until his death
uh in um 1642 galileo wrote a book before becoming
blind which was which was the result of him
observing sunspots for so many years what was the title of that book
someone mentioned or alluded to it earlier is it possible that it was about the comets of 1616
no no it was a book called two new sciences
and it was published in holland in 1638 it was actually snuck out of the
country and published in holland in 1638 it dealt with the science of motion and
the strength of materials
newton's first law of motion was based on galileo's uh concept of inertia as
karim alluded to now here's an interesting little thing
what parts of galileo's bodies went missing when his remains were
exhumed in 1737. one of them was a tooth
then dill says a finger anybody else wanted japan
he had three fingers removed and yes that's what is saying
yes yeah you're right scott it was three fingers one vertebra and a tooth
oh that's vertebra as well yes yeah they were grabbed by an arden admirer now somebody has his
stem cells well actually
when he died in uh florence uh in 1642 the church wouldn't let him would not
permit his body to be buried besides that of his family members in the santa corset basilica
in florence instead they placed him in a side chapter chapel now in 1737
by then his popularity and fame had somewhat grown his remains were dug up and moved to a
tomb in the basilica's main chapel now while being moved an ardent admirer
purloined three fingers a vertebra and a tooth two of the fingers and the tooth were
later recovered uh in 1900 at an auction in europe
there's no record of what became of the missing vertebra or the tooth
but which finger of which hand of galileo is now on display at the
university of padua in italy i know it's the middle finger
the right hand i was going to guess and how appropriate that he would
that he would do that to the church
okay just a couple little quick things here uh which famous individual lies near
galileo in the santa corsey basilica
is it da vinci no michelangelo
uh which famous scientist was born the year galileo died in 1642
exactly which famous person was born the same year of galileo in 1564.
shakespeare very good my first degree was in shakespeare
galilea was the favorite scientist of which equally famous scientist
modern let me say famous modern famous einstein einstein exactly
einstein stated that the work of galileo marks the real beginning of physics
uh and the last one in what year was galilee galileo finally
pardoned by the catholic church 1979 or so
92. i just read 99 92 1990 exactly yeah pope john paul ii
made a statement expressing regret for the church treatment of galileo
359 years after his trial yeah i think that was the official uh
yeah i thought they were probably working on it for quite a while yeah they were so i think
1970 thousand
i want to just to leave you with two quotes uh by galileo uh one is passion is the genesis of
genius and the other one in questions of science the authority of
a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual
so there you are i hope you learned something thank you so much
pleasure so much and it was fun i wanted to show you um i don't know if you can point me on here
but
it's a little bit out of focus yep and you're on me there we go
and you're muted david okay there's the uh thomas harriet's
one of his drawings that's thomas harriet's drawing of the moon five day old moon
through a telescope i believe 1609 yeah july
uh july the 10th 1609. yeah
and that galileo was november the 30th so he beat him by a couple of months
yeah there we go
okay that's great wonderful okay uh we are going to
we're going to take a um a short break uh
uh and um uh we'll be back in about 10 minutes so
stay tuned get a sandwich get a cup of coffee stretch your legs we'll be right back
thanks glenn for coming tonight i really really enjoyed that
yeah there's a lot there i tried to cheat and use the internet but then i decided eh i'll let the
experts answer those questions i am reading a document that got posted
on a vatican observatory of course i as as a catholic i find it very
interesting because i am also um an amateur astronomer and um
the uh probably the most interesting thing is they state the 19 a couple things 1992's
uh pope john paul ii um a lot of as i typed into um
uh david pope john paul ii ushered in a lot of reformation
for the catholic church during his reign and there were a lot of things that
it's as if the church kind of looked at the real world and said we need to be relevant to what's around
us not to what is in the past and one of the things they addressed was
galileo and and how science has caught up to well he was right all along and that those words
would be mine um but it also it mentions the church put forth an official apology in 2000
so maybe using the writing of pope john paul ii but
i'm not sure i'd have to talk to brother guy about the official apology so to speak to find out
you know what that what that all entailed um
earlier in the document it mentioned that the copernican system was taught
as a mathematical system and not a philosophical description of the universe which
you know what was considered science at the time the in the earth centered science and
then of course in the bible um
not you know nothing jiving with what galileo was discovering or observing directly
um i know that it's a hot button uh a hot button topic between
the church and galileo and
it makes for interesting discussion because there there are definitely some
you can get people going i'm sure there may be people going in the uh you know that are watching the star
party about you know galileo being a a reason that today
you know people will look at the church with this dane and
you know the science versus religion debate moves on so
so i definitely find it fascinating one thing that i'd like to add with that is that the vatican observatory the
brother guy is the director of now is one of the world's top observatories
and they're doing some first-rate astronomy there and uh yeah
and that's the one in arizona right david that's when they moved it
is in rome and there's also the pope's summer castell gandolfo
yes exactly and um there's some stories about
father george coyne when he was trying to do his daily run around the observatory and he would
see that the pope is walking around and he quickly he had a gown or something that he would quickly
stop running and throw on this gown so that the pope wouldn't see him dressed to run
but the funny thing is is that um the two of them started to talk one day
and uh he's and father coin said well where are you going and he said well i'm just trying
to get a sandwich and uh father coin knew where the restaurant was the kitchen was and they two of them
walked to the kitchen knocked on the door and the person who answered the door was absolutely son to
see the pontiff standing there and she said your holiness we are you are not
supposed to be here we are supposed to deliver the sandwich to your apartment
and here is pope john paul ii saying i just wanted a sandwich
can i get a guy get a sandwich here oh who knows
it's sacrilege for me to say whether pope john paul swore as he said can i just have a
sandwich um i am it reminds me of our pope now pope francis being
you know i would call it maybe more radical although that's probably not the right word
um some of the some of the ways that pope francis has uh
handled you know the church is
you know a departure um you know our church has politics in it like a lot of large major
you know institutions and um you know our our beliefs may not
waver to some extent but we're aware that um there are some things that that are done
wrong there are some things that are done for a particular reason and we're we're working through those um
we're working through them as a church uh there's one constant and that is
the night sky is beautiful and science is to be
science is not to be rejected in favor of blind religion
you know and our in our side the two are you know the two should work together uh actually the first sentence you said
is the one that i think that's the key the night sky is beautiful full stop that's that's the key for me to be
regardless of where you know where i sit with the church and i you know i am i'm a part of
the church but i will always look at the night sky and the image will regardless of what side
of the fence you sit on looking at the night sky draws the same
look the same um wow this is beautiful and the same uh
