Global Star Party 97

Transcript for Part A: 

[Music]
so
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alright
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hmm
foreign
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foreign
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i think
is
okay
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hello everybody this is scott roberts
from explore scientific and the explore
alliance and i just wanted to invite all
of you to
the global star party uh that will start
this afternoon at well what time is it
right now it's uh
it's right now
uh 400
almost 404 here in arkansas and it's
going to start at 6 00 pm
central time on the same channel that
you're watching right now so
uh we hope that you join us uh the
lineup of speakers is fantastic we have
of course uh regulars like david levy
you know comment discover david levy
chuck allen uh former two-term former
president of the astronomical league
will be with us
um and he'll be giving a special
presentation later that we always he
just does amazing presentations on this
perspective
of the universe um david eicher from
astronomy magazine will be with us uh
showing us more terrestrial uh
uh things about uh planet our planet um
with uh sulfur and minerals um
and uh uh professor karim jaffar from
john abbott college and also the royal
astronomical society of the montreal
center
we have after after kareem comes on
myself yazidi she is the national
outreach coordinator for the
international astronomical union in
tunisia um so out there on the
you know the tip out there in africa
she's going to be uh coming on with us
which will be great uh cesar burlo will
be in from brazil um
and uh he'll be showing the universe
from his southern sky universe from his
uh balcony uh which we love to see
and silpuri who was on before
uh it's been a long time since he's been
on but he has progressed in his
astrophotography and he'd like to show
us what he's been up to uh i think
you'll love the title it's called when
the lion tasted the blood
of the um of the dark sky so
he told me that title and i just go you
got to use that title
that's so he is i think it's great
um
then we have marcelo souza from brazil
coming back on uh with us and we have
visiting down with marcelo is a
gentleman named
gabe gabriel and gabe was a nasa
engineer did all kinds of stuff uh with
nasa um but he also worked with uh
uh he's worked with youth he's working
with youth now uh i think that's the
reason why he's down there with marcelo
um but uh he is also a
life coach you know motivational speaker
and so
uh i think that you're going to really
enjoy gabe gabrielle
chuck allen as i mentioned will be doing
his uh his special presentation
chuck always kind of bends our minds
with uh distance and sizes of things and
like that so it's going to be uh it's
going to be great and then of course
we've got adrian bradley and connell
richards
i have them have
adrian up first and then connell
to kind of wrap up the show but i think
i saw some
email extension exchanges going back and
forth so they may change that up just a
little bit but um
anyhow i hope you guys uh
uh you know tune in tonight
starting at 6 p.m central
uh which is 2300 universal time
um
let me see who's on with me right now i
see beatrice is on
uh we've got um bergman scooter he says
he's ready okay sit tight we have a
little bit of time to go before global
star party but not much
uh about two a little less than two
hours
uh harold locke says see you there
sounds like a great show thanks we'll
share the videos well thank you uh paul
bergaard is um
is on and um
anyways uh lots of our friends here
harold and
beatrice and whoever else is out there
watching but not chatting with us you
know we just want to say hello and
welcome to tuesday evening and welcome
to the global star party our 97th
now we're also getting ready i'm trying
to prepare for the 100th
global star party
so
i hopefully it will be a very special
event we're looking at uh
you know i've we've hosted over a
hundred different speakers on global
star parties since we started this
and
so it's it should be uh
i think really amazing and so anyhow um
pekka hello uh
and uh
for any of you that watch this program
uh and some some of you have been on our
program before uh you know we again we
want to invite you to be a speaker or
presenter on global star party um you
just have to get in touch with
the explorer alliance so you just write
explore alliance at
explorescientific.com and say hey i'd
like to give a an astronomy presentation
so
i would love to have that um
and what else can i add to this except
that i'm excited to bring all these
people on
and um
you guys keep looking up uh we got a
little bit of time left
before gsp 97 starts
and
until that time keep looking up we'll
talk to you later
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so
[Applause]
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[Applause]
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wow
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you

Transcript for Part B:

so
everyone is so serious now oh yeah yeah if the audience only knew how crazy we
were just seconds ago do we really have to behave because it's public no
i think they know us they know by now
anything that we want that's right
the only worry is what kind of an impression angel's getting of us [Laughter]
well i think i'm totally fine i guess there was one one i wanted to add i think what scott said
100 star party we are you know now i'm a millionaire so i think another thing to add is now all my siblings reach out to
me for money [Laughter]
that's right that's right when i tell them i spend all night with the stars they get the wrong impression
the wrong impression that's right yeah there's many
many uh many ways you could take astronomy the wrong way so
that's for sure we were actually having a discussion the other day amongst a few club members
because somebody had posted in one of the media articles about uh you know the number of planets visible and they
included the moon in the title oh they did they argument was you know well the moon isn't a planet this is
wrong i'm gonna write to the editor and i'm like you know is this one of the things we really want to be like pointing out or
do we just want to be happy with the fact that they're actually talking about this instead of everything else that's been bothering oh yeah right instead of
politics or you know something positive conflict somewhere in the world you know so
there is by the way other things going on in the world aside from politics and conflict you know so
we are gosh we are at the precipice of amazing unbelievable things
you know uh j west um you know i
have been kind of sifting through some of the videos from the gaia mission the release 3 that's out there you're going
to see a little video here coming up there in a few minutes but
you know the gaia mission is just simply amazing it really is and um
uh you know we're learning new things about our milky way we're learning things about stars star formation
uh you know so it's just an incredible time to be alive and
you know if you counted every amazing earth shaking thing that really is
happening in science and astronomy and space exploration you would have no time
uh to really think about any negative uh things that are going on in the world
you know not that we don't have to be careful we do you know we don't want to put ourselves in danger for whatever
reason but that does not need to occupy our minds all the time so
i think we can walk and chew gum at the same time here so yeah it's balance right right
that's right
one of the guys that's coming on later in our program is uh gabe gabriel and uh
he uh is a he's a motivational speaker i think he's kind of like a life coach but he also
was an engineer at nasa for a long time and so um
so marcelo souza is bringing him on later in the program
marchello brings some really interesting guests it's a lot of fun you know everyone here has you know so
um you know and and and the the people that are even here right now
and the guys that are going to be logging on later and they're just amazing and uh so
it's uh you know i know it's an honor and um
you know it's there's there's times after i do a global stock party that i really can't sleep afterwards because
i'm sitting back and i'm remembering all the comments and the things that they that
these each speaker was bringing onto the program and it really is about inspiration and
you know revealing pulling back that veil of mystery to kind of look at the universe from all these
different perspectives you know so it's just it is just uh really really cool you know
i hate to reduce it down to just really really cool okay
but i don't have many other ways to describe this you know it's it's just uh um
it is amazing and so i was trying you know we're coming up on the 100th global star party and i'm trying to think of
some some way to put you know what it is into words and uh
um so i you know i'm going to be kind of racking my brain here a little bit trying to
to put it down and uh but uh what
so i think wendy might have an idea
wendy always has an idea yes they're pretty good ones most of the time like yes yeah that's really wanted
to say it's a camaraderie of kindred spirits oh it is definitely like that
is definitely that
oh scott forgive me but one unrelated thing and i know we're broadcasting but it just popped into mind and there are a
million things going on did you get the star party plan thing i sent you
i'm sure i have uh i will i will look at that david and uh and get
back to you in fact i know i did i just haven't okay because as soon as you're happy with it we'll send it to eric
okay okay that was last week that you sent that yeah
yes i will awesome sorry for that commercial interruption
that's right right no problem no problem well how about we uh
we just go to the next step here i'm gonna show you this feature that this little feature video it's only about
five minutes long but it is a taste of the release three data from the gaia
space mission so here we go
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for eons humankind has looked at the stars trying to understand our place in the universe
wondering about distant stars in galaxies with current technology we are now able
to explore further and more detail than ever with the gaia space observatory the
european space agency aims to create the most accurate and complete multi-dimensional map of our
astronomical neighborhood the milky way a truly herculean and groundbreaking
endeavor there is a wonderful mission which
is intended to look at the stars determine their position motion
and their astrophysical parameters they are id card in some sense so it is a big database containing
the information how the galaxy move and what the galaxy is made of
and with the help of the oracle model we will be able to reconstruct
the past the history of our currency and also predict its future now the mission
has passed another milestone with a third full data release after two earlier releases in 2016 and 2018
with each new release the observed stars solar system objects and extra galactic
objects increase and more details are added to what is already the most detailed overview of our galaxy
new in this data release our spectra for a significant number of these stars and
other objects which can be used to accurately determine luminosity temperature mass and chemical
composition another important feature in the gaia catalog is the inclusion of the radial
velocity for over 33 million stars a five-time increase compared to the
previous data release and the largest radio velocity survey to date
radial velocity is important as it tells us how fast stars are moving away from
us or moving towards us the radial velocity is the velocity of
the star along the line of sight while the tangential velocity that is
obtained from the astrometric measurement is tells you how the star moves in the
plane of the sky so the combination of the radial velocity with the tangential velocity
provides the three dimensional information on the star velocity
this new data release also contains for the first time information on multi-star
systems when two or more objects are orbiting one another this information was obtained by using
all three observing techniques of gaia astrometry photometry and spectroscopy
as a result this gaia data release sees the inclusion of the largest catalogue
of binary stars in our galaxy the catalog of these stars is crucial
for understanding stellar evolution and this surpasses all the work that's been done on binary stars in the last
two centuries binary stars are also important to determine the mass of a star and to discover exoplanets in
general you can determine the mass only when you you have a binary system when
the object is single you need to rely on a model for that when it's binary then you get the
precise mass of the two components if you have enough information
so it's a way to determine observationally it's not a model
it's a novel observation so it's much more precise than what you can infer from stellar
physics with this new data release gaia is once more proving its worth helping us to
understand our galaxy pointing out new areas for scientists to research the galia data
is i would say a silent revolution because now
you get information about the stars for hundreds of million stars that no one
could have dreamed before gaia is an example of collaboration between isa
european institutions and over 400 scientists they will soon already be working on the
next data release providing ever more observations and data coming from the
gaia mission moving in sync with our planet as it scans the heavens
[Music] so
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hello everybody this is god hello
can you guys hear me okay good okay
i heard like a little bit of an echo um that if if any of the presenters are watching this you know they need to have
that on kind of a mute um if you're watching and replay uh otherwise just hang in there with me
on zoom and that's gonna be great uh welcome everybody to the 97th global
star party uh of course i'm scott roberts from explore scientific and the
explore alliance and if you've been following us you've watched almost 100 global star parties with us we've had over 100
presenters uh now going on for i'm going to have to calculate how many um
you know when how many hours that we have poured into this because some of the shows have been
like an hour and a half some of them have gone as long as maybe eight hours
we've done marathon we did a marathon event where we were on starting uh you know with a great
conjunction starting from the philippines and going all the way you know around the globe uh
and uh you know with having um you know our our captain here david levy
hanging in there with us and doing this marathon event with us it's just one of the highlights of of global star party
so uh uh but uh i'm glad you're watching with us wherever you are in the world
and um uh we have uh an incredible lineup of speakers tonight as we always do of
course starting out with david levy we have the astronomical leagues chuck allen um we have david eicher back from
astronomy magazine he took a a little bit of a time off for some uh some uh
needed time off uh and um professor karim jaffer from
john abbott college and the um uh you know the royal astronomical society of canada
montreal center my isa el yazidi and i again i apologize if i i i had a
conversation with her by phone today just to make sure i was pronouncing her name but i'm still not quite sure that i
am she is the national outreach coordinator for the international astronomical union
in tunisia so we have somebody coming in from africa that's pretty cool uh cesar barrello uh will be with us
from argentina uh and then we'll take a short break and then we'll come back with ansel puri uh who's uh on with us
right now from uh from california i love the title of his talk uh it's uh
you know when the lion tasted the blood of the dark sky and at first we were just kind of joking and laughing about
it but i said dude you got you this is the title you'd need to use and i i love it you know
uh marcelo souza from brazil will be on with us with gabe gabrielle and gabe is
a a life coach a motivational speaker one of one of nasa's
most popular speakers and he was a nasa engineer for a long time
so we're we're honored to have him on uh chuck allen would give one of his uh
amazing presentations again for us and then we have adrian bradley and connell richards will be on as well so real
excited to have them all on uh and uh so we'll get started with uh david levy
david um a question i wanted to ask you you know because this is
about uh the frontiers of the cosmos but i think as astronomers that we all had our own
kind of frontiers and your book your autobiography there there are moments in your life uh
challenging you know superlative and superlative moments in your life
what what do you what were the big frontiers do you think in in your personal life
and astronomy there were two things
excuse me two things the first there were two well the first was a decision
i had already become interested in astronomy and i was walking down
excuse me a moment sorry about that
i was walking down to my matriculation examination and fringe
when i knew that the instructor is going to ask me
what do you want to do as a career and i had no idea except that i wanted to do something in astronomy
i'm not until that fall kamera kayasaki was brightening up
and the idea just hit me out of the blue as if it were sent from god that i wanted to discover a comet
and uh that was the decision made right then and there on my way
to my westbound high school french matriculation that was the second biggest decision
that i ever made in my life the first biggest decision was one that i made jointly with wendy
and that was for us to get married and that was over 25 years ago
and i'm still very very happy about that and wendy sweetie i can't wait to stay married to you
that's awesome uh i think it was more than the actual discovery
was the uh decision to start a search for comments which i still conduct to this day
thanksgiving thank you very much david thank you that's great
um i um i you know i i think that i'm going to pop
in and i'd like to ask each of the speakers you know this question as they come on
but i
it just it just occurred to me that well not just now but when i think of some of these themes
you know i i just wonder how uh they affect each and every one of us personally
and for me uh you know some of these frontiers had to do with um uh
you know learning what from a very personal
experience what astronomy has meant to me you know and uh
a lot of this has to do with people that i've met uh they're
as you know because every one of us is kind of like you know we're we have our own pioneering
spirit as we move through our lives you know and i'm not going to get real tongue-in-cheek about this but i'll tell
you that as we're faced with challenges in our lives whether you know it's a loss of
things or the gain in things uh you know the
you know it i think as i frame this and that we are
you know on this planet i often now i wake up sometimes thinking that i'm
like on some sort of spacecraft you know hurtling through spaces i watch sunlight
come through my windows in the morning and uh um and one of the challenges that that
i think about is you know what do what does the average person think
you know uh are are they are they consumed by worry you know are they
consumed by um you know uh feelings of of uh
of of loss or have they they've concocted some sort of idea of who they
are which you know might be separate from uh you know
what we know is is reality and in our uh connections with all things in the universe you know so
um you can see i'm i'm at a loss for words to try to explain uh even how i feel
about it but but hopefully as we get through this uh
this star party we can each one of us might have a better feeling for what our personal frontiers
are and uh and you know maybe dwell a little bit into remembering that
that we are all made of star stuff we are all interacting with the universe
this kind of living breathing universe that we're in and um you know and you can take a moment to
look past you know if you have issues or problems or challenges that you're trying to face and work with that
you remember that those are very small you know and the bigger picture the view of
of uh what we're talking about uh often talk about on global star party is is the one that you need to keep your
eyes uh your gaze set upon so but anyhow that's that's my piece
did you want to add any more there david yes i do i do have my uh poetic
quotation for the week please do okay when i started in
astronomy uh seriously in 1960 i met isabelle williamson and i know
everyone from montreal remembers isabelle williams and karine does and uh
i expected she'd give me all kinds of stuff to do but instead she just gave me one thing and that was the scrim
telescope map of the moon it included 300 craters plus 26 mountain ranges and
valleys and she said your first task is to with a telescope any telescope
look at the moon identify each of the 326 features and make your own map
um i i'm going to show you a little bit of that map now
there we go yeah you can see it see a little bit of it now you see an arrow up at the very
top yes and it's pointing to crater number 243
which is a very old crater and i found out about that crater
shortly after i began the project creator's name is rabbi levi same as my last name
except instead of ending with a y it ends with an i and i mentioned it to my family and they
kind of ignored it as they did a lot of the things that i was doing back then
and um so i just put it away i've mapped the crater and i forgot about
rabbi leva i did my doctoral doctoral dissertation at the hebrew
university and i did it on shakespeare still not realizing who in the world
rabbi levi was until a few months ago
when i realized that he was gersonitis rabbi levi ben gerson
and uh the only rabbi to have be honored with a crater on the moon
and i found a few little quotations from him for example one that i've quoted here
before a peace that comes from fear and not from the heart is the opposite of peace
interesting little quotations and i looked up on the web which seems to be what i thought was the best spot
for finding poetry by this person who apparently wrote a lot of poems in his lifetime
and i found nothing up just no poems at all i started saying i might have said it
even here once that i'd be glad to give a year's retirement for somebody to find
me some poem written by the sonities finally at the end of last week
i found i found benjamin
from the linda hall library and uh i just wrote him a letter asked if he
could do me a favor because i found that linda hall did have some writings from personalities
because he was one of the founders of modern science it says
mostly because of something that he invented he did not invent a telescope
but he did invent a device called the jacob's staff and i knew what a jacob's staff was
used to measure either positions of the stars or in geology
positions of rock layers on the earth
and you know you'd hold it up and it was really a very interesting device and then when i did a little more
reading it turned out that personities is almost universally acclaimed to be
the inventor of the jacob's staff
so i asked ben if he could if he found any sort of poetry from
their sonities and yesterday he came back with the two famous poems that their
sonities wrote in honor of his jacob's staff one of them was called
pleasantness and the other one was called destroyer and i'm going to start with the second
one and uh the sonities had an interesting way of writing poetry it was not
rhyming and it was not even the style of which any modern portrayed but in destroyer he says why
do you call me destroyer the staff cried out bitterly when my name is pleasantness
the beasts of the earth and flying birds will vouch for me
in the first poem called pleasantness he writes so that we might acquire benefit god granted us
intelligence with it we behold our pleasant his his
pleasantness and we may visit his temple every instrument is provided so that we
can be granted understanding to know every obscurity in the secrets of
humanity and its creator and uh
these are little bits from the two poems that we've finally been able to
uncover none of them are on the web but they are at the
priceless this lindahl library and thank you before i hand things back
to scott uh last week scott you had a very special day that you kept to yourself
pretty much but people spread it around and uh
this is the first time we've all been able to get together since that event took place and wendy
i was like i'd like you to come here now and join me and everyone in fact can join me
as we sing happy birthday to scott a happy birthday to you
a happy birthday to you a happy birthday dear scotty
happy birthday to you and many more
[Laughter]
thank you very much uh i went to
dinner yeah i went out and i had dinner with some friends and um
uh and then a few people know this but i actually have a cousin that lives here in
northwest arkansas with me and he's from my mother's side of the family and so we got to hang out
for a little bit and that was a lot of fun so we always talk about family and and
you know and stuff only families know about each other so but that was very very nice and thank
you so much and i got and i really i got many many birthday wishes from you
know facebook and social media and stuff like that which i you know if i missed you and saying thank you i just want to
say thank you here so thank you so much that's great well
um david thank you so much i'm i'm a little uh my face might be red all night long
here okay so um
moving on um uh you know let me savor in that for a
little bit okay all right so uh moving on we're gonna move to uh
chuck allen from the astronomical league uh chuck has given uh not only has he
been on many many times on global star party but he has given several really amazing presentations and