maybe there's something out there bigger than myself that i think we all need as humanity
well i'm gonna have to be leaving it was a time of discord in the christian world but glenn you and i are gonna get
together at some point to talk about reformation literature the roman catholic church yesterday yeah for sure
talking about comments the vatican considered astronomy okay
guys you take care of yourselves and we'll see you next time that all heavenly bodies take care and
pristine all right continue to reveal the cosmos
officially accepted truth and we'll see you next time
he could not have known that the spots were actually those that missed the first part of this uh descriptions
that's on tv
that galileo challenged that view and that was the basis for the catholic church's theology
back in that time and it must be an artist
i'm going to go on meet now and let the rest of the video play galileo gets into an argument with a german jesuit
mathematician named christoph scheiner about the nature of sunspots
the german argues that these spots are in fact little
satellites that go around the sun whereas galileo argues that these spots
are really either on the surface of the sun or very close to it
and that they're sort of like perhaps clouds
if the jesuit were right and the spots were independent satellites then the surface of the sun would remain pristine
as doctrine demanded sunspots have a very irregular
appearance and if you can bring that out visually then the argument that these are satellites of the sun becomes absurd
and so galileo very carefully planned the publication of his letters of
sunspots they're all oriented properly so that you can see them from one day to the
next being sort of born on the sun and dying there all of a sudden in the
middle of the sun and there is appears on one day a little spot and the next day it grows and then it grows some more
and then it slowly goes off the edge clearly there are spots on the sun that are so irregularly shaped that they
can't possibly be satellites there is a visual essay in which you
have uninterrupted fuse off sunspots
galileo produced a series of intricate engravings recording the daily changes of his sunspots
the continuous movements of the blemishes suggested that the sun might actually rotate on its axis
[Music]
the visual evidence is accepted by both copernicans and people who still believe
that the earth is the center of the universe but it is the interpretation of that of that evidence
and more and more and more you see these conservative astronomers then stretching
galileo knew that his adversaries were wrong it didn't matter if the jesuit mathematician wished the sun to be
unblemished galileo had demonstrated real spots on the surface of the real sun
[Music]
[Music]
well hello everybody thank you for tuning in to the 83rd global star party
a celebration of galileo's birthday we've had a great lineup of speakers so
far been a lot of interesting quotes we heard live music
from you know that was written
by galileo's father and we
have a young presenter uh that has presented a few
times now on global star party uh and the young nat nathan um
uh is up next haven you wanna
all right hello everyone i'm nathan if you don't know me um today i'm going to be
doing a presentation about galileo so let me just share my screen
right share
so galileo galilei by me nathan center kumar
all right galileo galilei a little bit about him galileo full name galileo de vincenzo
well not i i don't know how to say that d galilei born on
15th february 1564 or february 15 1564 was an italian
scientist and he was nicknamed or called the father of
observational astronomy physics and also modern science
he was a key major role player of the history of science and he was a key and central
figure of the scientific revolution of the 17th century
his rule in promoting and he was a big advocate of the copernic theory
with his travails and he had multiple trials with the roman church which only believed in the aristotle and plato
theories back then um are stories that
still require retelling this is a picture of galileo
a brief portrait of him in his um later life
in like his old age all right let's talk about where he was
educated as a boy he was too he was privately tutored and for
a time by he was tutored by monks at
where he considered a religious vocation in then
next in 1580 he enrolled for a medical degree at the university of pisa
and he never completed his degree so instead he studied mathematics notably with the
famous ostila ricci then he studied speed and velocity
gravity and free fall the principle of relativity inertia projectile motion and
also worked in implied science and hydrostatic balances
his contributions to objectional astronomy include telescopic confirmation of the phases of venus
which we'll look at later observation of the world of the four largest satellites or moons of jupiter
he he found saturn's rings and he did an analysis of
lunar craters and sunspots that's him kinda in his college days
all right the thermoscope it's the early version of the thermometer
noteworthy inventions it was made in 1593 an earlier version
of the thermometer of course the thermoscope was a device built from a small base kind of like
like a flower base it was filled with water attached to a thin vertically rising pipe with
tilt with the large empty glass ball at the top changes in temperature of the upper ball would
insert positive or vacuum pressure on the water below causing it to rise or lower in the thin
column however the thermoscope dependent on both temperature and pressure
oops a group of academics and technicians known as the academia del cemento
florence who included galileo's pupil tori chile and tortillas pupil villani
later invented a device known as the galileo thermometer based on galileo's print
principle which the thermometer
um is base galileo's thermoscope
so this was the ball top this was the thin vertically rising pipe and this
would be the vase filled with water that's how the water would um
basically on changes into on temperature and pressure would cause it to rise or lower in the
tube
all right now let's talk about copernican heliocentrism what is copernican hello centrism it's
about the earth rotating daily and revolving around the sun it's also about
the planets revolving around the sun and having different orbit times and speeds
so copernican heliocentrism is basically instead of the earth being the middle which was in the first area that
aristotle and plato made the sun was in the center and galileo
galileo was a big advocate of this and he supported it strongly and he also tried to prove it for
at the best he could all planets would orbit in circular
paths and at different uniform speeds it was published in 1543 and nicholas
copernicus gave it its name because it's basically nicholas copernicus's
all right this is this would be the earth that was the old theory that aristotle made
it was the earth the moon mercury
venus uh mars the sun jupiter it was kind of confusing
all right this one was the this one was the heliocentrism theory it
was the sun was this is one of the original drawings it was the sun
right here this would have been mercury venus
this would have been earth this would have been mars this would have been um jupiter this would have been saturn
this would have been um direct saturn and um uranus or something
and but the but uranus and neptune and pluto aren't really on here because
they weren't discovered back then and galileo did discover uranus but he
thought it was a star originally so he didn't really write it down
so all right now let's talk about the phases of venus
galileo uses telescopes to prove and show that venus went to a complete set of phases just like the moon this
observation was among the most important in human history and provided the first
conclusive observational proof cells consistent with the copernican system but not the palomatic system
the perennial system the sun is immobile at the center of the universe while all the planets are included rotate around
it which is true the orbits of venus and mercury thus found with earth's orbit for this reason
they should show the entire range of phases which is which galileo managed to observe for the
first time the telescope and you could see these are the faces of the venus kind of like the faces of the
moon they are similar so you have your recorders and you would
have a new venus moon or something like that which is called like a