uh you know uh chuck's presentations always stretches your mind to you know i
don't care how long you've been an amateur astronomer or how much you know about it you know uh
the you know the when he talks about whether it's distance or
size or you know energy or whatever it is that's in the universe he has a way
of putting it all together that uh makes you pause and really start to
think about you know what it is that our universe is all about so but uh i guess
right now we'll talk about the astronomical league which is uh uh the world's largest federation of
astronomy clubs uh with uh over 20 000 members and still growing every day um
they and the royal astronomical society of canada are are uh
you know in north america these two organizations uh are the you know the powerhouse of uh
of uh community involvement and the outreach that they do the programs that
they have the education that they formalize uh for amateur astronomers uh help us
understand our frontiers better and uh and help us become uh more scientific
litera scientifically literate and uh show us that those of us that
like to take the time to do astronomy outreach you know some of the best ways to
explain some of the very complex uh uh things about our our uh universe and
uh you know the way you know and give us give us the tools to help explain uh
distances distance scale uh sizes of things interactions of things you know
and to give people a new framework to look at their lives so chuck i'm going to turn this over to you
man thank you very much [Music]
certainly i didn't see that we have um we have some static or some sort of
let me change here okay let's try
is this better still has like a a buzzing maybe unplug your microphone
and plug it back yeah hang
table on don't you come back to me let me do a test and i'll be back okay yeah
i'll remind everybody and in fact this is something that none of the audience ever got to see
uh but uh i was putting together a global star party one time and um
uh i had i could not broadcast it i had
something had broken i couldn't figure it out and i had all these people david eiker i think you were there i know
david levy was there uh and i was just like so um
frustrated and embarrassed about it and i had to go back this is still when i was learning how to
do simulcasting broadcasting and stuff like that and uh you know uh they graciously all kind of
went away and then i just stayed up for hours trying to figure this thing out until i
finally did figure it out but is this is this any better scott yeah maybe maybe if you don't uh uh
lower the volume of your voice just by you know doing that i think it'll be okay but how about now
it's better better i'm better okay a lot better there we go
okay good all right sorry about that um again happy birthday and i'm sorry i
didn't see it on facebook and good evening everyone uh tonight we're going to do uh
some questions for the door prizes and then i'll come back later and hopefully uh live up to
scott's expectations which are always high and let's go here to at least exceed my
expectations before we try
still hanging in there voice wise okay okay the first thing we always like to
start with here is a solar warning very few people know that in a
millisecond looking at sunlight through optical instruments can blind you and yet it takes about a 35th of a
second or longer before your brain can even tell you're seeing something that's too bright let alone dangerous so you
cannot make even the first mistake using a telescope or even binoculars
observing the sun if you want to observe the sun it can be done safely use professional filters
that secure on the front end of the telescope not over the eyepiece don't leave telescopes or binoculars
around where small children might use them in the daytime to acquire the sun and they will try i've seen it almost
happen um make sure people understand that eclipse glasses are meant for direct viewing of
the sun without optical eight you don't use them with binoculars or a telescope and scott can tell you about his little
experiment putting some eclipse glasses in front of a telescope eyepiece that was aimed at the sun and how quickly they melted
um so if you need to do some solar observing with a telescope contact the local
astronomy club in your area they will have skilled solar observers almost
certainly and can make sure that you get started in the right way in this
activity that can be done quite safely here are answers from june 7th gsp
the question was which unlucky apollo lunar landing was cancelled after an oxygen tank exploded that of course was
apollo 13. two the planet jupiter has a mass that
is and there were four choices here the answer is greater than the combined masses of all the other planets
and the third question was the comet's tail points in which direction and there was a
typo here there are two correct answers here both y and z are correct and so we
went back and made sure that no one was counted with the wrong answer if they picked y or z
dust tails of course extend behind comets as they move along in their orbits stretching back along the orbit and the
gas tails extend away from the sun and sometimes these tails and the
diverge at angles greater than 90 degrees correct answers from june 7th uh were
given by these individuals i won't name them all but give you a second to read through them
and congratulations to them and these names will be added to the door prizes list at the end of the month of course
these are the questions for tonight and i want you to make sure to send your answers by email to secretary astro
league.org this uh email address will appear at the bottom of each question
okay the first one tonight is on what space mission was this photo
taken notice there's a lamb in the background
on the horizon 600 feet away
okay question two who is the first person to apply for a patent
on the telescope
can we ever present question why didn't john dobson apply for one
yeah now this is a tough one this is a little bit harder one but it's kind of newsy so
i thought i would add it this structure discovered in 2020 is the nearest
coherent gaseous structure in the milky way and is responsible for the apparent break in the bright band of the milky
way in the direction of perseus here what is the name of this structure
discovered just two years ago extends from orion through taurus perseus cassiopeia cepheus and into cygnus
that's a toughie okay
i'd like to invite everyone to join us on friday this coming friday june 17th at 7 p.m
for astronomical league live we have as our speaker dr caitlin eris
who's been a guest here on gsp and is a wonderful and enthusiastic speaker she studies uh isis
and we'll be talking on friday about mars geology so i hope
you'll join us then and scott i'll turn it back over to you thank you okay it's great
that's great um let me
bring uh back here we go um uh you know the astronomic the astronomical
leak mentioned is uh something that has not been done in person now for
a couple of years uh we uh uh hope to
broadcast live some of the the uh the alcon i will be there uh with
my broadcasting kit and uh it'll be an honor to get uh some of the
uh speakers there but one of the things i do want to say is that we uh we will not be broadcasting all of
elkon okay and so uh you're gonna be able to meet some of the movers and shakers of alcon
virtually but you won't be able to hear like their whole presentations for example okay so
there's a reason to go to elkon in person if you can make it but we do want to bring the flavor of
what that amazing event is all about and uh there's a lot of energy a lot of hard work that goes into putting together an
alcon event and uh it is uh it's incredible to see the speakers uh to watch the awards
being given out um to uh you know to hear the experiences of
the people who attend that event you know and uh and to see the friendship and camaraderie that goes on uh you know
you know on the floor at the at the uh you know the uh
uh the dining event that they have the banquet um and uh you know and then even after the
event the you know the people that get together for various things which is totally cool so a lot of reasons to go
to el con and um and i will see you there so um
the uh our next uh speaker coming up is david eicher he's the editor-in-chief of
astronomy magazine uh the world's most widely read magazine on astronomy uh
he david has many interests uh you know whether it's history civil war history
minerals chemistry astronomy astrophotography
you know all these various facets he is uh he's a fascinating uh guy to talk to
and and has insight and almost any subject that you can talk about with him
um or that you throw at him i i would like i would love to see a program on you
know let's let's try to stop david eiker that would be pretty tough to do uh
so uh but anyhow i'm glad to have him on i'm glad to call david a friend
i'm really excited about going to the starmus event which uh david will mention later
uh after his presentation but uh on any account david do you want to come
on thanks so much scott and happy birthday and it's uh good to be back
with you after a little bit of vacation and a little bit of illness too but now i'm
uh have the unhappy news to report to those who know me that i'm healthy and
back again so warning um so thanks for having me back and i will
go back we haven't quite exhausted yet um all of the mineral species
on earth and so if i can find out where do i share my screen am i not finding shares
there it is let me share my screen and share this and
um we will see if we can start a slideshow and i'll go through some more of these
things can you see that okay and can you hear me okay yes yes
and i have changed up the placeholder here in the title because this is
sea green smithsonite and this is from a really interesting location it's the most
famous kind of smithsonite which is zinc carbonate in the united states and one of the most
famous localities in the world and it's from a place called the kelly mine in
socorro county new mexico which is just a stone's throw away from the very large
array radio telescope so here is a place where astronomy and mineralogy converge
so we'll talk about a few more mineral specimens tonight i have to apologize now in advance for this because
now we're getting to the photograph these groups on shelves that
i had of displays of things so now we're getting down into some finer groups where there are a few
related minerals and some random things because they happen to be on the same shelf so
forgive me for this but we're getting into covering some things that are only loosely related here now for the next
few times and then i'll get back to astronomy at some point here so um one of the things uh scott you asked
david about his realization of what astronomy meant to him and one of the things that it meant to me was
really finding out where we are in the scheme of things in a factual way and unfortunately
especially over the last few years we've discovered that a lot of people especially in this country are not particularly concerned with facts but
some of us are and want to know um what's really going on and so we know
that we're in a star system among several hundred billion in a galaxy and
we're orbiting the center of our galaxy at 514 000 miles an hour and its uh
motion is considerable in the universe and it's one of at least 100 billion other galaxies so
really going out and seeing this stuff with one of scott's telescopes from our backyard
was an amazing realization to me when i was a young kid and it diverted me away from probably going into medicine or
something like that and getting into this life of silly writing about astronomy stuff which has been a lot of
fun um so it's been a great uh inspiration and minerals give us something to look
at planetary geology during the daytime when we don't have much except for the
sun to look at thomas jefferson one of our great folks from the past here said i believe in a
divinely ordered universe quotations i think are always somewhat interesting relating to these things
before his time even our friend isaac newton uh author of many quotations said truth is
ever to be found in the simplicity and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things and what minerals and what
astronomy also and other sciences teach us is that the universe is ordered not by supernatural
design by the principles of physics and we can understand reality by determining
uh sorting things out studying them analytically scientifically and with
empiricism and we don't need magic that's a thing of the past
so we can understand the universe and why we're here and what we're doing here in reality for reality's sake
minerals help to demonstrate this their atoms are assembled in precise ways by electrochemical attractions
by inherent properties of the atoms that make them up and they guide them into
assembling in what mineralogists call a specific crystal lattice so for those of
us who really like to understand reality um science gives us a way
tonight i'm going to talk about sulfur a little bit which is a native element
and a few other minerals forgive me that happen to be on the same shelf um
and sulfur is a really important one of course for the development of humanity and of technology it was the name in
middle english that was introduced at least as early as the year 1390 also it
was known in antiquity as brimstone a term for sulfur was in play as early
as 300 bce by the greek botanists theophrastus who compiled a book on
stones and wrote about sulfur it comes in a variety of yellows it's it
of colors it's mostly yellow but it can be sort of brownish or greenish yellow orange or even white
it's the keystone member of what mineralogists very cleverly call the sulfur group
and its crystals are usually yellow uh yellowish brown sometimes blocky dye
pyramids dipyramidal crystals with tabular crystals being somewhat
less common most native sulfur is found in sedimentary rocks and of course it's
very common uh as a as a deposit around volcanic areas most
famously around uh sicily um and several volcanoes in in that uh on that island
of italy and in uh association with realgar and cinnabar
and and other minerals as well so crystallographically sulfur is a kind
of a curiosity in that we have only sulfur atoms here but under normal
conditions they like to form in cyclic octatonic molecules that is groups of
eight in little chains so thus you'll see the elemental designation for sulfur is s8
normally and now a few examples of just this is
just ordinary garden variety lemon yellow sulfur crystals this is from a very well-known more recent deposit than
some of the old ones from bolivia this is very common stuff there and it's fragile it's fairly brittle and it's
somewhat soft and it has sort of a waxy or greasy uh texture it's also
heat sensitive so it's fragile stuff you need to take care of sulfur if you have
specimens in your collection here's an old time classic from the from the classic mine the mines
that i mentioned in the region of agrigento in sicily there are quite a number of mines that
are associated with volcanoes and you can see these especially with these larger crystals
here that they have this dipyramidal shape here of the crystallization there's also
some minor white uh associated aragonite which is another similar mineral on this piece
here's sulfur with a related mineral of sort of clear to whitish crystals of a
mineral called celestine this is a polish example another well-known sulfur deposit here
and now we have just a hodgepodge of things that happen to be on the same shelf for which i apologize but that's
the only way we're going to get through the last few of these things that were photographed at the same time this is
rutile which uh the golden hairlight crystals here which is titanium dioxide
some of these minerals that were on this shelf also appear to be sort of
complex metals and some rare earth elements here which we'll get to as well this is
really interesting stuff it looks like sort of very hard straw on this rutile
and it's on this iron oxide hematite here which is the gray stuff
from brazil that's cool a fairly common mineral but in uncommon
types that form uh um crystals that are used in jewelry mostly
is burl and this is an unusual um form of it that is from the wawa mountains in utah
that's called red burl and you can see these hexagonal crystals uh in the matrix here of this red
burl here which is a fairly uncommon kind of that mineral it's the same mineral that makes aquamarine and
emerald and other things like that that are very popular jewels
this is cobaltite i'm talking about these silver colored crystals that you can see the largest one near the center
there but there are some others in this massive matrix of metallic stuff here this is cobalt
arsenic sulfide so you do need to be careful with many many minerals because you don't want to
grind them up and put them on your cereal um you know we have arsenic and other poisons in our body naturally in
our bodies but very very tiny amounts and so things like arsenic
more than very tiny amounts of course are fatal so interesting things to study here this is
an old time specimen from a german mining academy from the 19th century
of crystallized cobaltite this is a very unusual meter i'm talking
that inside the matrix here this kind of tan brown stuff crystals
is basnocyte and this is cerium lanthanum carbonate fluoride so now
we're getting into really weirdo mineral stuff that's made up largely of rare
earth minerals this stuff that's very good to get your paws on and make a transistor
and integrated circuit components with and so on that are normally ground up
and and used for making electronics and so on this is from a fairly famous a
locality in pakistan called zaggy mountain that is very rich in such
unusual things this believe it or not these cornflower
blue crystals here are the state gem of california
as of about 20 years ago benitoite named for san benito county
and it's an unusual thing as well it's barium titanium silicate a titanium
mineral and it forms these very pretty bluish crystals that collectors are very
high on having a piece of this in their collection this is another unusual beryllium
mineral it's called euclase and this is from this is sort of jammy stuff with this very faint
bluish um uh in in sort of transparent crystals
here of you clays it's from a a very mineral rich region in brazil
and this is a specimen that i got that the last time i saw a pal of mine a great mineral dealer and mineralogist
john vivard who was very into astronomy by the way as well very very sadly two or three years ago
uh perished in an auto collision in california and this was a piece that i
acquired from him a few months before that tragedy so it has some meaning uh
for john because of that here's another weirdo unusual oddball um
this is another kind of burl that that includes those gemmy jewelry minerals i
mentioned but this is a cesium rich variety this bluish street
variety and this is a fairly recent find this is stuff that's only
been out on the market for less than a decade here and it's a cesium rich beryllium
aluminum silicate here from afghanistan strange stuff and every once in a while mineralogists
and mineral collectors get a sort of a new find of something that's novel and that they haven't seen before it doesn't
happen like it used to but every once in a while here's another titanium mineral called brickite and these are the small
sort of burnt orange colored crystals on this surface here titanium dioxide fairly
straightforward titanium mineral here from an italian locality here
this is a really weird one here and we're talking about this sort of pink stuff in here
vareninite which is manganese beryllium phosphate hydroxide fluoride
if you don't have enough of a sort of an alphabet soup of components there there are some other minerals in here as
well herderite and ambliganite are are these uh yellowish and tan colored
things and then quartz is just the white stuff so this is a weird rear mineral from finland getting through some more
of these weird beryllium minerals here can anyone see that here's a test now
we'll stop for can anyone see really really tiny silvery blobs in this image
little tiny ones right little tiny silvery blobs or dots or circles in the
dark and also in the light area too in the dark and and over the piece but but they're easier to see in the dark and
what this is is is those are little um blebs of native mercury which is
reasonably rare as a native element it's also something that's reasonably toxic
as well and so you want to put this in a little sealed off cube if you can
for a while people were very very careless uh for many decades with mercury and with lead minerals and it's
best to more or less not breathe this thing for the next 30 years but this is
native mercury and with a mercury mineral the red stuff that's called cinnabar that's a very common mercury
mineral as well from a spanish locality that's well known
this is also a native element bismuth and it's fairly rare as a native element
in well-formed crystals which this piece has here too this is a fairly well-known locality for
native bismuth in saxony in germany and that's an unusual piece there aren't
a lot of people who collect dull gray elements but this is one that's that's
worth having in a collection hey it's it's still very the structure
of it and um you know chemically i mean once you get into any
kind of mineral you know there's the whole universe is in it i mean it is
amazing well there aren't too many people if somebody says hey you gotta you know fist size piece of bismuth you can say
well yes i do what what's your next question okay
you know what are you gonna do now here's getting back to cinnabar which these are actually rather than sort of a
little uh massive blebs like in that piece of mercury um
these are well-formed crystals and they're actually twinned you can see that they're two cubic crystals that are
inter-penetration twins on each of these reddish crystals here this is cinnabar
which is normally the most common mercury ore it's mercury sulfide and this is a
chinese piece that is on this kind of boring white whitish dolomite here which
is a very common mineral but these are nice penetration twins there are the way minerals can
crystallize they can fool themselves in the way they're assembling sometimes and
if they're enough atoms in a hot solution that is cooling and crystallizing in the
right way at the right time they can set up a twinning example which we see here and their
inter-penetrating each other two different cubic crystals here which is you know not super rare but it's an
interesting oddity of nature this is a pretty common one we mentioned
before which is rutile this is an american specimen the the uh dull steel gray
stuff here which is from graves mountain in georgia pretty common stuff but another titanium
uh example here this is there are not very many minerals
that are known to come from my native state ohio a few of them are well known in ohio
mostly from northern ohio i was i was in southern ohio the other end but this is one of them and it's called celestine in
the old days it was called celestite it's a strontium mineral
and strontium sulfate and it's the white uh bladed crystals with a little
uh tan uh cubic crystal of calcite here from northern
um ohio and strontium is one of those elements that
we can be thankful of at least once per year because it makes really fantastic colors if you blow off fireworks that
have strontium inside so other than that you probably don't think of strontium very much each year
um david is that crystal very it looks very
delicate oh yeah this is such a very this is very fragile it uh it needs to
be very carefully handled and if you bumped into one of these crystals it would break right off
so there are quite a many minerals that unlike quartz which can be thin and is
very hard has a mohs hardness of nine this is a very fragile mineral
yes so it has to be protected and not bumped or jostled and every time you
know a dealer sends one as well packed as a fragile mineral like it is
or you move it around or clean your shelves and you have to be careful that you don't break a few crystals off of
something like this very fragile indeed so this may have started as a piece that
was twice as large no i'm just kidding
and it turns out after um apologizing for these are all unrelated
it turns out most of these actually were beryllium minerals in the end but but i threw them together so quickly this is
another one the bluish stuff here that's called euclase we saw an earlier example
that that consisted of better crystals from brazil this is a deeper color but a
sort of a lower quality piece of a fairly rare mineral though that's from zimbabwe that has this deeper bright
blue color and and it's another sort of oddball beryllium
mineral but as you can see you know elements like to do um what galaxies and
what people like to do also combine you know that's that's a whether it be
gravity or whether it be um you know talking to someone over a drink or whatever that's something that
that happens a lot in this universe the combination of things to make other uh forms
so that's what i had in the mineral show and scott and i have been very busy talking about something that is coming
up quickly now on thursday morning in armenia
we're going to have a press conference and announce the details of the starmis festival and we hope that many of you
can come it's very inexpensive the cost of the festival this time because we'll have many many local people coming from
the region there and we want to make it very affordable to students so really that
the cost of the travel uh to get there is the main thing and it's actually a very fashionable place for europeans
to go so there's inexpensive travel from london then from berlin and places like
that so we will have a major announcement of the full program for starmus on thursday
and scott you will be very involved bringing what is it 14 or 15 telescopes
to run our star party for about 1500 people we expect we'll have about uh four to
five thousand people at the festival there we will have a lot of talks from
astronauts from nobel prize winners from lowly schmucks like me