new venus i guess yeah now let's talk about the event
of the telescope all right these are some pictures of the telescope his first telescope kind of look was
like a refractor he he firstly invented the refractor even though he did he wasn't he he didn't invent the first
telescope and he this was like a double barrel telescope it was kind of like with this
um outside stand and this would be the primary barrel
this would be the secondary barrel and then
he heard about in how he made this was in 1609 galileo couldn't really afford to get a
telescope so he heard about dutch perspective glasses and with the days he made in one of his
own without even seeing one he even made some improvements his
his first telescope could magnify objects of the five times and then he later modified it to magnify objects of
20 times he made his telescope it was the first type of
telescope with one lens and it was real simple
he was able to make out the mountains and craters of the moon which is great and then next his creation
could um sorry the second thing all right
telescope next he presented his telescope to the
venetian senate right here this was like the head of the venetian
senate trying to look he was showing a demonstration of his telescope to the leader of the venetian
senate and the venetian and the leader currently is looking through it
but for like a demonstration of the moon i guess i think and he's right now showing it his
telescope to the senate assembled right here
he was def first to point a telescope skyward then he presented it to the
senate and good thing in return the senate set him up for as long for life as a lecturer at
the university of ottawa and best of all they doubled the salary because he was so outstanding
that helped didn't perfect the copernican model of the planets and actually prove it was true so gave him a
chance the moons now let's talk about the moons
orbiting jupiter clearly galileo discovered that the planet jupiter was accompanied by four tiny satellites or
moons which moved around it these are now known as the galileans io ganymede
european kalisto the discovery of sunspots
galileo bears the credit of being the one for the first europeans to observe sunspots
although johannes kepler who had first observed one in 1607 by
accident mistaking it for a transit of mercury was the first to observe them
and interpret them correctly
now let's talk about the law of fallen bodies it tells us that every object will fall
in equal rate when accounting takes place for minor differences this law was
unconscious to the theory of aristotle this was because the speed of an object's ball will not was not
proportional to its weight so these are the fir four galilean moons
of jupiter biggest to smallest and now the discovery sunspots these
were the 24th 25th 26th and 27th sunspots so heat gradually tracked these sunspots
that on in june of 1612 on four days of june
now he actually did do a daring experiment of that he basically climbed the top
experiment at the tippy top of it which was kind of daredeviling for that time
but luckily he did not jump down all right now let's talk about the
discovery of the milky way he discovered the milky way with the galaxy and observed thousands of stars
it was just a band of misty light but it was basically made of thousands of individual stars
he stated that the stars appeared as mere blazes of light essentially
unaltered in the parents by the telescope and contrasted in the planets which the telescope revealed to be discs
so he located many other stars too distant to be visible the naked eye like the double star mazar in ursa major
which he observed in 1617 [Music] now let's talk about the principle of the pendulum galileo noticed that the
lamp swinging overhead takes the exact time same time for each swing
so this occurrence made him take place even though the distance of a swing got
progressively shorter so this theory made him significantly famous around the world
so so with this he kind of increased his popularity so he kind of
became known worldwide the principle of the pendulum states that a pendulum would always take the
same amount of time to finish a swing for example at the swing if you swing it
back and forth it takes the same amount of time to swing back and forth this is because there is always the same
amount of energy in the pendulum this is energy's kinetic energy energy so there
is a transfer of energy from one direction left to right right to left kind of like that
all right now 200 years after galileo's death it nearly took 200 years after galileo's
death for the catholic church to drop its opposition to heliocentrism
but still they didn't forgive galileo entirely yet
but they just realized that galileo's own that they sh they he that that theory was wrong
nearly 70 at the time of his trial he lived his last nine years under a comfortable house arrest writing
summary of this early motion experience that became his final great work scientific
work he died in our rc tree near florence a suburb of
florence italy on january 1642 at the age of 77 after
suffering from hot heart palpitations and a fever
thank you and any questions you thank you nathan
it was great it was great so what did you what did what was the
the thing that you learned most about or fascinated you the most in your uh
in studying galileo uh
most theory about um the copernican heliocentrism and also he
discovered like the earliest version of the thermometer and yeah
right brilliant guy that's great
all right well that's that's uh that was a wonderful presentation
um up next is adrian bradley uh who uh always has um uh beautiful
nightscapes to show us and um uh so uh
but tonight is the uh birth of galileo's or the celebration of the birth of galileo um
so what do you what do you think about the global star party so far adrian i think it's been fantastic it's been a
uh it's been very interesting a um a celebration of galileo's life
we've gone into all of the reasons that the catholic church
happens to be my church had opposition to galileo at the time
the fact that through observation galileo learned and saw a lot of things
in a natural occurring in the natural world that his society especially
as nathan has mentioned the church was very powerful in in some ways in determining well this is
what you should be thinking um not dissimilar to some of the challenges
that we have that we're facing today with a society as a whole
tends to move in a group where there's common thinking
and you know we have um those of us that enjoy science and
listen to scientists may listen to contrary information
to what a general public a general society grows up to believe and it's out there's
always kind of this fight this back and forth and galileo fought it the catholic church
later says we were wrong and yet and still there's kind of the
religion versus science uh rift that exists i can say you know for america
and this sort of rift can paint an adversarial thing
whereas to me i say let the adversaries be super bowl combatants
and i'm gonna start sharing my screen to share
just some some thoughts tied into what we've been learning about galileo
and i'm doing my best to tie in a super bowl commercial that seemed to suggest
looking at space and i won't play it here but looking at it starts out space the final frontier
but then the ad basically goes on to say why invest in all these things in space
when we have earth to worry about and this is kind of what matthew mcconaughey
who's the lead actor here and i invite all of you to watch that commercial and give your thoughts um
our campaign is not anti-technology it's not anti-pioneering space it's saying hey we have to not
be so ready to quit on our home team our home planet we've got a home field advantage let's take care of it and it
goes on and on you know the day comes where there's a great migration or immigration to travel
to space i bet elon mark and jeff would like to export a more valuable society there
with people i think scott you're gonna um it sounded like you're gonna jump in and
uh mention something yeah uh you know i absolutely agree that uh
you know we need to um uh resolve uh
you know uh our old ways of thinking and uh
and really understand that uh you know we we have
you know one one uh one humanity one uh
one planet one sky one you know we just have the resources that we have
you know as carl sagan said there's there's no one out there in the vastness of the darkness of of someone that's