um and we will have some good rock and roll from some artists we're going to announce this week as well
so we hope to see you at starmus scott we're going to have a lot of fun we're going to do some broadcasting we think a
little bit there yeah and our pal michael bachach is going to be there he's going to run an
astrophotography school that scott and i are also going to speak at right before
the mainstarmus event so i think we will be there about august 29th through september 12th in yerevan armenia and we
will enjoy bringing as much of that to you as we can
wonderful i only have one little minor thing to mention as well
and that is i only have one copy here so far but this shamelessly i will mention is
the child's introduction to space exploration that michael bach and i have written
is now out and will actually be out in september so we hope that if you know young people
who are into space you'll get them turned on with this book and we will have signed copies available from my
science shop.com the combox store and we will do a sweepstakes with
kombach and with black dog and leventhal and have prizes and all of that kind of
stuff so we're excited about another book fantastic that's great
that's not the only book that david eicher's written and our earlier guest david levy has also
written you know a couple of dozen books at least and uh so
both of these guys are very prolific in uh you know they're
the the books that they put out the articles you know the manuscripts all of these things uh
you know we're really lucky uh to have uh people like david
eicher and david levy on global star party so help support them by
getting their books i think you'll find them fascinating so i know i do so
thank you so much thank you thank you scott happy birthday thanks again thanks again so
i plan to have one every year it's so much fun so really okay it's on my calendar for next year oh
okay great great so um uh there was a question uh from one of
our listeners here lubo in china uh as he goes by is uh
uh asking you do you use a spectrometer or do people that are into you know
mineralogy and crystals did they use spectrometers to measure reflected light values and compare with
and he says for use and compare with space exploration well you you certainly can i don't have
one and what there are two things that mineralogists really chiefly use and if you have friends if you befriend
academic mineralogists if you really need to maybe you can get access to these but one of them is an x-ray
diffraction spectrometer and another one is a micro probe analysis which is also a
a very similar spectrographic analysis and you can determine what minerals are with this of course by analyzing things
uh the the spectra of them um they're very expensive
good ones are very expensive um uh tools for mineralogists so i do not
have one i don't have an x-ray diffraction spectrometer in the basement yet but maybe when i retire you know
i'll get one but but uh but no i think if you study things uh
enough you can generally identify and know where things came from and what
the dealer is that it's a bona fide legitimate dealer and localities if you go to to a
pal of mine runs this website it's called mit for anyone who's really interested in mineralogy it's called
mindat.org m-i-n-d-a-t dot org
and an english friend of mine julian ralph runs this and it's the definitive website for
mineral data and you can see tens of thousands of images and of
listings of where these minerals come from very specifically it's a
an amazing uh sort of data bank for mineralogy so you really don't need to
drop 15 000 yourself on an x-ray diffraction spectrometer unless you really want to
awesome awesome and we all want to though
well it'd be nice to have but i can think of other things with 15 grand i would want first i think smaller is kind
of i think scott was hinting at a birthday present for next year scott you're going to have to give us
until next year now to say okay just save up you know it could be like a group purchase you know let's get like
uh all the listeners out there let's just pile a little thing a pile of cash and
and get uh some of these instruments and maybe maybe you can help me use it i'll let you borrow it sometimes but scott
then you're gonna reel and horror because i'm gonna say i have another piece of cobaltite i have
to send you scott to make sure this thing you know is real
that's right so um so anyways that's great uh
there are probably ways that um uh amateur you know before all this
wonderful instrumentation came about that there were ways to you know check the authenticity or the
differentiation between minerals um there are lots of tests that go back to
the first mineralogist in the 15th century agricola the german miner the
father of modern mineralogy but they're very very crude the simple ones there are scratch tests there are hardness
tests there are streak plates to test the color that a mineral will streak on a
certain white ceramic plate there are other crude physical tests like that that
point in the right direction but of course when you can get a diffraction spectra of the
composition of you've got the life story of everything that's in that piece so that you know in
the last 50 years has overtaken the tests that go back
500 years right there was always the taste test the sniff test but similarly i guess proved
to be fatal so don't taste the arsenic compounds
you know the first taste testers of a lot of these things ain't with us anymore
[Laughter] that's right well
fascinating thank you so much david and we look forward to learning more about
uh i'm sure we're not done with the minerals and crystals so we're not not quite done but i'll lean toward back
toward astronomy fairly soon but good good to be back with you buddy thank you so much david take care
okay so up next is professor kareem jaffer from john abbott college
uh an incredible outreach ambassador for the royal astronomical society of canada
montreal center and uh a prolific uh presenter on the global
stock party kareem thank you so much uh maybe you can also tell me what uh what
you know what astronomy has meant to you and uh you know what did you see as some
of your personal frontiers in astronomy well thanks scott uh it's it's great to be here it's hard to follow david's rock
show but i'll do the best i can i think i think we need to name it that david's rock show david's rock show
that's right it might give the wrong impression but he can tie in some musical references
he's a musician so he can do that too exactly in terms of my astronomical frontiers i
mean i've spoken before about the fact that i was on a path towards theoretical
astrophysics when i ended up moving in another direction and so just education and being a teacher
giving me the opportunity to come back to astronomy but from the pedagogical side from the side of being able to
share what i love about space and the cosmos and the tools and the experiences and
just even the amateur side and the hobby side of this wonderful science
and art and science let's let's be frank here there there's an element of artists
our artistic ability in the way we capture and the way we view the night sky and so i think it's it's my frontier
is the lipo moments from the students it's trying to find ways to share with them and what i actually want to talk to
you about tonight is a different tool that i've developed over the last uh couple of years and really dove into
this year which is taking a cosmic perspective of earth from outside of
earth and when i saw cosmic frontiers i kind of thought this did blend a little bit nicely because whenever we think of
cosmic frontiers we think of you know the best telescopes and pushing the furthest we can towards cosmic dawn and
getting satellites out there to you know view and hopefully probes to go and explore other
areas of the solar system and eventually interstellar probes which would be amazing these are all the frontiers that
we we love talking about but the cosmos and our study of space
gives us a chance to look back on earth and i really love this one graphic that i've seen here which is the polar orbit
satellites observing earth one slice at a time to create a complete picture
and i want to remind everyone that all the way back in gsp 82 we talked about orbits and when we talked about orbits
one of the things that i seeded was this idea that the orbits that we use to have satellites like the juno probe orbit
jupiter safely without getting completely irradiated by the magnetic field the ammonia-style orbits is
something that we developed here to view earth and to communicate with areas of the earth that we can't look at with a
geostationary or a geosynchronous orbit and the polar orbits are fantastic but they don't spend very much time over any
one place so they're great for observation they're not great for communication so just like with space there's
different tools that we use for different perspectives on earth and that's the direction i want to go today but before i go there
i like normally starting off with some type of a land and sky acknowledgement and at the moment in canada it's natural
national indigenous history month and we are just at the strawberry full moon so i want to just talk briefly
about the full moons from a few of the different indigenous tribes of north america and share with you one from
another part of the world so i just want to remind you that this idea of the strawberry moon is something that's
actually practical when you go out right now to the markets here in quebec and in
the great lakes region strawberries are plentiful and they're juicy and they're oh they're scrunches and so you have
them because it's the right time of year to pick strawberries but for other first nations like the
cree nations they see the waterfowl laying eggs at this time of year and so they're protective because they want the
waterfowl to be in abundance because that will lead them to have some hopefully some some prey for them to
hunt down the road the mohawks and the cherokee they really
care about the idea that their crops the things that they would use to prepare for the winter are still young and
growing so you don't want to pick green corn you want to wait until the porn is fully ripe you don't want to pick fruits
while they're small and while they're still growing because you're going to get bitterness you're not going to get that juice and you're not going to get
that that joy but you're also not going to get filled by just a couple of pieces of fruit
then you look at the east coast the mikmaw and i love this because they talk about the trees fully leafed and when you go out there and you go for a drive
and you see these beautiful lush green trees but their word for it is nimbugusi
and that combines the words for leaf and summer because we are at the summer solstice next week so this combination
and this connection to nature is evident in the way in which we refer to the moon in the different first nations here in
north america but it's not just for us if you look down in the southern hemisphere in australia they call this
june full moon the cold moon or the long night spoon because whereas it's summer solstice for us next week it's winter
solstice for them so it's the longest nights and the moon rises the highest up in the sky and in its local moon
along the meridian because for us the sun is right now at the highest but for the southern hemisphere the sun is
at its lowest altitude at local noon so when we talk about this indigenous
history we talk about the way in which they see the night sky we refer to as much as we can the
literature and the work that we've done and i even have with me right now from our rask ik williamson library our first
nation star wheels and we've developed this and printed this at the rasc it's one of the things that we have in our
shop because it gives us the indigenous stories and the specific constellations we can look for when we go out at night
so i'm happy to report with a brief check-in up here north of the border is our first library event is tomorrow
night we've gotten access to the campus we're going to have an in-person event those shelves will finally be open
after two and a half years almost the last time they were open was the middle of march right before the quarantine and
the pandemic measures began in full and so we're looking forward to getting back there we're also working really
hard towards the general assembly which is coming up in a couple of weeks a bunch of my students are going to be presenting posters as well as a couple
of talks during that during that event and the youth are being invited to share
their creativity at rask creation station so i really hope people are taking advantage of some of these
different opportunities out there the the rask ga being virtual this year we're not ready like alpine is to get
back in person with that big of an of a group yet because we still had measures in a lot of our provinces while we were
creating the programming for the ga so we just weren't ready to risk it but
it means that we can have an audience from anywhere and the the tickets are fairly cheap it's 25 for just the
general public and that's canadian so you know that's like i said last week this price of a cup of coffee at
starbucks for most of our american friends so you can join us for the weekend and
not just during the sessions and not just for the keynotes we're going to have a gather town where everybody can
socialize together in the evenings and that's a lot of fun during the ga the other thing i want to mention is the
space oddities our group from the uk we are still on every monday at 8pm
yesterday was our third episode on youtube you can catch it on our space oddities channel and i hope you'll enjoy and i
hope you'll come out next week and join us live and in a couple of weeks we're going to have our first quiz show so
that you'll be able to test your knowledge against some of our panelists now
when i wanted to talk to you today about the idea of the cosmic perspective and the positive look at satellites
i know most of us hate the idea of these objects moving in the night sky whether
it's planes like you see cutting through orion here or whether it's the iss creating that little arc over top
or if you look for a long period of time and you get those beautiful star trails but you gotta ditch half the photos
because you have multiple planes and you have the iss going straight through in multiple frames it's it's very
frustrating for us sometimes to look up at the night sky and see all of these satellites we have to remember some of
the good that comes from having these satellites up there because there's a reason why we invest so much in the
satellites in earth's upper atmosphere whether it's low earth orbit whether it's all the way up at
higher earth's orbit or malnear orbit we get a lot back from these satellites so i want to give you a glimpse of where my
students saw the data from satellites this term and highlight for you some of
the things that we can get out of these satellites and i want to start off with the first thing i showed them at the
start of the term because we started in january and right when we started the hangatanga explosion happened and the
nasa earth base earth observation satellite managed to
catch that entire explosion it was incredible to see now that was incredible to capture in
visible light to be able to see the plume come up and really just the
amount of vapor that was caught up with that plume now that was impressive but was almost even more impressive was
right after that we were able to catch with the geo satellites the pressure wave moved through the atmosphere using
infrared observation now that pressure wave was connected with meteorological stations all across
the world including this one here from the netherlands from one of my friends just running a little raspberry pi to
measure pressure with with a little barometer they were able to see this full wave come through with exactly the
time lag that you would expect with this pulse traveling through our atmosphere
so what you saw here was the power of earth observation satellites at a
moment when you had a incredible event happen here on earth
and so i had a group of students who during the year as one of their projects they started diving into these
satellites and i had two groups of students one did kind of an analysis of three different satellites and then this
group with gabby lara and kaylee they targeted in to try to understand how the
satellites look at these climate disasters or this ecological disasters and they looked at both the flooding of
the st lawrence which you see at the top right there from the radar sat constellation radar saturn and then at
the bottom left they have a series of images where they took the raw data and they were able to determine the spread
of the fire in fort mcmurray back in 2019 or sorry back in 20 200 and
16 yeah that's what it was so the fire in fort mcmurray you were able to see the progression of it and
figure out whether or not the the the small brush fires that they use to try
the the fires that they use to try to cut back the progression of flames whether it worked and it didn't
for fort mcmurray because fort mcmurray was sitting on a fracking oil oil sands
and so you had too much fuel there so they weren't able to create any of these brush fires to prevent the fire from
spreading in the direction towards fort mcmurray so they had to evacuate the entire city so these types of
ecological and environmental disasters are one area where earth-based satellites give us a lot of information
but what we're using when we're looking at these different satellites is not the entire electromagnetic spectrum but
samplings of it different parts of it that we can actually use because of our atmospheric opacity now we remember from
our images that we've had shared from some of the wonderful astrophotographers who come on with us on the global star parties that different objects are
better seen with different wavelengths so the core of the milky way the radio waves give us an ability now to even
take a picture of that black hole at the center of the milky way gamma rays give us a chance to see
supernovas give us a chance to see that black hole in the middle of the milky way give us a chance to see the most energetic of
events but visual is relatively useless for us because we're covered up from
viewing the center of the milky way because of the dust and the gas that obscures us across the arms of the
spiral galaxy but when we're looking at other objects the optical gives us a lot of
information which when added with the high energy x-rays and the low energy infrared gives us a composite picture
which highlights all different types of behavior so what we want to do in
satellite data analysis is we want to find a way to take data from different wavelengths that show us different bits
of information and piece it together in the same way we do with astrophotography
so often we're shown this this picture of atmospheric opacity when we're talking about why we need space
based telescopes to look in certain directions and look at certain things and it's one of the key
diagrams in almost all introductory astronomy textbooks i have it in my slides every term
and it's great with the idea of what can we view what photons can we capture in
our instruments here on earth but there's another side to this because it's also the amount of or the the
different segments of wavelength that leave earth out into space so if you're
observing earth from above the atmosphere what gets through in that direction as
well so the windows work in two directions they don't just work for what we can see
beyond but it also works for what we're showing away from to any observers
so when we're talking about this idea of viewing earth from space
we're talking about remote sensing and remote sensing is something that we've been using for space exploration now for
a long time it's what we used for except for the asteroid bennu to figure out where it was best to land to take a
sample with osiris-rex which is now on its way back to earth so the sensors that we use on satellites
acquired the data across different em wavelengths and then bring that back to us here on earth so that we can analyze
it without going into space ourselves because very few have the opportunity to get up to the iss or up in a space
shuttle or even up in one of the private crafts and look back on the earth the rest of us have to piece that together
from the data the ones and zeros that we get coming down to us but why do we want to do it we want to do it because it
helps us detect and monitor precipitation ice flows it helps us to actually
identify areas where climate change is causing potential disasters and try to stem them off early and i mentioned the
fires and one of the first things that i do is i show the students that um incredible california forest fire a few
years ago that threatened mount wilson and i showed them how the wildcat fires managed to stop the direction of flame
progression and that's one of the reasons why gabby kaley and lara put together their
project to show that with fort mcmurray the wildcat fires didn't work
so there's two types of remote sensing there's active sensing where you emit em radiation and you see how much reflects
back and it's kind of like the radar that we use to sense distances in the solar system and we were able to use to
determine how fast venus was actually rotating underneath
those clouds to determine that mercury wasn't tidally locked with the sun using
radar to bounce off the features and get a really high resolution image of what the surface of mercury look like so
active sensing can be used on earth using certain satellites or certain instruments including
instruments in high-flying planes then you have passive sensing where you're looking at deflected radiation
from sources like the sun mostly and those passive sensing look at the amount
of light that reflects back out and how much is absorbed and kept in and those
two differences tell us a lot about what it is that we are examining so what we're going to be looking at
here overall when we talk about using the satellite data to view the earth and
try to push past our limitation of what we can view and measure on earth ourselves
is we're taking these swots of let's say a polar satellite going around the earth and each swath is brought together and
determine okay what wavelengths are we measuring and you take those wavelengths that you're measuring you analyze them
as binary data that is then brought into the u.s it's put into a big supercomputer you analyze it you put
together an image out of that data and that image is in one specific wavelength
band so now if you take three of those images with three different wavelength bands that each give you different information
you color them with rgb filters just like you do when you're using your filtered wheel on your on your astro
camera with your telescope and that gives you then a vibrant picture of the
earth that gives you specific bits of data depending on which portion of the
em spectrum you are observing so here's one example this is one of the geostationary satellites goes 16
and on the left you have rgb imagery on the right you have one of the three images that's added together to give us
the rgb so when we look at the single channel image on the right we really can't see the difference
between the snow cover and the ice clouds and the water clouds they're all showing moisture but with
that channel all you can tell is where there's moisture and where there's not the actual depth or the temperature of
the moisture as well as the amount of heat left over from the surface coming
out adds a second color then the actual variations in density
give us a third color that gives us that beautiful image there on the left so when you're trying to bring together
this imagery a single channel is a bit limiting
or is it because when you look at a single channel one of the things that you can actually do is instead of trying
to figure out features like this you can graph out intensity and if you
graph out the intensity of photons in that single channel all of a sudden you can see
the speed at which a hurricane is moving into puerto rico now this was that same single band
channel band 13 but it was viewing hurricane maria with that single band
and dark red is your greatest intensity of the actual storm
and hurricane maria had actually knocked out the radar on puerto rico before it hit land the advanced winds had knocked
it out so without this type of imagery we didn't know the direction and where the greatest impact of the hurricane was
going to be so when we're looking at these types of images we realize that we've got a
couple of different tools we can use here we can use the multiband and we can use single band if we take intensity
measurements when we look at these multiband we can also pick out specific chemical
signatures instead of wavelength signatures because a lot of our satellites can measure chemical
concentrations and so this is a series of images all looking at the
concentration of ozone with red being the least concentration so you're actually seeing the ozone hole
grow over time and then disappear when our actual efforts to close the ozone
hole made progress and managed to solve this one problem that was really
scaring us because the ozone layer is the one that protects us from the harmful uv rays of the sun
we can look at the same type of thing for something as simple as determining where you need emergency lookouts for
avalanches in a snow valley so this is near aspen colorado and the different
colors tell you the depth of the snow and so based on where the depth of the snow is greatest you determine where to
put in actual ruts to try to steer avalanches so that they move away from towns and
cities and villages and resorts that you've set up where you put in a lot of resources and where there are people living
so all the different wavelengths are used for different purposes and one of the neatest things we can do is we
can actually look not just at different types of vegetation but we can also look at different moisture levels in the soil