going to swoop in and save us from ourselves you know so uh right you know we really do now the
good news the good news is that if you read the comments from various people
you actually get the idea that a lot of people are saying well we can do both
you know and whether they like the video or hate the video it is promising that
just looking at some of the replies most of the people are agreeing with the message of like you're saying taking
care of the only resource we have but they're they're also saying space exploration
isn't bad which the ad tended to the ad kind of dug at it a little bit
um saying why you know why spend all the millions in space but
a lot i'll give you a compelling reason why we are we are a space faring species
we i agree not only we have people that are in space 24 7. we have
our appliances flying through the solar system collecting data for us uh you
know we're not just on earth we're in our solar absolutely absolutely and i think
the comments here and i'll close it down because reading through them
um the comments seem to suggest that this society
that we live in actually gets and understands that and with the presentations earlier um
you have navin with a wonderful presentation on galileo and nathan
with the new logo um for the uh and i wrote this down
so that i wouldn't forget the uh cosmic i think it's uh
the new cosmic generation with you know the you have a younger kids looking up at the sky
the future is bright as far as how society's thinking itself will shift
and there's a chance that as we move forward as a society we learn from
uh what scientists in the past go through and we learn from what we're going through today um
with all the various you know the various forms of information people are beginning to
think for themselves and write down their own experiences
which leads me to this book that i've started that's on your screen
and uh you did mention that i love night photography scott and uh
this is the beginning of me sharing my experience at a particular place
point bark lighthouse park in michigan and um if it's one thing that astronomy
tends to lend itself to it's documenting and i'm going to try and skip all the
way to show a few excerpts from the book
and by a few this is everything that i've written here's a
this i think is a good example of the just the difference that
sunlight versus a clear night sky can make and it's sort of drifting into view okay
it stopped or it may not but um you can see the difference as these
pictures are slowly going down you see the difference in how this place looks day versus night
and um it looks like my computer won't respond because it's moving slow now
the reason i'm not moving slow because i'm responding with another i'm using another device to uh
talk while i'm using my computer to present i'm going to stop the share briefly and
then restart it and see if that helps there we go share screen one nope no screen two
and see if i can uh start this over
because it's uh okay
see if i can yeah it was it was stuck so
i may um i don't know if i'll be able to share it the way i want to
okay try hurry this up here
because there's there's one other thing that i would like to do um so so these are images that i've
taken over the last um i'll say a couple years coming to this park
and i'm in the process of putting it together in a book format
and there were a couple of different things that i've observed sunsets like this picture here
um we'll click and let's see what shows up moonscapes like the uh ones that
i went by here's a moonscape here these are some other moonscapes that will appear in the book
i especially like this one and the effect that it has yeah
and skipping forward a little bit see let me do that
you have the night sky as it appears um when you go to this uh
when you go to this park it it really could in my estimation if some of the
lighting around it the fact that it's a lighthouse um it would make a great dark sky park
even in spite of the lights coming from the lighthouse just because the sky itself has so much contrast
and i'll show a couple more a couple more images
they're sort of flying by there's the author
looking at the cygnus region with the bright light recently i went back to this park and the lights were
turned off i don't know if
if anyone showed that picture or why the lights are turned off or if i just got lucky and you know there were
no stars in the sky because it was cloudy that night i still went and when i noticed the lights were turned off it
surprised me and it made me wonder when do they turn them on at night and
when do they turn them off i of course would like them to be off the whole time
because of scenes like this when it's dark
you can you see the entire night sky this is the double cluster right here and this is the part of the milky way
where cassiopeia is and it's cassiopeia is going down this way
um andromeda is just speck right here near the tree
that's an entire galaxy sitting right here in in the sky so
beautiful aurora are visible from here and um
here are some images of the partial eclipse that i was able to view from here so i'm getting all of these things down
laying them out in the book and gonna go through the process of
getting the book printed maybe do some formatting and try and publish it
and here is the last image there i am standing next to the
lighthouse and here's a warped view that this is actually the big dipper but it's warped because of the camera i was using
um to get everything in but uh there's the author standing there like it's cold um in front of the lighthouse
i i dug this image up and realized that um
i've given this i've given this lighthouse a lot of time um and would like to meet the society that
uh hopefully when the book is published i will have gotten a chance to meet the society that takes care of this
entire lighthouse park and set up some sort of partnership with them
to um you know to take more pictures like this good idea
at the park that would be and so before i turn it over
to [Music] um for before i turn this over to the next presenter
we learned that galileo looked at the milky way and said it's made up of a countless
number of stars and this is one of the images that i took at oaky text
of a deep image of the milky way here and
i just thought let's i found it interesting let's just zoom in so portal one sky probably
similar to the type of sky galileo could look at on any given night and so if he's
looking up at the milky way this is with a a modest camera i believe i used a
a 28 millimeter camera um
it was a stitch of three images and this was the the better
part where i had nice round stars um there's nothing but pinpoints of light
as you go in until you get to the point where the dark space is here
where the duck dust lanes take over it's not surprising that if you observe
deep enough all you see here are stars and you go well
this thing that we call the milky way must be made up of millions of them these are the ones that i could pick up
with a camera and as you zoom in you start to see more of the faint ones
when you zoom out and there's a lagoon and a trifid what do you see
lots of stars lots and lots of stars even over here next to the galactic plane
this part that images now you can tell it's a panorama that this piece
where the stars were stretched the way that i captured it the sec the side sections were stretched
but the middle stayed pristine
you have dust lanes and you have trillions of stars
that make up this part of the milky way so we can imagine we're doing the way galileo
does it where we just stare right at the milky way and see if you can count all the stars
it gives you great appreciation for observing
you know we call it the observable universe and that's because we take the time to observe it and to
and to record our own and record our own um
observations what we see what we find interesting here's you know
this cluster here i believe this is the lobster nebula and the cat's paw something that you have to go
you have to be able to see a dark enough sight where the milky way rises high enough
in the sky to show these and these are the cat's eyes i believe the stinger of the
scorpion that are near imagine how how startled galileo must have been when he started
peering into the milky way with telescope and just realized wow
just stars and then he runs across things like this and goes wow that's a yeah what's up
what's that what's this yeah so so with that i'll
i'll stop my share this is why i like shooting the milky way by the way it is a fascinating
it is a fascinating uh part of our natural world
you know light years away and yet it shines as bright as the full our full moon
depending on where you are in the globe so uh that is it for my uh
impassioned uh presentation um yes we need to take care of our home
planet but i believe we can do so while at the same time looking up and enjoying
space you know all of the uh planned um
things like the jwst are a good example of furthering science furthering space
exploration um we find a way to do both and um i think
we're capable of doing that and uh when the sky is clear whether the moon's
in the sky or if it's if it's a dark sky um definitely look up
um there are i think there are therapeutic things god i think we talked about how therapeutic
it is sometimes to look up at the sky and uh yeah my my move shoot move
spiritually good for you you know it's good for your mind you know whether you you have a spiritual
view of things or not you can't deny that it is uh
that it is beneficial you know to look up and and uh and take in the
beautiful stars and buy some new equipment this is my new tracker as a companion the little
block right here works with some of the older tracker
instrumentation that i had and it will get first light soon to see how well it tracks the night sky
comes with a laser pointer yeah
it's called the uh it's called the move shoot move rotator we'll see how well it works um i think
the price went up after a lot of people bought it it's my companion to the explorer
scientific ixos pcm8 mount that has worked really well
in cold weather scott it's oh that's very solid yep and it's responsible for a few of the
images it will that mount will come along with my rotator to um the okie tek star party
it's gonna be perfect for uh visual observation or if i want to run it have one camera
do some deep sky work while the other camera runs around on this other mount i set it up and do some
uh on the spot um night sky photography
we'll see we'll see how well it holds up to my uh my beating i i'm pretty rough in my equipment so
all right let me uh go on mute so thank you thank you
okay so uh up next is uh nico the hammer um
nico it's great to have you on global star party and help us celebrate uh the
birth of galileo so that's great hi scott hi everyone how are you all
and it was a really nice night with our beautiful presentations and
of course the team tonight is galileo so we can talk
i think for three days straight yes um [Music]
yes and uh i want to start congratulating adrian for uh his book uh
i i think it's really nice they have a really nice pictures and we all need to go today to that uh
lighthouse to the presentation of the book yes yes
okay you all are definitely welcome if that's where it's presented that would be perfect
it'll be a bit of a drive for you uh for those of you in south america but
you are all welcome we can try [Laughter]
okay let me share my screen i prepare a youtube presentation
okay let me see when you when you see it yes you see it okay
uh well my topic is about the galileo's birth
and um i was thinking all week about a lot of things and
i would like to to to point to two things about galileo that
really impacts me in my amateur astronomer that
it's about galileo and and jupiter moons
he he observe and register the the movements
of jupiter moons and i can stop thinking about a
what if galileo magically could be alive today
and watch all the images of jupiter and the moons that we are used to
to watch and to take and for us is something like normal you you can get a
better image or a worthy match because of deny or of or your equipment but
galileo watch with a really small telescope and
he uh watched night after night and he he knows
what they are the the moons of galileo and the moves and it's
it's really amazing what he did and uh
this is what i think that we can do tonight today i think
i i mean it's i i was all week thinking about this is what if galileo could see
these pictures that we can in our homes today
this is a picture of the last year when i i use my my dobson that is here
with me and my qhy a5 camera
with no barlow because i i want to to capture the four galileo's moons
this is a another picture this is of a transit of ganimeri
that's stunning yes the image is it's a little blurry but
it's amazing to to to really watch uh the colors of anime is is amazing
and and to when when you stop and say okay i'm doing this with a telescope in my
backyard is mind-blowing here is another one with the anime and
eo or arya and this is my is
shoot this was a 2.8.5 hours rotation
this one i used my my other scope my um
eight no six inch newtonian with my water amount because i i need to track two
two and a half hours so and it's it's amazing when you
when you make the gif and you run the time up and you you literally watch the moves
the the move being the movement of the moons is amazing it's beautiful
and [Music] that thought that what if
galileo was here it took me to another thing that what about our discoveries
because i am i consider myself lucky for discovering a double star and you
start thinking that in a few hundred hundreds of years maybe
this dual star will have a complete orbit and and more data and
yes i mean we are
literally real small in in size and in time
because uh galileo drow the galilean moons in jupiter
and now we can we know all about that and uh
tonight we can make a discovery that enough in a few hundreds of years
there will be a lot of information about this and it's it's
i love to think about this thing about time and everything
and well the other thing that uh of the life of galileo that it really impacts me is
that he observed and sketch and i love to sketch well what i observe
with my dobson telescope and i have a few sketches to to share with
you for example this is a planetary nebula htc 2440
this is the comet leonard a few months ago this was observing with my binoculars
and i really love to observe and to sketch galaxies when i am
in a really nice sky or a globular cluster when i am here in my home this
is omega centauri this is stunning this globular cluster with with a big scope
and this is a marcarian chain there is a lot of galaxies in that zone
and you can spend hours observing that and the this this moment with when you start
observing and prepare to sketch to represent what you are watching
uh you can note that you even observe more details because
you are keeping the object a lot of time it's a really nice
moment when when you sketch something that you really observe details that you
didn't observe it before yes and it makes you a better observer
this is a sketch that i see when i was observing the moon a few years ago
i need to to take uh sketches of the moon again
this is the office clutter stone
okay well and as a bonus track uh i want to show uh my my last picture
uh it's about the the caring i was uh
it was the first light of uh my new lrgb filters
and well as you can see there is
very very better definition that my
my other pictures these filters works really fine
and uh this is a beautiful nebula with a lot of details
well you have the the technical nebula that is the the most known nebula
here is the eta carinae with the homunculus nebula in the middle
around the star but i found with this picture that
uh as i as i am working with as a guiding camera which y5 a guiding and
planetary camera so i have a lot of magnification and i found
that i i take an image of an option
i would inspect it that is the mystic mountain well there it is
here is a the hubble image but when i see this
i was okay this is too much it's because
if my water line in the sky a key equipment that has no guiding the camera is not specifically
for this and it's amazing that i catch that option
i am really happy with these results
you you can even imagine the that little
little thing is stunning so
well this was my my little presentation i i wanted to
to talk about the two two things of
the life of galileo that it brings more i i feel more represented in what i do
astronomer it's great stuff you know nico it's going to be it's going to be a long time
before i forget if i ever forget um that uh that that video of uh the moons
going around jupiter that was stunning it was absolutely stunning it's it's
amazing yeah i i am waiting this year to to make more time i and maybe with the filters
uh well i will change the filter and and try to make it this with color this