and different amounts of movement in the water and bringing all of that together you can look at an area like the grand
canyon and you can look at the geological features you can look at the hydrological features you can look at
the vegetation and compare that to the hydrological features and that's really valuable because if there's a disconnect
it tells you that an underground well is poison in that area and then you can look at the precipitation rate so that
you know in advance which underground wells will actually diminish over time
and where you may end up with drought where you don't have drought now then there's one incredible way you can
use these observations of electromagnetic waves is you can use the polarization the direction of the
electric fields because when you look in linearly polarized observations so
you're either looking all horizontal or all vertical for your electric field direction
what you see is the relative moisture doesn't really tell you too much but when you look at both together all of a
sudden you can see here the flooding of red river manitoba right there in the center where you're looking at horizontal and vertical
and the reason is is because the horizontal obs the horizontal reflection comes off
the water the vertical reflection comes off plants and shrubs and the water and the shrubs
individually don't tell us where flooding has happened when you bring them both together wherever you have a
high intensity of both you have flooding of water having come on to actual
wetlands areas that should be just vegetative components now are covered in
water so what we do in astronomy when we're dealing with satellites
when we're taking pictures we swear at them but when we're actually trying to understand the earth we use
all of the tools available to us all the different ways to measure different chemical concentrations like assessing
the ozone layer then we can use all the different wavelengths to monitor forest health and to determine when biomass is
actually at a crucial stage where it needs an intervention of some type or where oil pollution has happened if we
have an oil spill in a well what direction that oil spill is heading so that we can hopefully conserve marine
life we can support agriculture by figuring out what the crop health is because we
know what the aridity is of the soil and we can even determine when to best water
that soil in areas where water is a limited resource which is much of the world
then we can use satellites to keep us healthy and this was really useful in that incredible heat wave we had about
three years ago where we were able to determine hot spots in advance in urban areas and move portable air conditioners
to seniors homes before the seniors actually suffered from the heat heat strokes that could happen when you're
stuck in one of those areas where you've got this incredible heat bank that's just developed because of the smog
barrier above that city and then we can even use it to serve the arctic which for us here in canada is
one of our largest resources we can minimize impact from traffic going through the arctic but we can also
keep an eye on the glacial evolution as we are right now losing a lot of glaciers due to climate change
so i hope i've given you an idea of why climate data is important and why it's a
cosmic frontier that helps us to look back on earth with a set of tools that we are also using to look at other
worlds along the solar system thanks scott back to you you're muted
it took that time my microphone has this little mute button so
uh so you guys don't hear me shuffling my mouse around my desk too much uh
but there was a comment um i think it was from jeff wise and he said that i'll bet
after a student takes a class from kareem that they leave that class a lot smarter and
so i don't know if they're smarter but i think they have whiplash i think by the end of it they have whiplash
now you are a very gifted teacher and uh we're very lucky to have you on global star party kareem thank you so much
thank you scott thank you well uh it's my pleasure to take us around the world uh we're going to go to
tunisia where uh maisa el yazidi is waiting in the wings
here she is the national outreach coordinator for the international astronomical union
in tunisia and she does an amazing job in outreach herself she just came back
from a a public astronomy event uh in rush back
so that she could be at her desk to do global star party i'm really happy to have her on
she is a phd student in science at the i think the university of
padova uh if i correct me um if i get any of this wrong
and um uh so really she's been on global star party before i think our 27th event and uh
so we're really happy to have her back on and uh do you want to join me now
aisa yeah absolutely scott hi everyone my name is meisa as a scot he said so
basically i didn't go back home yet i'm still outside so as you know you'll have the the full
moon today so um basically um i just pick up my telescope and i went outside
for for a public observation for the full moon so my name is myself zidi i'm a ph.d student at the university of
padua and also the national outreach coordinator for tunisia in the office of astronomy for outreach of the iu
and basically i'm working i'm not astronomers but i'm planetary scientist i work about the geology of mars and
mercury and i'm doing geological mapping and tectonic uh analysis of the tectonic features in in
the both planets so um i'm also the founder of the tunisian association of younger servers
you can just uh google the the name and you can just take a look in our activity in tunisia we are really doing a great
great job for outreach and also for sunset is the people about the importance of astronomy and space
science because as some who know that tunisia is one of the country that we still face problem uh teaching
astronomy and space science in inside the universe so basically um today i'm outside i'm
still it's 2 a.m here in italy and we still have doing like um
observation with this telescope so i may switch my camera as you can see there so um we we just set up the telescope in
case someone is interesting to to observe the full moon so um yeah our our activity in fact um
is in collaboration for uh with with that with the iiu and also with uh star training for for
everyone which is a belgium association um basically um
is private project by lead by john pierre which is a project that deliver free telescope for all countries all
over the world in the frame to support and encourage young students and kids to to make a
career or to be much more passionate in astronomy and also in planetary science
so i'm sorry but that today i'm not in my desk so i cannot really do an official presentation let's say and
today i'm in the field you know just we we are trying to enjoy the observation of the full moon
and yeah i think um that's what i'm gonna say today and yeah thank you scott so much and you are yeah you are correct
i was with you for the 27 global star party with mike simons and it was a great opportunity to um to
exchange and also to do discussion many points with with you and with all so many equal links and my assumers around
the world so yeah that's uh all from our site i think okay
but before we let you go just so that uh our audience knows a little bit more about you you know give us some breath
background what what inspired you to take all of this on you're doing you know an incredible amount of work in
educational outreach um you know you're studying do you already have your phd or
is that something you're studying to get right now um what led you to where you are now
okay so at the state of now i'm proceeding with the last two or three months of my psg so basically the my my
the deposit of my final teases is gonna be in in 20 of august and then i will i
will have my my degree or my defense afterward so basically i'm proceeding
with the last two or three months so uh what inspired me in fact to continue my study and my research in
astronomy is basically my professor so i was fascinated about astronomy and
space science since i was children but i didn't found the right way or the
right street to move forward that i graduated from the higher school
i wanted i i know what i wanted to do so i was like i found myself interested to
this field of research and i want to continue my study in astronomy so what i did after passing the higher school i
started in internet about which university teach astronomy and astrophysics in tunisia and this was the
shock because it was in 2011 i didn't found any university any
institute any college teach astronomy and astrophysics in tunisia because tunisia is one country
that astronomy is not teaching yet inside the university so everyone want
to study and make a career in a sermon space science they need to immigrate to
another country and that's my case so i was forced to immigrate to italy to continue my phd in space science and
astronomy so what i did in that time i was not able in that time to just leave my can my country and also my family so
i did my license and also a master's degree in geology but the brain my mind was focused in
astronomy so i was like okay i'm gonna do this short way to continue my study
and the most closer possible point to astronomy and space science so what i
did i did my master's degree and my license in ideology but in that time i
was like i'm not going to work about the geology of the planet earth i'm going to do geology but i'm going to apply it in
the geology of the planet and the 2011 i was the first person in the tunisian
republic who mentioned the name of planetology because people they don't know what does not mean planetology
so in fact this science it was promoted by me in 2011 and 2014 i was the first
person in the chinese republic will make a research project about planetology and my project was about the comparative
geology of celestial bodies in the solar system and then i moved forward with a master degree and my master's degree it
was about the geology of mars and it was the first research project in the public and the second the first master sorry in
the tunisian republic and the second research project in the country and then
i started another phd and it was in the astronomical observatory of grenoble in french i did one year and then i stopped
at it and i went here to italy because i found better opportunity and also i was
attracted by the project that was financed by the university of padua and i got also financial support for one
year from the italian space agency to work also about the um the geology of mars afterward i received three-year
scholarship for for for proceeding with my research and with my phd and i'm doing geological mapping and sexual
analysis for tectonic and structures in mars and mercury and also at the same time in 2019 i got involved in the uh in
the scientific theme of the symbiosis which is instrument on board baby colombo space mission to mercury
so the person once spared me in fact it was not my family it was not my friends but it was my
professor in the university so the person who inspired me she is my professor in 2019 11 she was teaching me
the geology and she was the one who supported me and she keeps supporting me
for days she is the one that really she gave me all the courage and the energy
that i need to move forward she told me look you are doing what no one did in this country you are someone are able to
give a lot you are doing something different and you have responsibility to change this country because you are the
first person working in this field you are the one who is going to make the next generation you are the one who is
going to build the first astronomical generation in tunisia and this is your
responsibility so yeah she give me all honestly all the energy and the force that i need to keep
going i need because i have uh responsibility against my country and say against my my my university where i
studied and that's one of my objective in fact is to go back to the same university where i studied and implement
astronomy space science and planetary science inside the university so i want to give the opportunity to also tunisian
student to study what i study it and they don't need to immigrate to another country so
basically short story of my of my journey wow so it just it seems like uh
uh this this person in your life and we all have mentors uh but uh you
were very lucky to uh to meet this person and we'll have to hear more about that story because i think there's
a lot more to know um you know but
hopefully you are able to create the uh the astronomy department that that you
are dreaming about i think that uh i think you've got the energy we can we can feel your energy
all the way on this side of the planet and um uh you know i think it's wonderful
i i also want to mention that uh uh maisa has invited me to give a talk to
her students this saturday so i will do that i'm very honored to to uh
participate in that and um so i'll give a report back on the next
global star party how that went so that kind of reminds me so this saturday
we're gonna host uh scott for for giving you talk at 11 uh universal time zone in
usam zone and which is equivalent to uh to an 18 central european time so
scotty gonna be our guest for for this saturday 50 18 of june 18 june at 11 american time
great i'm looking forward to it that's awesome thank you again thank you so much thank you thank you so
i'm going to go back and run to my telescope so much let's be part of the meeting
today and yeah i hope to see you in the next global star party yes i hope so too that's wonderful
thank you so much thank you bye-bye take care myself bye-bye
that's great well you're you're starting i mean this is just another example of the power and influence of the global
star party uh we're able at an instant to go around the world and see on the ground uh individual people that are
making a difference in the world of science so um i think it's fantastic
uh our next speaker is we're going to go from tunisia i'm not sure she was in italy or in
tunisia she's from tunisia uh if you look on the map you'll see that they're actually geographically close together
tunisia is in the northern part of africa and uh you
know it's it's amazing to me that uh you know uh having grown up here in the usa and so
much access to science uh and most of us in the what they call the western world
whatever that means uh you know have easy access to science yet a lot of us
have ignored it or have not really taken advantage of what all science has to offer us
um you have someone like maisa who is making great strides but
there's a story behind that sacrifice and the effort to make that all happen
in her country so uh you know she was just giving you the tip of the
iceberg that she had to go to another country to study it so uh but to bring it back home is really
amazing and um you know i uh you know i hope to to learn more about
that and maybe we can do uh you know help to give a little bit of support ourselves to her activities
um we are now going to uh argentina to buenos aires to cesar brollo
caesar do you want to come on the global star party hi scott how are you great
tonight i am in the in the rooftop of the top of my my welding my tower
uh the tower where where i live um
here to have the moon over me
is completely is is uh is an eye that is really
really cloudy of course that not enough to to cover the moon
and i can show you a live image of the moon now from my
telescope let me share screen
can you see it's coming up here yes we do
yes we do well it's a
it's a it's a moon in many places i wrote that today is
something like strawberry moon or something i don't know um
but it's it's it's a it's a moon a full moon in perigee a little bigger
than in another occasions it's a nice for a cloudly
um right likely cloudy night is it's okay
you know there's a a lot of times even with clouds that you can do planetary studies you can of course do
lunar studies uh you know i i i never try to let clouds interfere
with my observations unless it's a complete clouded out situation we had
you remember we had the lunar eclipse uh uh recently and uh i was only able to
see that through clouds you know so but you needed a telescope to do this with you can't you know you need more light
grasp and that's that's what the telescopes can do for you caesar we've had you on global star party many
many times uh but and you've told the story of how you got into astronomy through optics
but uh what do you see how do you see astronomy in your life today you're you you help many people
get started uh you show them how how accessible it is
um and and part of the accessibility is that here you are in the middle of a big
city uh doing astronomy uh you know you get out on your balcony you're up on
your rooftop right now um but uh how did how do you see this kind
of making a difference in in your community
yes it is um talking about about the the limits
uh where in the night where we we talked about about limits of the universe uh
if we compare with with optics uh from the city using telescope from the city
of course that we have the first of all we have the mixing
uh because today is a mix of uh between
optics and electronics the something that i
yesterday i was i i was ready an article
of denis the chico in sky and telescope of 1997
and i discovered something that about
when they start when when the
something like where when we started the fire you know
when the things came take velocity in technology and
more of it was the things was going go
to be affordable to the people and the the
the con conjunctions the the the
the the the things between optics and electronics when was
touching in the same way um was an article of uh of denis chico
talking about the the two secret two seconds of limit in the sky and was
this was the same article for amateur astronomers concerning
about the relationship between the photo sites and the two
seconds of separation of uh that the
the sky deliver us as um as physician or the the the minimum the
minimal uh uh the minimal uh you know uh sorry that
i i confound the the the word in english are you talking about resolution the
minimum
many people say okay the average of of resolution in the sky
in in an average sky is two seconds and but despite this despite the the the
situation of of this this thing about
techniques for amateur is something like the first step to talk about uh
something that concerned no only to to professional astronomers if not
uh for amateur astronomers in sky and telescope and this is was uh of course the the things about
being or if you use focus reducers and
for for me first of all the the things when the people
ask me if they are sometimes so many worried about the you know technical
things like for example the size of this the photo sites
uh between the focal of telescope that is real because the real things
that but sometimes first of all as i tell him i told
them that uh is it's not a matter of of the
of our activity uh today um we are more
in the past in 1997 we was more a worried about that we have
we have uh the sensors of ccds with very
big photo sites today's many people say oh the photo sites are
too small the technology is something that for the people who say all time
uh when this one that is every time more popular
um all people uh looked or worried about something that
is not the matter or is not the core of our activity right something that we
they say okay yes first of all
point to the point the telescope to the sky tell me how many how many
nights if you told me oh no it's too is too [Music]
it's too cold to tonight to go to the to the to the garden or to the rooftop or
the the next the night that you win the night that you win for example this
night that only is for see them to see the moon to watch
the moon because you don't have any stars in the sky because it's mostly
cloudy and you win a special relationship for with
the image of a full moon that maybe is not perfect but do you have
a special you know something like something live a lot of
of the clouds moving in front of the moon or something that
is every night is magic
you might capture some uh you know uh a meteor impact that might be bright
enough to record you know in your data you know and maybe you don't even notice it at
the time but you might hear about it later and go oh yeah did i also get this information at the same time these kinds
of things have happened and so i think your point about getting out
there even if conditions are not perfect and uh to start doing astronomy without
you know overthinking it like oh i don't have the perfect setup or i don't have the perfect camera telescope combination
uh you know my pixels are too big they're too small they're the the you know the you know something you know this filter
doesn't work exactly right with the sensor or all those things you know it's uh
you should not stop yourself from doing astronomy right
yes many many times i i the show that i have with my customers
is come on send me pictures why you don't take pictures oh because it's too
cold or because it's really have an excellent telescope they are
more concerned to to sometimes to have the last
filters and sometimes i say come on do you have a lot a lot of nights and a lot
of options to visit to what to see to draw to make
pictures and of course that that this is the magic of observation
anywhere anywhere and in the cities and in the farm areas sky skies farm areas in the
mountains and in every place do you have a different magic of observation
um yes if you if you avoid a waiting to to get to have the perfect gear
you uh especially now that that the gears are not
uh in time because the the manufacturers
have a big troubles you know in the world and
if you don't if you are a white in gear the perfect year it's like utah
you lost a lot of knights to that's right to put the
your telescopes in and look that many many people say this is the moon
with the camera of of a pc yes of computer and here you have the moon
by a telescope and with many many telescopes you have the same image you don't need a a big telescope to have to
have this um really is is something that i like to share
with the group the people that the audience of uh
global safari i hope that enjoy the
the the moon it's not the picture it's the moon the telescope is real
that's right that's right thank you cesar thank you so much thank you for
getting up on your rooftops and being there with us to share your
views of the moon and uh and the wisdom of getting out there and and doing
astronomy and exploring the universe any way that you can and so uh don't wait uh for everything to have
to be perfect before you start you know so um otherwise you are going to miss a lot
and uh you know there's uh uh even uh uh
here is cesar he's he's he's covered with clouds but uh you know i've been
i've been out harold loch is uh reminding us uh or jeff wise is reminding us that you're
there's a reason why they call you 100 mile per hour caesar and it's because of uh when
caesar has out on his balcony and the wind was blowing like crazy and yet he's getting he's getting images you know so
it was yeah it was incredible really yeah it's a night without without
wind but it's uh unfortunate
um i am at 126 meters over uh sea level because
it's here we have a four 40 40 floors in the in the rooftop
it's a medium size it's the capper of course okay right
skydriver is small it's a it's a tower um it's nice because i have an open area
and in is i took pictures from from the balcony
and sometimes i i took pictures here when i and i have a wide a wide angle
of sky completely really yeah and the the views of the city are are
stock are really good and i see the the the roof of the of the airplanes because
the the the airport the is is in near to the
river um fortunately now the the airplanes
are uh was stopped because before before
my connection the the noise of of the airplanes was terrible too much
much really yes in our apartments we have uh two two
windows because we don't hear nothing about the airplanes but the
noise it's only at i don't know maybe uh
to no more than two and a half kilometers no more it was horses wow yes yes no
more i think that it's less than two kilometers it's really near and it's crazy that we have you can see the
planes if you came to my home
absolutely yes you can see it's ridiculous the airplanes for for
for the highest point of view yes
it's crazy but this it's near to the right in the driver's side and
safe it's oh really [Laughter]
he's our thank you very much for coming on to global star party so yeah it's great it's a pleasure
thank you so much we're going to take a short break right now uh and we'll be coming back on with uh ansel
puri who is an astrophotographer and amateur astronomer he loves
exploring uh the skies above california and uh he loves thinking about the universe and
what it all means um we will be back in just a few minutes so
stay tuned
[Music]
[Music]
[Music]
well i hope that little break uh was a nice refresher for you uh we are running a little bit behind but uh
that's okay we've had some great speakers on and uh we've had some people
patiently waiting here and one of those patient astronomers is angel puri who is on with us from
southern california by day he is an architect by night he is an astrophotographer
i'm not sure exactly how he sees himself a lot of people kind of work a job to
to support their astrophotography and their astronomy i have a feeling that ansel might be in that category although
i think he's quite talented as an architect so um it's great to have you on ansel uh you
want to come on to uh and give your presentation yeah absolutely thank you scott very
much and you know i'll just start by saying happy birthday uh thank you thank you um
thank you so much for reinviting me uh because i think last time i was here our last opportunity i got was during
global star party number two uh number two oh my goodness
august 11th 2020. so it's been almost two years now right uh but in the
meantime i've kept up by watching a lot of star parties you know either live or later time uh like time permitting
and it's an absolute wealth of knowledge i think we have what about 600 hours of of that knowledge uh in the world