we'll see what happens thank you so much thank you you knocked out the part nico
thank you man thank you okay uh up next is uh
uh dr marcelo astusa uh in brazil and uh he is um
he has uh studied cosmology uh he is an amazing uh educator uh and he is a force
of awareness uh in uh science and astronomy all over
the world uh with its epicenter there in campos that cause us i always get the
pronunciation wrong i'm sorry my cello but uh uh uh it it is uh uh it's amazing the work
that you do and uh you know i'm sure that students for many many years will
remember the teachings that you've given them so it's it's wonderful so how do you
what do what do you think about uh the celebration of galileo so far
hi hi nice to meet all of you thank you for your kind words
galileo is my favorite physicist
he is his contributions is fantastic
and i saw that many people do today here in the the program already
talked about the many discoveries that he made and i i i think that one of the things
that's the most important is scientific methods that he uses
this day is very important for us we are living in a difficult time now
not because people are doubting about science
and the scientific method is a support for us
that was used by him and something that's important
and it is it's hard to to see today people that
don't believe that the that belief is not that the earth is flat
if you use the scientific method then they can then you
know that see it's necessary and the correct method that you use in science you know you have a model but
you need to test this model you need to get data and you need to
compare your data with the the data that you get with the
predictions the positions made by the model then is
using this method that see we have these equipments today we have the audio
technology that you use i sharp my skin well
i will only talk about some new
some curiosities about galileo as people talk about many things about
him i have a shot script here to help me don't forget
oh sorry uh here here is the is an animation that you produced many years
ago about galileo yeah i i haven't i ever worked with development of
animations but as we are doing now this was one of the first animations that we
produced here our group of produced that's about together
it's about his problems with the church yes
this was one of the first animations that you produced here in your group
and here is gadillio and as i saw that she
i don't remember who said about the lip hey man also they call lip shame i
don't know if he is correct pronunciation english but i'm saying like we say in portuguese
and the curiosity about him is because he was the first person
to apply for a patent for a telescope but he
in the period that he he applied for the patent two other
dutch man also requested the discovery of the telescope here is
the careers in ellison and the jacquard matches and the aquarium methods are also
applied for our patents of telescope but few weeks later
after the per se and then the government of the netherlands turned down both
applications because of the counter claims and they also
they that the device was easy to reproduce then they didn't get the patents
but as lipashi was the first to request generally we considered that
he was the person that developed the first telescope but it was so easy to do and nobody knows
who made you first no but he's a reference for resist he is he's rising
16 oh wait in netherlands and but the government's paid liberty a
fee to make cops of his telescope even he didn't get the patents of the
telescope and something that's also curious about this is that in 1609
galileo heard about that telescope and he
he designed one for his own and but he
never saw the telescope developed by the dutch
and this is why most of historians believed
that he only heard about knew about what they developed but he didn't
receive any telescope made by the dutch there's something that's curious now
how he developed the first telescope this is one of his telescope this one
has a magnification of 14 times but the first one the first that he
developed there was eight times the magnification and the telescope that he used
for the discovers that he published in these cedarus monsieurs had the
twenty times going visualized 20 times
but yeah it's difficult to believe that you have telescopes
refractor telescopes in europe and he was if only him that he looked
for you right this didn't happen other people
use the telescopes to look to the moon but it's important so if you got galileo
was the report that he made and thomas had it probably
looked to the moon and made a draw of the move before galileo
perhaps his uh observation but he didn't promise
then declared that he for the
first observation reports uh afro uh we consider galileo the first
one to make the reports and this and also the and the analysis that he made of his
observations then and then the scenario uh that is i see sidereal messenger in
english is a short conflict published at the new latin by galileo on march 13
16 16 10 and this book is a very important
important book here's some pictures here's this first scratch sketch
of the telescope made by galileo this is french catch that's here that's
interesting yes we have two less and
yeah you have all these amazing today available
online then and the what's he
this is very lucious the draws that he made of the move
that's a fantastic grounds
and here the observation of that
nicolas also show show the and i believe that other participants show it
then it's something that is uh for me is a very special moment
and the the modern astronomy began
with use of telescopes but what for me is fantastic
is the observation of the face of venus here are the mazes
of that galileo produced of his observation phase of
viennese here we have the observation of saturn he didn't notes that she is arranged
in saturn only later that it was identified wings of saturn
then this was but see i will talk about the venus face that's
something that is fascinating for me how that he made the announcements
i don't know if everybody knows the cutest thing about galileo observation that he did not immediately
disclosed it this draw that i'm shown here uh
was published in 1623 only 16 23 23 yes wow yes it's much like
people imagine that because galileo included in a letter sent it to juliano
de mesa they follow the following latching anagram this in january 1st january 1st
1611 i will show here diana graham i don't know if if it's possible to see
he
the translation of this anagram is these immature things are read by me
oh why it's a mystic mysterious phrase
and it was only later in 1611 that galileo revealed the anagram the
letters y and o had been placed at the end of the center because they were necessary for jonah
graham solution and he had not been able to include them the sentence then they put it after the
sentence too and you saw the anagram you have jesus
cynthia
emulate the shapes of sincha uh
then this means because of the signature is our moon he is saying that venus appears like his
face and why he put his producer an anagram
in this period probably because he the observation of the phases of venus
was a defense of gender centric model he
he he was thinking that he what happened if if
many years ago years later man he will have problems with the church
the catholic church in the acquisition then the discovery of the phase of venus or
was very mentioned in 1612
by galileo in the book uh discuss on the things that are over
water and in 1613 in the book history and demonstration around some sports
byzoni in 1623 in the book he usage authority
in english i believe that it means the experimenter galileo publishes his observation of the
the prince williams with illustrations this one that i'm showing here this is something that's curious for me
because only the drowse and the audi formation we had only in 16.3 and he
didn't publish a book about it's very curious it is
something that's it and when i talk about the scientific method
we have a uh experiment proposed by galileo that is a good
support for this uh for a long time
uh humanity considered the propagation of lights to be instantaneous
and i started despite considering instantaneous propagation the sales reports that impair that besides that
the light of the sun should take a finite time to reach the earth then in the past you have
people that imagine that probability light has a finite velocity
but see galileo in his book that is a discuss