and i can't believe we are at you know number 97 now so very happy to be back and i'd love to
share how much this lion has loved the taste of the blood of the dark skies
awesome which he has currently experienced so progressed a little bit on my astro photography front so i
cannot wait to you know share those experiences coming up um always humbled by the people you know who have graced
these star parties and honored to be presenting with them and uh also hope to you know meet and interact
with everyone face to face one day so thank you so much for that opportunity
i'll begin by saying i think astronomy for me is so much more than what it defines
um it's very primal it's a self-discovery for me it's like a time machine which
takes me back to my childhood when i was seven years old lying down on the lawn of the front yard
you know in the late 70s with my dad and looking up uh stars from edge to edge as if being in the cockpit of a
silent spaceship you know as our chair during the last star party as well for me it's like a time machine where
you know time has actually stood still um fascinated also because it is a fantasy world where reality of what's
happening out there for the discoveries made recently are actually stranger than what i imagined
as a kid yes read a court somewhere that universe is not only stranger than we
imagine but stranger than we can imagine and i can absolutely attest to that you
know something which i've seen over and over um it has also kept the kid alive in me
and of course you know the biggest form of therapy from our daily lives so for me it's like being in a cradle or
a cradle where i can always remain a little kid even when i'm 80 years old hope to live that long
and i'm naturally curious about and you know about this and never find myself making
any conscious effort so what a fantastic hobby and i think what a fantastic time to be
living where we can actually where we have access to the equipment to peer out into the cosmos
so with that let me just share some material if uh you know there are any questions i'll be happy to answer
uh give me a second let me pull it up um
let's see here are you able to see my screen
yes great so we start with uh today is the global
star party number 97 um and the title of my talk is when the
lion tasted the blood of the dark sky um
you know so so just to i think just redefine what that means i live in an area which is actually
portal class eight or nine i'm in the middle of los angeles so it's very bright out here
these are just some of the numbers uh you know which are on the left side for class eight or
nine going from uh border 9 and the you know the dark sky which i recently experienced was
joshua tree national park where uh it is border class 3. so you can see the brightness
bim from 8.1 mcd to 0.198 so it's almost like 80 90
percent uh lower so the delta or the differences of that
apparently did show up in in my in some of the things which i saw
uh this i think is a good representation of what i'm gonna talk about so you know here's a lion
uh you know he looks at the the delicious food of bortle tree oh yeah and yeah it's dark enough so we can
go for some blood tasting uh but before that uh tasting um let me
just share the initiation and the you know the tasting of bottle nine skies which i
have done from my backyard recently um uh ansel we may not be seeing all of your
presentation here i think we see the cover slide right now so you might want to unshare
and then come back in just focus on the presentation give me a second let me
reshare
able to see something i can see you're starting to share here just give it a moment let's see what
happens oh it says double click to enter full screen mode so you need to
go back into your powerpoint i think and bring that
yeah there's some technical snag i'm looking at
um or maybe don't go into presentation mode and just go from slide to slide that
also works yeah yeah i'll do that are you able to see
yes okay great and we see the lion right
yes so this lion i have to say you know is a copyright material but the line only and none of uh
none of the other uh literature here so um let me see
go to the next slide so before this blood testing you know my initiation has been in border 9
basically which is los angeles this is a slide from my last star party which is really dear to me
uh you know cockpit of being in the cockpit of a silent spaceship uh seeing stars from edge to edge
um and this was the day when everything changed um i received a telescope in the
mail this is uh august 12th 2020 when i got my ed140 uh mailed over to me
um so this is the you know at the fedex location so i'm picking up my telescope
um and i think for the next few few months because there were some global
supply chain issues going on i did not have any mount i just had this huge eye
of a telescope so i opened it up and you know i would just gaze uh in days for hours
there was some photo ops on the left i took many pictures with my telescope and
and you know just uh i think reviewed it from top to bottom side to side
and the aperture uh this occurred till about november of 2020
from august to november in the meantime i think i couldn't really help myself because i didn't have a mount i grabbed a ladder
and on the paint bucket shelf i placed a blanket and i gingerly kind of pointed the
telescope towards jupiter that was my first light everything was shaking
but i saw this uh gigantic planet with bands on it and you know three little
jewels hanging on the side which were the moons of jupiter and i had to kind of you know just
balance myself because of the shock i got from the view and it was just phenomenal so i was very
i think in awe for for a little bit of time and then my mount arrived finally i think in
december of 2020 so here you can see the transition from from the left side so starting from this
slide i bought a separate zoom eyepiece attached to the star diagonal
so here it is attached to it and then finally i was jumping into astrophotography
i was lucky enough to find a great mentor on the east coast um his
name is jim and i believe he's watching the show hi jim [Music]
so here you can see you know the central uh picture here shows
a camera attached with a long spacer to a star diagonal and i was told well nobody does it that
way so you know i quickly i think changed it to from a 90 degree position to a straight
like uh x-axis uh single line imaging train but the spacer was still there because that
time i was unable to figure out uh you know how to attach it to the to the uh to the end of the telescope
so these are you know some teething and growing pains which i experienced but every moment of this was super exciting
like learning a new language and my first light where i took a picture actually was
pointing my cell phone uh into the smudgy eyepiece
so this is during the great conjunction at the top you can see jupiter with three moons and saturn in the same slide
so you know again i think when you see visually through an eyepiece it was it's a totally different
experience it seemed like these little earrings hanging in in space and shining away and you could pick out
the bands on the jupiter as well as on saturn so this was a you know i'm glad i got
to uh like set up the scope so uh as to have a view of this event
which god knows when will happen again all right very very lucky
and this is my first shot of the moon uh through the dslr attachment at the back
and i think just focusing on the very bright objects in the sky this one
was only i believe less than a second long so it came out nice so this is also december of 2020 and
then progressing further uh uh yep slightly getting the hang of it
um the the picture on the right side is in my backyard with the canon dslr attached to
it i still have the strap uh attached to it without you know not really knowing that little movement can
uh you know affect the images and on the left there is a
a bino viewer which i also i think bought around the same time i pointed this at the moon and the view through
the bino viewer was like looking into the headlight headlights of a car it was super bright
and i didn't really expect that but subsequently i purchased a moon filter and attached it
uh between the vinyl viewer and the star diagonal to get a little more uh
sort of uh you know sunglasses view of of the moon and it's really truly spectacular um
so some of more progress this is uh early
2021 and this is my very first uh sub of the orion nebula this is like a 30 second
shot i did not have an intervalometer at that time so this is just a delay on the you know press the the
button on the dslr 30 second delay and take a 30 second shot
i was super happy to get my first image and combine these like 12 of those subs
into a single uh six minute long uh shot of the orion nebula
um and this is uh stacked in deep sky stacker so this is my very first dso yes
some you know some shapes are starting to emerge so i was again i think super happy
uh my mentor jim helped really uh quite a bit uh here
and then moving on took another attempt at the at orion this is in march of 2021
so i'm starting to take a little more yeah you know the number of frames or number
of subs are going up by this time i believe i had purchased a light pollution filter because the
uh you know the skies were really washed out so some colors are starting to emerge
and uh you can see a little bit of running man on the left bottom left side
uh so again like every single time i had a new image it was like reaching you know
passing a new lesson in learning a new language super
super stoked and then finally i think this was my first intervalometer setup where i
bought a cam ranger 2. so a cam ranger acts like a kind of like an asia it
throws out a wi-fi signal but the i think the biggest uh handicap with the setup is there's a small pencil
battery in there so once you run out of the battery you're done but this did stay with me for quite a
number of months i believe about eight months till i bought the asi air and you know uh i think one of the big
uh advantages was no wires on this setup you know it's just a little wire going into
from the camera shoe into the camera itself and i did not have any guiding at
the stage but learn appreciable amount of i think polar alignment and star alignment to
stay focused on target so this setup was was good um
good polar alignment good start alignment no guiding no dithering at this stage no autofocus
using the dslr zoom which is 30x it's a canon eos r8
and the battino mask which was also quite helpful was not taking any darks uh thankfully
in my location not juveders needed uh most of the time i think about maybe a couple of months
and overall a great therapy so climbing these steps you know hearing the owls at night and i was sitting there for like
hours on end um and you know just experiencing a totally
different world out there uh moving on my very first galaxies
appeared in the month of april uh grainy but you know i didn't really care
and these were you know just the very first images of the spirals and uh look at that
that's right it's always a thrill to grab something so distant and
and see such detail right right i think whirlpool is about 28 million light years away and needle
is 50 million so incredibly faint objects and here you can actually see some more smudges in
the back uh so i was super related to get you know just just some images on my
um on the deep sky stacker process and then i i think started to get border
in the month of may here i was focusing on the north american nebula so on the left side of the screen this is a shot
from the worldwide telescopes.org where you can
upload an image and it will play itself for you to give you an idea of where you you know the image has been taken so i
was shooting for here but i believe i messed up the star alignment and i got this instead so this is the
fox head cluster and you see a little gray rectangle here and that's where it i think i was
imaging thinking i was imaging uh north america on the other side of the galaxy
but just uh i think very
very astonished to see the number of stars here um in my in my image this is
about a 1 hour 15 minute shot iso 800 so still
going with the dslrs which i i'm still using today moving on i made another attempt at
north america uh this time i was bang on target but the the sensor on the canon eos ra plus
the ed140 uh it did not give me the full uh i think the field is not wide enough
but i'm happy to get mexico florida uh new york
north california i missed my home home uh state here so got something but i think the the
number of stars appearing in my images uh was it was a great experience
so this was i believe june of last year and then i made in october an attempt at
the ladies looking through the scope i think visually at the ladies is
is is like you're looking inside a diamond mine you know you see all these like little twinkly crystals
uh blue and uh just beautiful so i tried to bring that out in my
images uh this is the point where i started to see a little colors appear in the in the stars um
um due to the refinement of techniques and you know just this more uh efficient process
um there are still some artifacts left in the stars uh but i was not digging
this is still from bottle 9 location and no autofocus so i
believe it was due to that i new year's night uh this is first of
january of this year 22 i got the rosette nebula you can still see a lot of noise um
but you know to have a shape of a flower appear on the 1st of jan is quite a
quite a feeling moving on my third attempt at orion so this was in
mid january and now you can really see the the running man appear in more detail
in the in the orion uh this is also i think time wise quite a bit longer two
and a half hours uh this time and the core is a little blown out but a
lot of other details were visible uh jim was my my mentor was instrumental
i think in in uh helping me achieve this this level uh there are a lot of things which i
learned i think uh in processing which is almost like putting in golf if you're good at your
your swing or your drive you still need to be as good in putting otherwise you don't reach your target so
uh happy to get here then i got the horsehead and flame this is also in
january um this is about a couple of hours um
but happy to achieve the colors here and then i went for cigar and boards
galaxies um i imaged for a couple of nights and combined the data to get this
this uh image of uh cigar on the left and boards on the right and this was really
the first time when i started to see the details of the spiral arms and and the details within the cigar
uh you know total of six hours and 57 minutes about 400 frames plus
um [Music] and then the galaxy season opened up so
i took a bunch of other shots of uh [Music] now the sunflower bottom left
uh the pinwheel bar top right and i reprocess the whirlpool uh image
so as you can see you know even reprocessing older data can bring out a lot of stuff
so it was a bumper crop i think during the galaxy season and this was my
last image before we we went to the dark sky site in in joshua
tree so this is the the joshua tree i just called up a friend i'm like let's go you
know let's do it uh later on realized that it was actually a full moon night but even then it was 50
times better than location in la and here you can see me setting up the ed140
with everything attached you know the canon camera the automatic focuser
guide guiding is working now there's a guide cam and i uh so so this is
race against time i think these two pictures on the on the right side uh shooting eagle nebula like three a.m
in the morning and then this is wrapped in the morning so i'm i'm disassembling the rig here
and this was uh just the moon uh setting in the east during suns
it was really beautiful that's why i decided to take a quick cell phone shot very nice
so this was portal 3 we were boondocking which means that we did not book a campsite we were just in public land
outside of the park by the ten freeway um [Music] the bureau of blm property right right i
used to go there too it's very dark out there very dark yeah surprisingly dark
and let me just jump to the image so i got sombrero galaxy that night i think there were two targets sombrero which is
about three hours followed by eagleman so eagle was about two hours
you can see the pillars of creation in the center of this image and surprising really because the the
amount of vignetting just disappeared so i think advantages of a dark sky site
like this uh vignetting reduced substantially did not use the light pollution filter
asi air plus has a lot of things attached to it so it's a it's a great little uh device which i found was
fantastic guiding i was averaging at about 0.8 arc seconds
dithering every five subs um automatic focus was attached to it and the mount was stable
with the vibration pads directly on the sand um no concrete pads used you know it's it's
funny the the sand particles at joshua tree are the uh are kind of large so they're almost like
tiny stones instead of powdery sand which i believe gives some some amount
of uh uh you know less flexibility on the on the
mount legs there was a breeze of about four to five miles an hour so that did not disrupt the guiding much
but i did get lost on polaris like there were so many stars uh out there didn't really know where polaris was so i had
to move the mount a couple of times i think almost like 25 degrees one way to
to do my polar uh really spoiled after this experience and
decided to go back so this is our second trip this is during the memorial day weekend you know on on may 31st monday
which was actually a moonless night so here went back in in a week's time
and this time i had my wide field set up this is the redcat 51 uh not the ed140 but
but in in this campsite we had a new companion there were like couple of other friends of mine and one of my
friends had a dog his name is radar he's a he's a dachshund and a chihuahua mix
and he really helped in creating a safety perimeter uh you know to to
like there were no foxes or or any raccoons approaching the the rig so this
is the setup and these are some of the images which i took uh
the the i think the i wanted to uh or i had planned to
image row of u key it's a low target but it still rose to about 32 degrees over the horizon
on the south side so went for about i think about four and a half hours but i got good three hours of imaging on the
row and uh framing wise i was thinking is slightly
different but i ran into some challenges but i think still the image came out really nice very happy with this you can
see the star antares here now this is m4 star cluster with 100 000 stars
approximately the row a few key stars here in the blue uh the velocity
and the other i still had some time left i think around 3 30 in the morning so i went for
uh triffid and lagoon lagoon nebula on the left side and triffid here
among these uh you know these clouds of stars of the central region of the milky way so the first image is about three
hours this one is about one hour 48 minutes total
so yeah this is where i am now in the last one and a half years the journey continues and
start you know just shout out to my parents my better half jim uh my friends and definitely the
radar the dog and you know just going away with this image uh this is a poster in my room but
sums up my desired days of retirement hopefully
i love it and so that's fantastic thank you so
much thank you um we uh uh
you know angela and i uh keep in regular communication he calls me by phone and
tells me you know he shares his images with me on my cell phone i often show your images around
the office and and you know it's just really great and it's wonderful to see someone go from
you know taking the baby steps in uh astronomy or astrophotography and then
things just start to open up and uh you know i i
i wish i could myself go back through the process that you're going through yourself because
it just it's an amazing feeling uh to see these things happen where you make these progressions and um
and you're learning more about the universe you live in so this is this is fantastic i think this
this has given me an opportunity to actually document this into a minute uh
right high show which is good well you'll have to come back on next
time to do it again so i look forward to it thank you scott great
great okay so uh we are going down to brazil uh where we will meet up with uh marcelo
souza who's been spinning uh today and maybe the last couple of days with gabe gabriella um uh who is um a
nasa maybe former nasa uh engineer i'm sure he still consults with
them uh and he is a motivational speaker uh
maybe a life coach as well so marcelo what's going on down there in uh
in brazil hi nice to meet you all of you thank you
for the invitation squad it is a great pleasure to be with your phil
and the now we are we have here in ohio
at the presence of gabe gabriel he will introduce him himself
and we are organizing activities with him
in many schools and from four different seats
in these three days we had the participation of more than 600
students and the people from that participate in the activities
and gabe gabriel is here we are in the same hotel here
okay yeah we are in the city of santa maria
madalena now that is a small seat located in the mountain in mountain and
he is very cold here we are
in gabe is here hola
hi to everyone in the usa yes yeah i'm curious how did you two meet
what what i i think you you two have known each other for a long time
yeah i think maybe five years four or five years yes
so probably marcelo contacted me about coming to speak for him
i just want to clear up one thing before we go any further i'm not an engineer i
was an engineer for nasa and there is a difference i see
i see well i i i was able to read some about you uh gabe and uh
um so i'm really i mean you are someone that
works with with people to help inspire them and
i'm really curious about the motivational coaching that you do the motivational
talks that you give um i often think about how astronomy
that that view of that we can get through astronomy and space exploration
uh how it helps us reframe our lives you know uh it makes us uh
reduces our worry about what we think are such gargantuan problems in our
lives okay um yet we we're on the pale blue dot you know and we are
we're you know hurtling through space at unbelievable speeds but at the same time we have this uh ability
to look out uh into and try to make sense of the universe that we live in you know so that might make us unique in
in the world of uh of sentient beings uh animals but uh um
i am i'm curious about uh those things that you uh uh work
that you uh the perspective that you bring to people yeah well my my objective is mainly with
kids and most kids struggle most kids have been told they must work hard
they're surrounded by stress and pressure and they really don't have a chance to enjoy their lives
and most adults are this way too and i think when i was at the eighth number
as you said it's a magical place you know every day when we go to work we have
ships going to planets we have so much surrounding us that takes our mind different places in
the solar system or the universe and with brazil but it was amazing
in all the country i've been to probably 15 uh the people in brazil and especially the kids they love astronomy they're
fascinated with it and it's amazing so i'm an engineer civil structural type of
engineer okay so i really don't have the background in autonomy but because of
the kids always asking me about it i've learned a little bit about it and it's fascinating to me most of it is
beyond my comprehension when we talk about billions of light years away this
is something i can't even hardly understand one light year never mind millions of them but it's fairly
interesting for me so when i was at kennedy space center as an engineer i loved it there every day was magic every
day was fun but so many people were complaining and they were saying i can't wait till the
weekend i don't like my job and i thought well this isn't a job it's fun how can you not like this yeah and we
looked at it as learned behavior when they were growing up they heard about stress and pressure and working hard so
this is the way they were living their lives and i think this is passed on for to the kids
and so i was a little different you know i always had fun i always enjoyed my life and i i looked at them and i looked
at me and i said well what's the difference between us you know strictly how i looked at things so i was looking
for the opportunity to speak with kids you tell them look with another choice
your
i try to give them the opportunity to understand that they can be very successful and have a happy life in the
process with no stress and no pressure and never work hard it's all mental and
if i can get them to mentally look at things differently they can have such a wonderful life with hope for their
dreams for hope for astronomy and this is what i try to do when i i go around the world speaking with kids
that's fantastic you know i there there is so much of information overload that
kids get you know i i have grandsons and i think about uh
this uh situation uh where they get instantaneous news
good news and bad news you know uh and uh i
in my talks that i give and the one i'm going to give on saturday it's called the power of stargazing and it really
has a lot to do with kind of reframing your view you know maybe some practical steps that
you can use uh through the understanding of uh your place in the universe to
uh you know to worry less you know because worry and these kind of destructive uh
mental patterns that you're talking about um really create a lot of problems and by
the time that you're you're a grown adult you're these things are so ingrained
into you uh that it's it's hard to let go and and to you know and to live you know and
to enjoy your life just like what you're talking about yeah i totally agree with you and your perspective to me
is excellent and and yeah it's learned behavior and it's passed on from generation to generation
so for me i i'm oh my favorite age when i'm talking with the kids is eight to 10.
they have not been subjected to so much negativism that you don't have to unlearn them you can just teach them
something at that age the older they are the more they've been subjected to this so you have to get
them to leave what they know and even if it's not good it's secure so
to get them to change the older they are the more difficult it becomes
what do you find is your greatest challenge when working with kids you know i really don't have much of a
challenge i i have seem to have this magical connection with the kids i always tell them the first thing my name
is gabe this is what my friends call me and this is what i want you to call me so have a kid runs up and says hey gabe
i know they've allowed me into their world and they listen and i really do have a great connection with them i
don't understand it but i feel it and they feel it too and it's just amazing
to me i i get more than i give people always saying to me you give so much you give so much but really what i get from
this is way more than i give that's right and that's another life lesson because you can never give too
much because you get more there should be some sort of
mathematical formula for you know how much you scoop out and give versus
how much you get back that's a secret that a lot of people don't know you know so
um or they're afraid to uh really do that you know to really share uh what
you have to give without expectations if you give with expectations you're going to be disappointed almost all the time
so you have to give for the joy of giving and you'll receive more that way but if you give with expectations
you're going to be disappointed all the time yeah almost instantly i think you know because you're waiting you're
waiting for it you're waiting to see what the benefit is right just immediately you know so uh
you know i uh at times where i have been able
i fall into the same trap sometimes i'm i'm giving something and i'm i'm i'm wishing i'm hoping that wow
i hope some i get something back you know just as cool or just as brilliant or just as whatever actually
more you know i want something more and that's that's the little bit of greed that that that grabs a hold of me sometimes and
and i really try to let that go because uh when i'm more free and easy and uh
and i i give and share like i was when i was five years old uh
i just i i i find that i i'm i feel lighter and i
feel better you know and that's got to be good for you the rewards are so much
more if you give without expectations just the joy of giving for me
the fact that i can help kids feel better about their lives it it's amazing to me but i see it in their eyes and i i
feel it in their hugs and their smiles and i get hundreds of emails from kids thanking me for directing them in a
certain way but i always say to the kids my part is really small i'm offering you
a suggestion you have to be willing to listen evaluate and adapt to your life and
change so what you do is so important compared to what i do i want them to understand to take credit for their own
accomplishments not say they did it because of gabe i want them to know they did it because of themselves i make the
suggestion but my partner's really really small but when you do that to me
when you give for the just the joy there's a certain amount of joy you get if you just give to give
and and the expectations are not important you want to eliminate all expectations
you're never going to get it back and you're always going to be disappointed and then you lose the joy of giving as
well right i i agree with that you know a lot of uh amateur astronomers are involved
in what they call astronomy outreach sidewalk astronomers you know we'll get on the street corner we'll have our
telescope gear out it's not to show off the telescope gear but it's to give somebody their first
chance to see the rings of saturn or the craters of the moon and stuff like that and
the response back that that sometimes well not sometimes often that you get
are are very emotional someone uh is seeing the you know their very first
view of another world and it kind of helps transport themselves out of the
mundane out of out of what their mind is circling around all day long you know
they they you know if you catch them just right and you can tell them yeah you're seeing the rings of saturn it's
almost a billion miles away it's another world you know and then you
just see you see their eyes just kind of widen a little bit and they pause and you know okay they're they're on they're exploring on
their own at this point i've seen people cry at the eyepiece i've seen them you know this kind of thing
uh and it makes me wonder why did they wait so long
you know you know it's a lot about the opportunities and i'm one of those guys one of those people who look through the
telescope and i'm in awe of it because i'm really not an astronomer and i don't know a lot about astronomy
and but it's fascinating for me so when i look through a telescope i'm in awe of
what i'm seeing it's amazing to me and as you said the distance away and the
clarity that you can see it it's fascinating i i wish i had more time to learn more about it
but i think it's i really learn more from the kids they're always talking to me about astronomy especially in brazil
the kids here are just fascinating i agree i agree and i i this comes back
to marcelo marcello's programs with with youth are incredible
um i was in brazil on one occasion during his uh one of his big international programs
that he puts together and uh just the attention from these kids
was just uh something i had rarely experienced here in the united states and uh um
you know so and it wasn't i don't think it was because they were getting extra credit or something i
think that they were really truly fascinated uh with um
the experience and so i you know my hat's off to marcelo for for doing the work that he's done like this because
he's done it for a very long time yeah and i'm a great supporter and i'm
i'm thankful for the opportunity he gives to me to come around and speak with the kids and and they worship him they think he's a
hero and and i do as well he does so much for the kids and the programs that they establish here the kids have this
thirst and this desire and he gives them an avenue to to have that uh understood
and and fulfilled so i i think it's really really special and it's always an honor for me to participate in any of
this right yeah thank you marcelo do you uh
after doing this all these years what what what is your what is your feeling about it what is
your what are your thoughts about work you do with youth
today i have a great surprise here because
we have a presentation at night here and they also had a presentation sunday
that's a valentine's day here in brazil and the both
that he gave he made the presentation we have a big pub that participates now
something that makes our first very happy to know that they
when they have the opportunity to have contact
with people that can talk about astronomy astronauts respect exploration
i have experiences that you share with them they participate
right then today i gave you can i'll talk about this in the presentation
at night during our presentation arrive the students
ah and you who why is totally full during the presentation and they came in
students we are in a very small seats that have ten thousand people that live
here is uh is uh they live very far because they begin farmers in different
places here and they did and if big effort
they were to be there to participate in the presentation like gabriel saw that
you have many people many students that participated and they arrived because
they needed time to arrive at the place that he
was making the presentation but they came right yeah that's great that's wonderful
well thank you uh uh i'm glad that uh you you were able to bring gabe on and
uh marcelo thanks again for all your participation with gold star parties and uh marcelo is also the uh
senior editor of sky's up magazine it's a free global astronomy magazine you can
download and i'll put the link in chat here but uh is
there anything else that you guys like to have before we uh will go to our next speaker
i just like to add one thing if i may sure so when i'm talking with kids
i try to get them to look at things in a different way and be positive and i talk about three
things and this applies to everybody this is three mental things
if you can learn these three things you will never work nothing will ever be hard you'll never
have stress and you'll never have pressure just three simple things
do your best enjoy what you do believe in yourself
learn these three things and your life will be fun stress free and easy and you
will be very successful that's right you'll be immediately successful yes
that's right wow okay that's great that's great i really love that
um i'm going to ask gabe to come on to one of my presentations sometime because i
think you're fantastic marcelo thanks again for introducing it
to our audience and um um well thank you
thank you very much for your participation thank you thank you for the opportunity
thanks gabe take care you're very welcome thanks all right from brazil
enjoy enjoyable if you can see me i'm freezing here i'm a florida guy freezing
in brazil oh man well uh
hopefully you get to see some of those southern famous southern skies uh from brazil as well so
thanks very much marcelo and uh gabe take care and we will go next to
chuck allen from the astronomical league so let me
chuck yes sir yes sir um uh
i am uh it's my pleasure to uh reintroduce chuck
allen uh he's uh he's been a uh you know a great
partner of of mine in the res only in the respect that uh you know he is uh someone that's done
so much work to support youth in astronomy when i met chuck
i and chuck will remember the year but it's it's been a while it seems short to me but um
they were rolling out the national young astronomers award and um i was learning about uh the award itself
uh meet instruments at that time had signed up to support that program
and um you know i've always been a cheerleader for the astronomical
league and this particular award because uh they are taking some of the best and brightest young minds uh you know these
these these students high school students that win this award
are recognized from the for their work and really what i would consider to be professional research and uh
you know so we've been able to play a small role in uh supporting that and to recognize the
youth and the stories i've heard about uh youth after that they after the winning
this award i think it does help to propel them into a lifetime of science
and um i'm sure that uh chuck has many more stories that he could add to that but
uh tonight chuck's gonna add to the global star party one of his famous presentations so i'll just turn it over
to you i don't know how famous it is thank you scott um
yeah the young astronomer program young astronomer award program uh produces
projects that are absolutely astounding i used to be a international science and
engineering fair judge and there's this is that quality it's uh right up
there with the best projects that we saw at icefs and uh it's really remarkable
to see and a lot of these projects are coming in from ninth and tenth graders as well so
uh really amazing and scott uh has been a huge benefactor of that program for
nearly three decades now providing telescope prizes to our
winners sponsoring plaques and helping us get these kids to our conventions so that they can
make their presentations live to our membership i'm going to share a screen now and
we're going to be talking about cosmic frontiers i think that was the
topic and it's the topic that i'm particularly
fond of i grew up with a very close friend richard gott
who's now a professor emeritus of astrophysics at princeton university and he's one of the world's leading
cosmologists he publishes books along with neil degrasse tyson and
several others that are quite extraordinary works he and i are on the phone almost every night
and especially during covet for many hours and so i've had the benefit of working
with him on my frontiers and my frontiers have always been oriented toward as his had
been toward extremes we took an 11 000 mile road trip one
time back in 1967 good luck went to a huge number of national parks and
beautiful sights all the way to victoria and across canada coming back and yet the highlight of the trip was
stopping by to see the world's tallest structure which was a radio mask in north dakota near blanchard and
so we've always had an interest in the furthest objects the brightest objects the most
massive objects and so forth and my interest in cosmology has sort of
grown along with having access to richard and to the resources that are needed for this so
what i'd like to do tonight is let's talk about the two primary frontiers
that we face as human beings in this universe in terms of what we can see and what we
can know the first group of frontiers i would talk about would be optical ones and
that is what can we see based on the amount of light that we receive now i once had an experience
where i was completing one of the many league observing programs that i've done and i was
observing a galaxy ngc 4 99
and found a second smudge in the field which was ngc 498
and 496 excuse me and noticed when i was making the sketch
which is not very well reproduced here that there was a little smudge moving between the two when i jiggled the field
and i could only barely see it i was interested to know this was an extraordinary night a very very dark
night in a very dark location with a 12-inch telescope and the little galaxy turned out to be
16th magnitude which i thought was extraordinary for the size of aperture that i was using
so i decided to try to calculate how many photons were actually entering my eye at the
integration rate of the human eye which is basically think of it as the period of time during
which the eye collects information before it's transmitted to the brain and it's about
a tenth of a second in the case of the rods which are your peripheral vision
used primarily for observing faint galaxies and so i did this massive calculation based on the number of
photons that land on a square centimeter each second from a zero magnitude star
calculated the obstruction on the 12-inch sct calculated how
many fewer photons would be received from a 16th magnitude star for each square centimeter that the photons are
landing on and then took into account blast transmission extinction in the atmosphere corneal transmission and that
integration rate and it turned out to be about nine photons per integration
period in other words my brain was forming an image as i jiggled that image that could have been formed from
from as few as nine photons wow um that may seem extraordinary but there's
actually been research done at rockefeller university by alakashi baziri dr vaziri set up a very complicated
setup where a person was placed in a totally dark room and asked to stare at a very faint red
fixation light the uh there will be an audio audio signal
given and then a second audio signal given and during that
little gap in time the person was asked to determine whether they had seen a flash of light
and in some occasions a single photon was fired into the eye at a different
angle and so the people were asked did you see a flash of light and with what level of
confidence did you see it and interestingly enough with one photon in
this test one photon being emitted or not emitted each time the confidence level was only about 52
percent um on the general test that is when there were no
photons being fired and when there was one photon being fired but when there was one photon being fired the
confidence level shot up to 60 percent this was considered to be statistically significant for being able to detect a
single photon entering the human eye and so i got interested at one point in
doing this program for another club actually it was for ohio state university's astronomy club of
what the limits are for naked eye observing and if you want to know uh what the faintest star is that you can see with
the unaided eye it's the furthest one i should say not the faintest excuse me the furthest one you can see is v762
cassiopei it shines at magnitude plus 5.8 red readily visible on a good night
and it lies at 16 308 light years that's a parallax measurement so this is
uh certainly an interesting target you might want to try to observe it sometimes if you want
to say you've seen the furthest star visible to the unnated eye there have been exceptions of course back in 1885
a supernova erupted in the andromeda galaxy m31 at that time it was thought to be anova
occurring in some sort of spiral nebula that existed within what was believed in
those days to be the only galaxy which was the milky way this star signed at magnitude plus 5.8
and was above magnitude 6 for about 3 days and a lot of people observed it
but again it was thought to be a nova not a supernova occurring at a much faster distance it would be nearly 40
years before hubble gave us information about the actual distance to m31 and its
true nature as a galaxy but there is something even further in
the nature of a star if you will that you could have seen if you were extraordinarily lucky and i have not
been able to determine if anyone saw this i doubt they did there was gamma ray burst zero eight
zero three one nine in bolotes and it reached magnitude plus 5.5 and
was above magnitude six for about 70 seconds if you had observed this
you would have been observing something that was shining from a distance of 7.5
billion light years absolutely extraordinary this was in 2008
um on march 19th and that would have been the furthest thing you could have seen with the unaided eye ever
in that case now this uh is a friend of mine who lives on a family farm in evening shade arkansas his name is scott
harrington and when he was 14 years old he used the only instruments he had available to him at that time which was
a pair of seven by 35 binoculars not the ones seen in this picture so scott
undertook a massive study of exactly what could be seen uh with 7 by 35 binoculars and with the
unaided eye and he started a massive project that he ended up publishing online called 250 plus deep sky objects
visible in 70 by 35 binoculars and the naked eye and he cataloged them
according to the magnitude comments and rated the difficulty of seeing each of
these objects it was a massive undertaking that took about eight or nine years
and is still online today and now he uses a 16 inch bob and a 10
inch sct from his family farm in evening shade and he is now a writer for sky and
telescope magazine wow he had the cover story in may of 2020
won and he had another major story in the current may 2022 issue of sky telescope
and he's scheduled for another one next may in sky telescopes he's now a regular writer for them shows you what you can
do with interest and a little motivation his motivation came
from jack forkheimer awesome his uh efforts led to conclusions of the
furthest uh open cluster that was visible to the united eye at least in the northern
hemisphere was one component ngc 884 in the double cluster in perseus at 9 580
light years the furthest emission nebula m17 the swan or omega nebula at 5900 light years
and the globular cluster messier 2 in aquarius
at 37 500 light years the furthest globular visible to the animated eye the
terms of galaxies uh he was able to detect m81 and ursa major at 11 million
light years naked eye in the southern hemisphere we believe it would be possible for
ngc 5128 often referred to as centaurus a to be seen naked eye as well although
its distance is a little ambiguous between 10 and 16 million light years most estimates have around
13. so this would probably be a little further than m81 using seven by 35 binoculars i'll just
cut to the chase the furthest thing visible according to his work uh mgc
3607 and leo at a distance of nearly 70 million lighters and just little seven
by thirty fives now if you move on to amateur telescopes especially the dobs that we use today
uh it is of course easy uh with even small telescopes an eight inch can
easily detect 3c 273 and virgo a quasar shines at magnitude 13 essentially and
it lies at a distance of about 2.4 billion light years
and it's an extraordinary thing to show people even though it's not very impressive to look at it just looks like
a star but when you tell them the distance that can have a big impression on people
yes but with these dogs it's now possible to access this quasar
and links it shines at magnitude plus 15 it takes some work to find but when you
find it you will be seeing an object whose light travel time to you is 12.05
billion years wow now bear in mind you're living in a universe that's 13.8
billion years old the light from this quasar has been traveling to us for nearly the entire age of the universe to
reach us and i guarantee you if you take the time to
observe this you will be hard-pressed to find anyone else who ever has
it's not that hard if you have the aperture to do it and the good skies to do it
professional telescopes of course can take us even further in terms of optical
frontiers for a long time now for a couple years or at least a year gnz11 and ursa major
has been the record holder for the furthest object ever observed in the universe it's a little proto galaxy
about a billion stars about 600 light years wide and this is one of the classic early forming
galaxies at the beginning at the end of the dark age after the gas had time to begin to coalesce to form
stars um it was in this era or the the era of the formation of these
proto-galaxies that the james webb space telescope was really put into space its job with that gold mirror is to look
at this heavily red and light heavily reddened of course because the light's been passing through stretching space
for so long and give us better images of these proto galaxies that would eventually merge to
form perhaps spiral galaxies and eventually ellipticals
gnz11 was the record holder it lies at a light travel distance the light has
taken 13.4 billion years to get to us and today that galaxy in whatever form
it has today lies at 32 billion light years this is what it probably looked like in
an artist's conception when the light left there and again this is what it looks like from for when we receive the
light after the heavily reddened uh light reaches us
but last month or i guess it was in april just a month and a half ago
another object was detected by some astronomers in japan it's hd1 and the constellation
of and it has been determined to have a light travel distance of 13.5 billion
wow years and a current distance of 33.4 billion light
years this has not yet been totally spectroscopically confirmed they're working on it now but if it is confirmed
it will be the new record holder as the furthest object ever observed the james webb of course will be able to perhaps
probe a little bit deeper but you can't look back in time much more than 13.5
billion years if you do you're looking back into the era before stars formed
and there's simply nothing shining there this is the graph that is often shown to
show you what we're doing here is looking back in time in the case of gn z11
to this point and in the case of hd1 13.3 billion years
of light travel time before that there's just not going to be a lot shining
excuse me a moment okay
now the next the next set of frontiers is not limited by
photons reaching us it's limited by physics by the speed of
light uh in an expanding universe and this is where things get a little more
complicated excuse me just one second
sorry i'm losing my voice here one thing that we have to do is first of
all figure out what makes understanding how far we can theoretically see so difficult
one factor is that the universe is expanding it's expanding such that for each
million light years of separation the expansion of space is carrying
points apart at about 48 000 miles per hour this is usually expressed in kilometers
per second for a megaparsec a megaparsec is a little bit further than the distance between the milky way and
andromeda now andromeda and the milky way are not
separating because of the expansion of space because they're gravitationally bound to one another we're part of this
local group of galaxies the expansion occurs outside of these clusters that
are bound gravitationally it occurs in the space where the gravity is overcome by the hubble expansion
the second thing we have to understand is that there are points in space that because of this expansion are being
separated from us at greater than the speed of life if you use the expansion rate that we've
determined to exist you will find that anything that lies 14.4 billion light years away
will be carried away from us by the expansion of space that was at the speed of light if it's 29 billion light years
away twice the speed of light this does not violate relativity special relativity at all
there's nothing in special relativity that prevents space from expanding such the points are carried apart at greater