and demonstration mathematical demonstration about the tuna new science presents a
brief discussion about on the propagation of light
one of the this is something that is amazing about galileo because he produced two books
with three characters and one of the characters uh defends the
ideas of galileo the other defends the idea of field status
and the one the other one is someone that
uh participated in the diode but it didn't defend
any of the ideas and the
in this book one of characters that is implicit who defends our status ideas he states that
experiences in our daily lives show that the propagation of light is continuous
as a an example he sees that the if you who are very far away the light emitted
by a shot to reach our eyes before the noise of the
shots another character shows that from this fact it's not possible to say that propagation of
light is standardised it can only be the abusive that light travels faster than
sounds and galileo performed an experiment proposed an experiment to
determine the speed of the propagation of the lights two people with recovery lamps stand far
apart a fantastic dispute that he made now one of the dangerous scope is the lamp
when the other person perceives the light coming from that lamp he immediately
discovers your islam in the experiment carried out by galileo
it was not possible to perceive with instruments available at that time
any delay then it was not possible to say that
the light has affinity velocity but his idea was fantastic
to make this only 1676 danish astronomer ole homer first estimated the speed of
the propagation of lights and it was based on the observation of the movement of eu
saturn uh moon officials one of the four galilean moons of israel
it obtains a much lower value than what's considered today the french physicist fiso
in 18 49 determined these values with a good
precision for an experiment for riots out in the laboratory and based
on the proposals made by galileo that is something that is fantastic we're using
scientific math and we need this today man
and it's this today people that's considered scientific methods
and the science is watching is giving hope to us
well at this moment and now we have learned to develop activities in schools
as part of the young startup tomorrow we began this morning and these are some images
well
and we made presentation about astronomy about how to produce
apps animations and you made some
solar observations here with the students there's something that motivated you
guys here thank thank you so much for an invitation
thank you marcelo that was i learned some stuff um uh about uh galileo from you so actually
i've learned some stuff about uh about galileo from everybody that's given a presentation tonight so it's
been really great you know um and i think uh i think it's i think it's
important uh for us as amateur astronomers to celebrate um
you know the the people that uh help progress uh our understanding
of the cosmos we live in you know i think it's i think it's important to look back because
their effect is still going on you know and i i think galileo himself would have
been amazed to know uh you know what influence he still has
today you know and that we remember him after so many hundred years you know so
even as big as his ego might have been but for me he is my favorite physicist
yes yes his life is fantastic absolutely
marcelo thank you thank you for uh also bringing up about your your program for
students uh you are uh the editor of uh sky's up magazine um
and uh you can still get your free copy uh if you go to explore scientific dot
com forward slash sky's up s-k-y-s-u-p
and uh you can get your free copy of the of that publication uh you know fascinating read
so um marchello thanks again thank you for my pleasure joining us take care
take care okay so um up next is uh
none other than cesar brollo caesar's been gone for a little while um
uh but uh we're so happy to have him back uh with us and cesar you look uh
you look you look great you look vibrant healthy um you feel good
yeah hi yeah thank you scott can you hear me good okay yeah
i i feel yes you told me the same that you go out from the illness that
you told me that you feel younger me too yes
yeah yes i don't know why but but i feel better that that
before have they coming uh yeah it was a little strong but you know
maybe five days a little strong like a normal
flu or maybe one of the strongest flu
that they remember but not really not really uh
something complicated but you know you you spend a lot of
time um insulated in the place of your home and
like like a prisoner okay like a prisoner you know make astronomy but now right
you're under your own house arrest right
yes yes and well i tonight i return again from
i i i'm using now um on the xs100 with the explorer
scientific max top this is in this position because it's pointing now to the moon but before i will show you a
small picture that i took one hour ago [Music]
one hour ago sorry of of
let me share the screen
um here i have something that i i am
i don't can you can you see the deep sky stacker
yes okay yes and here you can see oreo nebula
but as i don't have time to put the guy
there you know all things that normally we have i used the
the nico hammer style of pictures very short to orion and what is
the best this is the best celebration uh to make a galileo
bearded of course is made something of astronomy is here from the balcony and
well it's something something uh of course that is a picture only to show
something a nebula from from middle of the city let me
try if i can change a little yeah a little more
the joke is that losses allows it to restore my effect when okay my computer is maybe in the border tonight and it's
not burning off internet if something is freezing because the computer is
working with the image um well i think that i can't
make something something better tonight with this oreo nebula
let me try a little more
a little harder maybe because we can we can show
something here um it's very short exposure because i i
just only maybe know more than than uh
first of all that this is the maximum telescope that is not great for
this kind of kind of pictures or to make easily because
it's a f-15 telescope more designed for planetary
image but were very good and i i put some image of four seconds and this
image don't have more than 10 pictures of four seconds each at only one
thousand one one thousand six hundred
normal reflex camera um well but something from the
from the middle of the city without it this is a raw image you know it's only
to to to start again with astronomy and
[Music] in another way another way something that have more
uh contact with the galileo building is
straight line view of the moon now from buenos
aires with the same telescope and this is
a really a pleasure and this is this is now
oh the live image that's good alive yes yes it's the best
way to celebrate it yes my camera um
when you have the camera without the i air filter
and normally my my white level or my white uh what they say
um well i don't remember english
why violence sorry yes white balance uh yes it's a little change when i'm
starting to say okay it's blue okay i i thought from some people that today
is a pink blue i don't know i can turn to the to to play the pink if the people like
but this is the proof that the the color of the moon is normally like
another day but show blue only uh because the white balance of the camera is a little
wrong it's really a nice and nice view
tonight we can make efforts
efforts the first view of this border
thinking in the first sketch of galileo sketches of the
craters let me check if i can
you know i i here you can see the the zoom view
yes well you can see a rectangle drawn around the moon
yeah now now you have the the view of the a little part of the border
because i don't know ah let me yes i can change can see
because when i use no this is something that yes you know
that is a nightmare to share because yes
you need to share separately yes now you can see you can see this zoom view
it's okay yes okay and you can tell it's live because you
can see the yes atmospheric effect but it's beautiful
yes of course that is beautiful is the best focus but you know that
in in in summer we have
of the opposite of of the of the zoom we have very low
the attitude of the moon um and they reflect the
the atmospheric conditions uh not very very strong to the to the image
um and especially between uh buildings
as i am uh appointing to the moon now but this