than the speed of light no one is observing anything moving away at the speed of light or greater
and so forth a third factor that makes things so difficult to understand is that the
expansion of the inverse has changed in speed the hubble constant is not constant in time it's just constant in
space that is to say we believe the hubble rate of expansion is the same all
throughout the universe as it is here but it's been faster in the past it
slowed for a while and after about 8 billion years it started accelerating again after matter became attenuated
enough the dark energy took over and has begun to increase the rate at which the universe is expanding
the fourth and final thing that's important to understand is that the expansion of space and the speed of
light make distances hard to understand let's take the case of gn z11
how far away is it well when the light left there it was
less than a billion light years away from us by the time the light got here the light had traveled 13.4 billion light years
and today it's out at 32 billion light years so here's gnc 11 when the light left
there this arrow's the light heading toward earth but this space here is expanded and so by the time the light
reached us it had traveled 13.4 billion light years and it would become red
in all of that time that the light was traveling to us the galaxy had receded to 32 billion light years and is now
probably some giant elliptical galaxy somewhere part of a giant elliptical
somewhere i've given this example in programs in the past that i think help people
understand what's going on here so i'd like you to imagine a father who's teaching his daughter
uh to swim and we'll call her emily and she's gonna be our photon and she's hanging on a
wall which we will call gnz11 a galaxy far
away from us and dad that's us uh is summoning emily
to swim to him now emily's only 10 feet away and dad's just going to stand there but this is a magic swimming pool
the swimming pool constantly expands the floor stretches the walls get further
apart extra water sprinkles in to keep the depth up and so emily lets go to
begin swimming to ten feet and she swims and swims as the pool expands
and finally after she reaches dad she's ended up swimming a hundred feet
now that's gnz gnz11 gnz11 was less than a billion light years away when the
light left there when she left the wall 10 feet away but she ended up having to swim 100 feet 13.4 billion light years
before the light got here and by the time the light got here the wall had receded to 300 feet away that's where
gmc 11 is today over 32 billion light years away
and interestingly of course if emily tried to turn around and swim back to that wall she'd never reach it there's
too much space now swimming expanding between her and the wall so
that wall is now beyond her horizon and as you'll see in a moment gnz 11 is
also now beyond our horizon um so let's just sort of look at this
diagram the earth is at the center of a sphere uh 13.8 billion light years in radius
that's the light blue area you see here this is nothing more than the distance from which light has had time to reach
us it's had 13.8 billion years to reach us out here at 14.4 billion light years is
the point that is being carried away from us at the speed of light because of the expansion
so let's plot gn z11 now gs11 was only a billion
light years away somewhere in here when the light left there but by the time the light got here because of the expansion
it traveled 13.4 billion light years and by the time it got here the galaxy had
receded out here to 32 billion light years now all other galaxies that we've ever
seen are closer light left there when it was much closer the light travel time is shorter than gn
z11s and today those galaxies all lie closer than gmc 11. most galaxies that we see are
out in the realm of gnc 11 or a little bit closer because the further out you go of course the more galaxies you you
find in each shell of distance beyond us so
let's imagine that there was a galaxy that was shining 13.8 billion years ago
that is to say a galaxy whose light has taken the entire age of the universe to
reach us where would that galaxy be today the answer is it would be at 46 billion
light years that's called the cosmic particle horizon or what professional astronomers
like to call the edge of the observable universe so that's it
the furthest possible object that we could see an object whose light has taken the
entire age of the universe to reach us would today be no further away than 46 billion light
years so that's it that's the edge of the observable universe
now what about a galaxy that today lies 15 billion light years away
first question we have to ask is can we see it can you see this galaxy that's 15
billion light years away notice that it lies in a realm that's separating from us at greater than the speed of light
but the answer is sure we can see it we can see g and z11 out here we can see all of these galaxies that are closer so
of course we can see this galaxy because when it was closer it emitted light that has reached us now the galaxy's out at
15. but what if a supernova goes off in this galaxy of 15 billion light years can the
light from that supernova occurring today get to us from a point that is moving away from us
at greater than the speed of light because of the expansion oddly the answer is yes
even though the space between earth and the galaxy is separating at greater than the speed of
light the distance between our hubble distance here and that galaxy is not so the
photons from that supernova can reach the hubble distance and they will therefore eventually make it into us
they can make it into the realm that's not moving away from us because of the expansion at the speed of light
so what about 16 billion light years well that most photons can barely make
it inside our hubble distance and they too will eventually get to us but anything
further than 16 billion light years that occurs today we will never ever see
and that creates another horizon called the cosmic event horizon it's 16 billion light years and that's a very important
one that is the point beyond which any event occurring today will never be seen by us
that includes a message being sent to us a supernova that explodes any event that
occurs out there notice that gn z11 is out here 32 billion light years
we can make photographs of that little reddish galaxy as it used to be
but we'll never know what gnz looks like today the light from it simply can't
reach us anymore it's too far away in an expanding universe it's like emily
turning away from dead and trying to swim back to the wall can't get there
or maybe emily's brother who's still on the wall now hundreds of feet away
unable to overcome the expansion of the pool to reach dad
everything beyond 16 billion light years is unreachable
and that's important because look at all of these galaxies that are out here in the unreachable range
96 of all of the galaxies that we can see now in our hubble heat field
are unreachable we cannot get a signal to them they cannot get a signal to us
even at the speed of light radio transmission supernova light whatever it is
we simply can't see them the last photons that we will ever see from these galaxies have left there long ago
they're still streaming in so you can still go out in the field and image these galaxies but the last photons that
we will ever receive from them left those galaxies many many years ago
what about the rest of the universe this is where things get real dicey because now you're into the realm of
cosmology and cosmological theory how much larger is the universe beyond the
limit of the observable universe that extends out to 46 billion light years in all directions
well we've been studying the cosmic microwave background trying to determine the shape of our universe that is to say
that the topography if you will of the universe is it curved
if you establish three points and connect them with lines will the angles of that triangle equal 180 degrees or
more or less and so we've been studying the cosmic microwave background to determine whether our universe is closed in which
case it would be finite or flat at which point it will become infinite at an infinite date in the future or has an
open shape in which case it's already infinite
well oxford university uh has concluded that our universe has to
be uh on the order of 15 million times larger in volume than the part we can
see up to 46 billion light years even if it's closed and finite in size
that is to say that because of the margin of error in our determination
that the universe is flat and we've been putting satellites up for years planck kobe wmap
trying to determine the shape of our universe and basically
it comes out flat every time perfectly flat and so because of the
margin of error that's involved in that reading we know that the universe has to
be at minimum 15 million times larger in volume than the part we can see other cosmologists even if the universe
is closed had calculated that it might be as much as 300 sextillion times larger andre linda who along with booth
created inflation theory concluded in a book i have here that it could be as large as 10 to the 40 000 power times
larger than the part we can see wow today
taking over the lead in [Music] astrophysical theory
is bubble universe theory uh andre linda uh once said that it is
impossible to invent models of inflation that do not allow for a multiverse he
said every experiment that brings better credence to inflation theory brings us closer to the idea that
the multiverse is real inflation theory says that in the very
earliest undecillionth of a second of the universe's existence the universe expanded
on the order of 10 to the 78 times power times in this incredibly tiny period of
time because of gravitational repulsion this inflation solves all the problems that the big
bang theory had the original big bang theory could not explain uh a number of factors that inflation
theory solves completely and when we looked at uh big bang theory and
we ran the clock back the universe was always too big for thermal equilibrium to have occurred
in all regions of the universe there was never a time when every region of our universe could have communicated
temperature to every other region we look in opposite directions of the sky and we see the same temperature to
within one part and a hundred thousand and so inflation theory solved that
by taking the universe back to its earliest moment and then dropping it down in size very quickly to a point
before inflation occurred when that thermal equilibrium could have occurred so in inflation theory you have this
inflating seed a sea of what we call false vacuum a
region of higher than normal energy density that is inflating and out of
this inflating sea nucleate bubbles of true vacuum one of those bubbles is
thought to be our own universe in these theories the
energy of inflation decays at the surface of the bubble creating a hot plasma it fills the
energy of inflation decays and causes hot particles to be dumped into the
space of the periphery of these bubbles as they expand this big bang continues to occur at the periphery of the bubble
universes involved now this is a chart that tries to show you this
inflating seed and bubble universes nucleating out of it from a global view from an outside point
of view what you would look at is a universe who's expanding
from the nucleation at a point here in time and getting larger with time
here you have a red galaxy representing the milky way let's say that has now advanced 13.8 billion years from its own
big bang at the periphery of the bubble and from a global point of view you
would look at this universe and say well
this universe has a finite size we would define now as being this point in time
right here and the universe would have a certain width and space um
the problem with this of course is that from an internal point of view it's
not quite so easy to determine when now is imagine for example that i asked you to
tell me when we wanted to measure our universe from within
you would say well now let's choose now well how do we define
now you define now as being your wristwatch reads 13.8 billion years after the big
bang the trouble is the trouble in this universe is that if
the universe is experiencing a big bang at the periphery of an expanding bubble
each of these galaxies in the future emerges from the big bang and has to reach 13.8 billion years after the big
bang and we have no way of coordinating our watches with all of these future galaxies that form
so now becomes this line which is infinite in scope in width in this diagram
and so the universe in bubble theory from an interior view is infinite from
our view has to be infinite just imagine that the big bang continues
to occur and we can't coordinate watches to determine when every place in our universe is going to reach the age that
we see on our wrist watches that takes an infinite amount of time and that's why we refer to the universe
as being infinite today there are two really good sources of
information about cosmic horizons that you might want to take a look at one is
a an article that's easily accessed online called an intuitive
approach to cosmic horizons by uh adam meat uh at swarthmore university
and another is a book called cosmology for the curious by
adelia perloff and uh alex balenkin which i'm holding right here it's a
fabulous book it's it's got some math but not highly technical and i i think it's one of the best books
on cosmology that's out there today and if you're interested in reading about
cosmological theories bubble universe theories and so forth i would highly recommend it to you
so with that i will stop and um
leave it chuck our minds are utterly blown at this point
yeah it's it's just i want to say something here because yeah they're
the way that you're able to articulate these incredibly complex topics
is really a gift that you have and um i i've mentioned this before but
i was at caltech once and saw stephen hawking give a talk
and i i fully did not expect to be able to understand anything that stephen
hawking was going to talk about you know because you know i'm not a physicist i
don't you know i'm not i don't understand these mathematical
uh premises that you know this world this university works in
and but i just wanted to bask it i just wanted to be in the audience just to see what it was going to be like
and the guy was so humorous and boiled down
really tough concepts to just a few words that
anybody could understand and towards the end of his lecture
he took questions from young caltech students
and some i mean brilliant students in their own right but they got all the way to this one
question and this question must have been three pages long okay and
and he read the whole question to us and he said what he's really trying to say and i wish i had it
recorded but he said what he's really trying to ask is this and he put it in one sentence and he gave the answer in
about five words okay and he said you know basically
he was outing this guy because the student did not understand
the question he was posing okay and um yeah you know but the mark of genius
is being able to explain this so that anybody can understand it well i i think
one thing you have to understand is that sometimes being exposed to something
that confuses you can stimulate you to learn more about it until you understand it oh that's true
i've i've read hundreds of articles and books on the subject and talked to richard endlessly
about it and have always been things that i didn't understand at the craziest times you'd be driving
along to go to the grocery store and suddenly something clicks and you realize you know what that article was telling
you and so forth um those last few charts i showed you i didn't explain very well
but basically when you get into bubble universe theory
um you are you're in a theoretical realm and it's a
very complex realm that involves different kinds of space times that we're normally you know adjusted to
thinking about and so it's a simplified view you know how can the universe be infinite from an
internal view but finite from an external or global view but that's what you read and that's
basically simply because of our inability to calculate time to coordinate synchronize watson's
basically with points that are beyond our horizon within our universe um so these things um just require a lot
of reading and those two sources that i mentioned at the end are really excellent especially on the cosmic
horizon idea the stuff where i was talking about the cosmic particle horizon and the cosmic
event horizon the article uh this article uh
to an intuitive approach to cosmic garage is the best one i've ever seen to deal with the issue but even if
you're gonna have to pour over it underline things go back and you know get used to it
right matthew mcelroy is asking a question he says we've only measured the round-trip speed of light
point a to point b and back to point a what if light travels at a different speed from point a to point b
well i i have no information that would suggest that the
speed of light is anything other than what it has been measured to be so i can't answer that question
uh i think that's in a realm of you know supposition what is yeah
right um charity rose walker asks does time in
the universe work as a whole
well see that gets into those last two charts i was showing you okay uh can i go back to those just for a
second of course and answer that i think it would help yeah if i could find it again
can you see this yes yeah the intuitive approach to cosmic horizon yeah cosmology for the curious
except now i can't move the screen back okay hold on
something went wrong here i don't want to mess up your schedule scott
you're okay on time for just a minute yes yes we are okay
okay well that's the wrong one i'm sorry
ah there it is
okay the bubble universe
okay here that was a slide i decided not to use okay
okay uh again what you're dealing with here is an inflating sea
of space that has excess energy density it's
called a false vacuum it's unstable and out of it nucleate
bubbles of true vacuum which is what we experience in our universe a
region of the lowest possible energy density space has energy density even in
our universe but not as much as the false vacuum the inflation continues to occur
there is no known process to stop it it's considered to be eternal in the future but
not eternal in the past in other words it had a beginning and will continue to inflate
the bubbles nucleate out of this much like if you had hot water in a giant water pressure cooker
and you heated it up to 500 degrees and pop the lid you're not going to get one bubble okay okay
okay so in this bubble uh as time passes imagine
a vertical line moving up like that you see the uh the green line the green
horizontal line that's a timeline that's now we'll call it as time passes that
line moves up and the universe gets bigger but the big bang continues to occur at
the periphery as you can see that so
the bubble grows with time a new hot fireball regions are created at the boundary of the bubble as
the inflation energy decays at the boundary of the true vacuum and it's finite in size as you can see
the length of the green line is limited and it becomes arbitrarily large if you wait long enough so if you continue to
move up the chart in time the green line gets longer and longer and the universe gets bigger and bigger that's the global
view the local view is a bigger problem the local view we're in it we're in this
galaxy here at this point but we've got the problem of saying when do we measure
our universe at what point in time do we determine okay right now how big is our universe
well now has to be defined somewhere we can't contact regions beyond our event horizon
we can't contact galaxies a trillion light years away and saying you know what time do you have
so we've got to say that now means when every place in our universe reaches 13.8
billion years after the big bang well that line of now is this green line here
notice that it conforms with the big bang occurring at the periphery okay so in this universe as seen from
within as we have to see it the fireball is created all at once and the universe
is infinite in extent left and right all at once at the beginning
so everyone will reach 13.8 billion years at some infinite time in the future in the universe's infinite scope
as seen from within that's a terribly complicated thing to get your head around and you have to
think about this for a long time but that's
that's the problem if i'm answering the question right the time poses
you can't coordinate watches and general relativity you
you know the idea of simultaneity is very difficult and so we have to define it somehow and if you define it as when
every place is 13.8 billion years after the big bang this is what you end up with
a universe incident from the beginning i see okay
so yeah i'm going to recommend that you read these books that uh chuck has mentioned well one's just an article uh
the the others no this book uh cosmology for the curious is really excellent yeah
uh it's not that complicated uh but it's complicated enough that you're gonna have to pause and go back over some you
know some chapters yeah well that's what it's that's what it's there for us to make you do that so
thank you again chuck thank you thank you so much thanks okay so uh
i think that we have a little shuffle in our presentation schedule
i think um uh conor richards is coming on next is that
right that's correct okay all right so we will have you on again carl thank you
for coming on to the 97th global star party um uh you've given some great presentations
uh in your journey of of astronomy and your uh work
and uh presenting us with uh you know beautiful photographs of the milky way and to help us understand uh
concepts uh in our solar system so thanks thanks again for coming on
thank you very much tonight i wanted to share a favorite observing project of mine this i did in
2020 during the opposition of mars and i was presented with the the theme
for for this week's program um cosmic frontiers and i've always thought
as mars is a little bit of a frontier it's captured my intrigue for a very long time and we've already sent robotic
explorers there in the not too distant future it seems like we'll have people there very soon
and that's all very exciting but a lot of people don't realize that it can be a changing environment just like
the earth of course the earth has weather systems we have wind hurricanes tornadoes ocean waves uh but mars has
its own weather and its own changing surface features and patterns it has a little bit more of an elliptical orbit
compared to most of the planets so in observing this opposition of mars i was very excited to
get down and explore and i'll show you um i'll start sharing my screen here
i'll show you a favorite image of mine that i got during this opposition uh are you seeing this okay
uh yes yes okay let me try to make it a full screen here
oops never mind all right i hope this works for now this
won't work i think is it present i haven't used powerpoint in a while
anyway we all started an image here's an image of mars here um this was
a wide field i did and there wasn't much up right then the moon hadn't risen yet and i thought what would a wide field
look like with just mars sticking out in the middle of this vast field of stars and this was after i'd taken a couple
telescopic telescopic observations with mars and you can see how bright it is compared to the night sky
and i'll tell you a story the first time i saw an opposition of mars and i say saw not observed was
2016. i just got my telescope this was in may i believe and i've had it for about a month and i
wasn't a very skilled observer then hadn't upgraded my equipment so much at that point
and i remember pointing the telescope at mars with whatever magnification or filter i
i put together and it was just this hazy red ball and it was a sphere it was bigger than it
was as just a dot in the sky and that was a huge step for me to to go from this
dot in the sky that you couldn't see much of to it to just a disc but i was still quite disappointed i really wanted
to see what this would look like and then the next opposition came around in august of 2018 and i was presented
with a pretty similar view again looking just like this mars camp coming
up over the trees in the mountains and i thought this is it this is going to be the time i see surface detail on mars
and it was but mars was very low in the sky at that time and again it was in august so it was
very muggy it was very hazy it was hot outside there was a lot of humidity and i didn't get quite the best view and i
remember seeing some dark surface features i'll show you some of those later on and my equipment was upgraded a little
better by that point i was a little bit more of a skilled observer too so it worked out a little better but i wasn't quite where i wanted to be