despite this is it's incredible incredible
things that you can make with a small telescope amount
yes and i use cinolia
you know sorry i i keep trying to think about what galileo's reactions would have been
like the very first time that he saw this guy yeah you know it's like
his he must have been almost dizzy uh you know with with the realization of
what he was seeing and seeing something that few if no one had seen before you know
yes imagine uh the galileo have a limit between the
imagination and the the real the real
being of the things with the real watching because for example we told
many times that for example for galileo [Music]
talking about the the the variations of his telescope he
he uh watched the saturn rings like
to another experience uh but at both sides of the of the central sphere in in the
satchel views and his kitchen no a ring not a ring if not
two spheres beside um [Music] each side of the
of a central sphere um it's really hard it's incredible
galileo made the works very precisely despite a telescope
very with very with a very very high limitations
this is very it's incredible when we talked about technology today
the accessibility of this all technology that we are we are watching so uh we are watching
the moon from buenos aires and in the entire world um we have maybe if you
think in the scale of this moon where do you have maybe a in a screen
maybe more than two meters of diameter the magnification
for each crater and this is only a telescope but you know look at the size nothing
it's it's incredible it's impossible to imagine how galileo can make the incredibles
perception of his discoveries
without technology and when you use i remember that my first telescope was uh often
lenses very similar to the galileo first telescope
and i remember when i was a kid i made with a anastasia lenses of uh
less than one diopter or one reactors one meter focal length with a small eyepiece of
microscope toy i made my first telescope maybe at my 12 years old
and i remember that was unable to make to see to watch something
um maybe is not only the instrument if not is
the perception of a genius like like galileo without technology without
any any because when you watch something and you don't have something to compare
that you are watching is incredible do you have only the perception that you have
without comparing anything it's it's something that is it's really great and
well this is the moon from buenos aires
and you know it's it's the best for me it's the best
why to celebrate the galileo the galileo's
birthday
beautiful thank you beautiful okay
well thank you thank you for the live view um and uh you know it's a it's a fitting uh
it's a fitting tribute and a fitting way to uh celebrate uh galileo's birthday
and uh so i'm uh i'm very pleased and um
so which camera did you use is this a dslr that you have attached to the scope
no no i used an old uh
canon canon [Music]
canon t3i is a canon 6
6 can maybe okay old camera
reflex digital camera not all well what is maybe and uh it's still working and doing a
good job easy to to connect to their telescope and make a good job for for different uh
different uh you know kind of image
for planetary [Music]
all of that i used to tonight this is the microsoft telescope the exodus 100
without put the go-to only i use like uh like uh only a a tracking mode tonight
but i i put in the in roughly polar alignment i i put the i
put the you can you can put the moon without maybe go to a lanyard because have a
have a memory uh like from the parking position from
your parking procedure position um i i only i i
use it a little more uh to adjust the position and know more than this and it's it's easy you can
make and start astronomy in a very easy way
i awaiting the the the exit 902 version that
maybe next month we are arriving to one sided um
but it's very nice
this is it's very nice have something that is put um point to
the moon and very easy to have an image that you can enjoy
yes and the picture of orion was more unexpected for me because you know
i i i appointed to rihanna and say okay maybe no more than three or four seconds
i show you i should i i i i i am stuck at only eight pictures so
that's right it was okay but they have maybe one hand
um tomorrow maybe i try to to [Music] stack in the all all very short pictures
that i i took maybe i can get a bit there a better um
results but it's it's something that you normally you don't
expect from a maxo top telescope make a deep sky uh after photography but i try
it and work yep it is nice it absolutely for galileo
that's right that's right yeah all right yes this is our thank you so much thank you so much that's great
next up we're going to bring up your friend maxie um uh if he's with us here let's see
maybe not maybe not i don't know maybe not let's see
from maxi yes yes maybe later i'm actually sleeping i don't know
maybe he is okay well maxie said he might show up and he might not so
uh he was he was looking at towards the end but uh
i want to thank all of you that made presentations uh
if you're still watching uh our program uh offline and and of course marcelo is
still with us and and um nathan's still there in the background
yes made an excellent presentation for me
was very interesting i followed
the entire show uh from the computer um marcelo really thank you for the
presentation and yes uh all about tonight about the galileo history and
was really very nice to
follow yes to learn a lot really
marcelo i have a question for you uh you you touched on a little bit about
uh galileo's um ability to create a telescope without
ever seeing a one of the spy glasses that was made in holland
is there any are there people that are skeptical that
he did not see one did do you think that perhaps maybe he did and uh and claimed
he didn't or how do you think i i i i have information about this
history historians now that most of them believe that this is what's happening
but he heard about the telescope that he was developing then
probably he received information about how he's built the telescope
with lance and he with this information he could make he attached
until he did a lot of telescopes this is what they they agree because they need some kind of
information about how what is the telescope that is the
the dutch has produced them with this information he could
made his own telescope yeah refractor telescope but he improved the telescope
because the dutch telescopes the magnification was three times
yeah that's very low power right and it got a little so you definitely could not see saturn's rings
at three power for example no no galileo he made telescopes with eight
times the magnification with 14 times magnification 20 times magnification and
more then he made many telescopes different telescope but what we have
today is one that he he produced that has 14 times
magnification that he
no use that is the informations about observation of the moon the observations
of the jupiter and the moons of jupiter uh he produced the obsess with a
telescope with the magnification twin times
i promised randall rosenfeld i tried to replay the final
recorded music that he sent to me let me see let me see if i can
play that
is not only a theoretical physicist he is a practical physicist
then he could produce many kinds of experiments
and he has ideas but he produced the models then he is probably
helped him to build the telescopes he was a great scientist not only
theoretical he was a practical scientist right
okay so let me know if you can hear this i don't know how lolita's going to play let's try
[Music]
uh
it is smooth for me could you hear okay no
you could not yes maybe the loot is just a little too high for the
for the audio for this we'll have to get uh uh
randall to um to uh record that in video and then then that
would play over real well so anyhow i do want to thank the audience for uh
tuning in today um this is definitely a program there was so much good information about galileo
that you know i think that it's uh a good idea to watch this program again
and again because there was a lot of thrown
together with all all of the various uh uh presentations and the you
know the collective information that we got uh tonight uh celebrating his birth
so um again thanks a lot thank you cesar thank you marcelo nathan thank you so
much you guys have a good night and uh uh if you haven't had dinner i hope you
have a good one thank you
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