and then came 2020 this was in the middle of the pandemic in september october november
and i finally had the equipment that i wanted i had some observing experience behind me and it worked out perfectly to
give me the best time of year for good seeing conditions and some good elevation with mars as well i don't
believe it's going to be as high in the sky as it was two years ago for quite some time
and i'll go into the view that i saw first this is an iconic uh image of mars or at least a variation
of it with cirrus major pointed uh down to the north actually i was using a reflector for this so sometimes the
you know you'll see the directions are reversed in images like that this is the final view i saw through the
telescope or at least the original view of mars as i was playing around with filters and i got the right
conditions just right for me to finally see a planet that had captured my imagination for so long and i'll point
out a couple of interesting features here over on the left side of the image here
you can see that there's this like gibbous crescent of a shadow and normally you see that with the moon
but we actually see it with mars as well and you see it's actually close enough to us in the solar system that as it
moves around in opposition once it gets to that point of exact opposition you'll see the disc fully lit and even though
it's farther out from us you'll see a little bit of darkening here and i think it's something like 88 90
at at minimum is is how much that full mars disc is diminished by this
shadow effect but you can't see it in the telescope and it's kind of interesting to see this almost perfect
circle of mars and then it's got this little chunk taken out of it there it's just something to remind us that
even though mars is a frontier it is close enough to us that the solar system has its own
lighting effect on it that reminds us how close it is now interestingly here you'll see the
polar cap the southern polar cap at the top of the sketch that i made and you'll you'll see this throughout the series of
sketches that i made and i i i like sketching for a lot of reasons um i i do a lot of my observing visually but
sketching really pushes you to see that next level of detail it's easy to look at the sky or look out
in the woods and say well there's trees there or the sky is blue but if you're asked and pressed to
really describe what you see and by describe i mean actually sketch it out on paper you have to capture every last
detail and that's what i had to do with mars and it really helped me push my observing to the next level and see as
much detail as i could from mars and again i want to keep in mind the southern polar cap this was as mars was
coming up to the height of its spring so the polar caps actually shrink and expand with the
martian seasons and this is bolstered by the fact that mars has an axial tilt similar to the earth i think it's about
25 degrees and you'll see in the later sketches and i didn't find this out until after i
was just sketching what i saw the polar cap shrinks and that's because the planet is getting warmer the south
pole is getting warmer and that actually causes the ice to recede and melt a little bit and it really makes us ask a
lot of questions as to what is on mars and what some of that soil and surface chemistry is like
and then there's serious major there and this is the helispace and right below it to the south and there was this little
patch that i observed and to this day i'm not certain exactly what it was but most likely it's either a patch of frost
starting to thaw out on the surface which can happen or some high altitude clouds which you can also see through
certain filters and i used a number of filters with this uh number 21 23a a 25
and i think an 80 filter for the rat and numbers i'll go to the next image here my
mission here was to capture every longitude of mars in my sketchbook and hopefully create a map one day when i
have the time i'll have to try and experiment with that but for now i just have the the various sketches that you can see over on the
left of the screen here we can see some of the other surface features this is going uh to the east of searles majors
so serious major would be around the corner here on the martian globe we can see some coal uh some clouds up
in the north here coming down from the north polar hood the south pole seems like it has a little divot in it like a little crack
where perhaps some surface material is exposed some of the um iron oxide surface dust and dirt that is
present on mars but then again it's a little bit smaller and this is september 5th
and august 31st so it's most likely due to the rotation but as you see the season progress in the south the the
spring grow closer and closer in the martian southern hemisphere uh you'll see how that southern polar cap gets a
little bit smaller and it's inching smaller and smaller as i progress the images forward and here
is a portion of mars i don't remember exactly what the surface features are called i believe uh one was the
sea of sirens i'm not sure if that's the same name as a feature on the moon i think there is some common nomenclature
there but i was circling around the planet and you can see the surface features do change you have service
major which is this very bold uh thumb shaped uh cutout of the martian surface
it's actually an old surface volcano that has been raised and it's at a higher altitude you can see all that
dust has been blown away that's why it's a lot darker but here it seems a lot more modeled and
as martian oppositions come and go this dust will obscure and
blow off of some of these darker surface features so my my talk tonight is titled mars as a changing frontier and here we
see why it can change it's a little bit more of a dynamic planet because it does have wind and it does have these smaller
weather systems compared to the earth but enough to cause significant change
i'll continue looping around the planet here i was getting a little bit better at sketching and trying to blend some of
the different shades obviously this is october 17th compared to october 31st or excuse me august 31st
and the southern polar cap is so much smaller and this feature i started to notice as i was going through this
observing program and it was really astonishing to me to see that i could observe changes in in a span of weeks or
months in a sky that we so often think is static or on a planet that seems to be
um like a barren desert this is what captures uh astronomers to
explore these things for all their lives you know is that they're seeing something change and it's real and they
can relate to it you know so i i agree precisely and the universe is
a very active and dynamic place and so many of those changes take places take place over
time scales beyond what the human mind can fathom but this is just a seasonal
change that's extended compared to the earth and i sat and watched it in my front yard
with my own i'd say two eyes but right eye uh through the telescope eyepiece over
over a series of weeks and that that certainly inspired me to keep going back to the planet and continue with this
program you'll see the times for these sketches uh say i have 10 55 p.m right here
that's in eastern time and i spent probably 90 minutes to two hours on each of these sketches that
time is an estimate of about the middle of when that would be so i could get the surface features accurate
but it really pushed me to sit down and take my time with observing and i certainly would not have seen this
level of detail if i did not sketch and did not take the time to to look at every little detail there was to
translate that in my sketch and i'll go to the final image here which has one of my favorite moments
contained in this series of martian observations you'll
see over here if i can zoom in a little bit oops there's a little divot in that mario
there and that is actually skipperelli crater and i was i was shocked because i was
looking at my maps and i thought a crater on mars that must be something beyond what an amateur telescope could
see and it turns out that's not the case i did some quick math the diameter of mars is about 6 800 kilometers and that
doesn't account for the curvature in in this explanation here but it's it's good enough for our purposes now i was using
a six-inch reflector during this observing program and that has a resolution limit a
perfect resolution limit of about 0.8 arc seconds so of course that would be in very good seeing and very good
conditions and that night i recorded the seeing as four out of ten so obviously it wasn't
great but i remember there were some still moments because i'd get a second or two where i could see the crater through it
and that uh observing limit of 0.8 arc seconds translates to about 280
kilometers at this distance that mars was during that night and skipperelli crater is about 430
kilometers in diameter so i confirmed that yes i was seeing what i thought i saw and there is a little curve of a
crater so far from our own planet so from so far from our moon which is where
we usually see craters and amateur telescopes and this is something i definitely encourage you to observe in
the coming opposition this year's i think it peaks right around december if mars is close enough and big enough
and you have some steady skies that's a really great observing challenge and something very satisfying to see
and then again you'll see that shadow feature i talked about at the beginning uh that's now gone to the other side of the planet it's on the other side of
opposition now and it's starting to recede from us the earth has gotten ahead and mars is kind of falling behind
with its slower orbital speed and then of course to the north and uh the north pole is actually tilted
away from us in all of these sketches during this time of observation so it didn't quite capture the top 10 or 15 degrees
of latitude but some of the north polar hood which is a cloud system that kind of hangs around
uh mars's north pole is clinging to this maria or mare that's
coming down out of the north pole and there i was literally in my front yard watching clouds hang over a
landscape which is something i normally only see on a nice cloudy day on earth
and now i was looking at across 40 to 50 million miles of
distance in our solar system to see this with mars now in closing i'd certainly recommend
observing to any amateur astronomer especially those beginning in the hobby i remember when i started out
i didn't even have a journal and about two months in i started recording notes of my observations
i saw the rings on saturn and they had the cassini division visible and i'd kind of take notes of that and as i
progressed as an observer i found i was kind of stagnating and what i could see and i pushed my equipment a little bit farther
with the um my engagement in sketching and it really makes sure that you see every
last detail that your equipment and scene conditions can provide and that gives you a great deal of
satisfaction in the hobby really getting the most out of what you have so again i would encourage all observers
to go out and push their skills and to do that with these sketches i used a couple of
simple pencils with various thicknesses of graphite you can find a lot of simple of simple
sketching sets online and then i used a couple of different uh
apps and programs to find out which side of mars would be facing me which longitudes so i could understand what
features i was about to see and then match them up later on so hopefully in the future i can combine these i'm
looking to do that when i have some free time soon and make a nice map and then once i have a map of surface features as
i said they do change in appearance i'd love to compare that to what people see this winter during the martian
opposition and see how mars changes as a dynamic cosmic frontier so thank you
very much for having me on i'm always happy to share my sketches and photography i really appreciate the chance to share some outreach we love it
too so there's a question here um tarek is wanting to know uh are you
doing this as a fun for fun or as a project for study
um i could say it's a little bit of both at this time um i was a member of the astronomical
league and they have a number of these observing programs and if you're not familiar with them uh they're a really
great way to provide some direction to your observing and they've certainly done that for me in the past two years or so 18 months
and there are about 80 of them i don't remember the exact number but say for example there's a lunar program there's
a double star program there's a solar observing program and there are all of these uh i guess
i suppose a checklist that's provided with each observing program and it says if you observe these certain features
and these phenomena there's a certificate provided and i know chuck's talked about some of the programs on a
global star party before and they certainly are addicting there's there's no doubt about it so at this time i was doing uh my mars
observing just for fun because i really wanted to see what was on the planet but i also knew by recording these sketches
i could later contribute them to some other programs that the league has specifically there's
one called the solar system observing program and there's another big one they do with the
american lunar and planetary observers specifically for mars that has you
go into a lot more depth so to answer his question it's a little bit of both right
that's great well i hope that you hang on to your drawings and and uh your notes uh for
the rest of your life because when you uh as you you know mature into a
father or a grandfather or you know whatever happens in your life when you turn back to these moments
you get to relive this again and i see you know i've spent a lot of time with david levy as uh he's gone back over
notes that he's kept since since he was a very young student you
know uh he turned over i think a whole canon of his diaries and his
observing notes to the linda hall library um so i was glad to see him do that but
on a personal note i think that you'll find it very you know enriching to look back on all this stuff so
that's great that's wonderful and i have to say i agree with you a permanent record even if it's written or sketched
is a great way to reflect on your observations and uh without a doubt i'll be saving
these for a long time i think i told this story on the program a couple of months back when comet leonard came by
uh on the the day i was able to observe it i just gotten back from school and there
were only a couple of clear nights in december it's very cloudy here during that time i was out hiking with a friend
of mine and i noticed it was quite clear out and i we were on our way back and he
said here's a really good spot with a nice western horizon because the comet was setting then
and i drove up there and i said okay you know uh you know i i'm not sure how this is going to work
out but i really wanted to see comet leonard and i was looking out over uh scranton which is the the city i lived
near so it was quite light polluted and i set up some some binoculars and it was a pretty cool view it wasn't
the best comet i've ever seen not compared to neo wise but i could see kind of a i suppose a helmet shape
around the nucleus and a little bit of a coma there and i remember looking around in the glove box of the car and taking
out a pen and a napkin so it's literally one of those napkin sketch moments of something that i observed and i i still
have that napkin and the later um more formal and organized sketch and
both of them are are very precious so i i'd agree you should hold on to your observations absolutely absolutely conal
thank you so much that's great thank you very much we love it
okay um uh we are at the moment now where we're
going to uh have our final presentation and it's not last
uh you know but not least it's adrian bradley and he's gonna share his amazing nightscape
images and landscape images with us uh i think that you just drove back from
an event that you were at what's been going on adrian i am live on location
from the field where we just lost the game oh hardball and i pitched five innings
it was more like four and a third just kind of lost it yeah we're early in our season
and i haven't uh done much throwing lately but behind me it may be hard to tell
but that's the moon rising i don't have my camera with me otherwise i would take
it it's a uh it's officially a waning gibbous barely it's the uh we call it
the late full moon there's three full moons you can shoot and one's actually a waxing gibbous at
98 one's the full moon 99 to 100 and the
third is the late which is the one rising above my shoulder now
um goes back to about 98 97 on those other moons you can kind of
tell that they um they're not quite full but to the casual
observer they're the early the middle and the late full moon the middle moon of course goes up as the sun
comes down um for those for those who are casual observers of the night sky
it's something interesting to tell them so i'm going to share i did get a few
waxing gibbous pictures that i can share hopefully before the lights go out
so let's do and of course scott i've got some pictures
so what we'll do let's start with a couple of pictures that i took
um [Music] looks like i can okay yeah i can flip through
some pictures here um are you all seeing those no we're just seeing you
which is okay but oh there we go okay yeah so this is the latest one that i took and lately
i've been doing some you could tell there's a little bit of slight uh saturation boost these are pictures
you can take if you have say you have a camera with a fairly big lens anywhere between 400 to 600 millimeters yeah you
can you can take a a good picture just be
careful when you process this thing because you aren't going to get it quite as good
as a telescope zooming in doing a four-part panel mosaic but you can still get but
it's pretty sharp that's pretty nice yeah it's pretty sharp yeah your image stabilization helps
so let's see if i can uh i'll stop this share and i'll share
another photo um let's see
this one came out really well this was it was earlier of course
yeah this is the kind of detail you can get now this is called the gold over to the upper left that i'm sort of zooming
in called the golden handle um usually looks golden if you if you
don't boost the saturation the titanium is blue and
the uh iron oxide rust is uh the orangish color
uh somehow our sensors see even a sensor of a you know a camera can see
the colors if you boost the saturation and it matches minerals that are actually in those regions on the moon so
you see the sea of tranquility has a lot of titanium and then there's another color there
for another metal so so even with modest equipment you can still
and this one happened to be a pretty darn good shot you can still get some pretty good
detail on your moon shots uh like gary palmer said the edges try not to over sharpen
you know i've got kind of a whitish edge going so i'm i'm on the edge of being too sharp here
for like but for what i'm seeing i think the detail is pretty good oh yeah i would
agree so i'm you know you you want to be careful when doing those shots
so this one i'll share because this is i've been learning to do these
now notice i've got clouds and the moon the way that you see it yeah this is
i'm going to say the way that i got this shot was to take it at aperture priority and then switch to manual mode and
gradually up the iso until i had i didn't overexpose the moon too much
and i exposed for the clouds i found a sweet spot and i was able to shoot this hand held
it looks like the clouds are cradling the moon or like that's a hand reaching out and holding the moon
yes beautiful it a is of the moon being bright enough to
shine through these clouds and processing the dehazing kind of taking
the clouds out if i process this again and allow some of the haze
i would get an even more realistic shot because as we know the moon is 200 something
thousand miles away and the clouds are at least
30 no maybe 10 20 miles uh depending on what the ceiling is
this is it this is the type of shot that i've been going for for a while and uh i'm you know that there will be
more opportunities to get it but um that's it it's amazing i mean the
juxtaposition of course of the distances make make you think about about these things but
it is compositionally really beautiful and uh very nice job yeah that's
and that is what i go for now of course um with the moon being out i don't have
many nightscapes but i am planning in a week or so to capture the lineup of
planets that's coming out um real soon i've got a lot of light
so i can describe light pollution for you too this is why it's hard to see things
in the night sky where you live most of you are used this is a baseball field
we've got the bright lights they haven't turned them off on me yet you definitely can't do any nightscaping
night skyscaping with these sort of lights if we were to try to improve these lights they would be taller and
they would shine directly down onto the playing field and not out you can see these lights for a few blocks
so it's it's things like these that when you're when you say what is light pollution this is look at those orange
things around me look how the rays of light go up instead of just down into the parking lot so um
this is what we're talking about when we say we want to improve lighting and we want these lights aimed down and covered
so that they still cover the field and everything we needed to cover but that they
leave less of a haze you can sort of see it all of that haze affects ever your
ability to see for a few miles and this is near detroit so
that there's a big light dome where i'm at so so scott i will uh
i'll end this session by sharing let's see if i can share a couple of uh images for you
um yeah when it when it's cloudy out just shoot for the birds
and the birds of prayer picking home dinner in each one that's uh
yeah the osprey and the red-tailed hawk i took that during a baseball game so um
yeah the birds are flying out um i look like man playing for the white sox but that's
just the team names and colors that we took so no that's cool yeah so thank you
all for having me this is what you call using your technology to your advantage even though i'm at a ball field i can
still talk astronomy um and something i love to do scott thanks for
having me thank you very much yep and look forward as this moon begins
to wane more dark skies will come and hopefully our skies will cooperate so that i can
get some of the uh milky way get some more nightscapes not necessarily milky way shots but i do
like including the milky way and most of what i do but uh target's gonna be all of the planets
including uranus and neptune if i can expose for those as well as all the ones that are more
easily visible and get the moon with their shine at the same time it'll be a complete win for me
so i'm planning on getting that shot and we'll see how we'll see how fortunate i
can get awesome adrian thank you so much thank you so much and uh are you driving are you
staying there are you driving home or i'm gonna be driving home so
yep i'll go ahead and uh disconnect for now but uh to all the participants excellent uh star party
chuck i was able to listen to some of the presentation while i was playing i came over in our uh on our dugout and
just sort of watched our party yeah and um and then i went right back out in the
mound to throw some more pitches so um no matter where you're at is never
let this be a lesson to all of you still watching no matter where you're at you can always look up my first baseman
even told me the moon was rising because he knew how much i love uh night night sky stuff so
you can always look up no matter what you're doing in life take a moment enjoy
nature and joy with the night sky however much you can see and when the moon is out enjoy the moon
well said thank you thank you and i want to thank uh i want to thank all the presenters that are
still in the background there um and for all of you that might be presenters that
were listening or listening in on one of our social media channels i want to thank the audience uh for all your
participation and um your great questions and comments i i share you
know i actually copy those and i share them in the zoom um uh you know
messaging as well uh because you you really do uh give inspiration back
uh to the presenters and that's you know it's really important when you're you're putting
together all that energy to to explain the things that uh that we explain here
on global star party so uh again uh thanks a lot you guys keep
looking up think about some of the concepts that you learned here tonight from our presenters uh think about some
of the you know there was some philosophical points we touched on as well and
so there's there's a lot of inspiration there there's a lot more to go around because we have more global star parties
to come so again thanks and uh we will see you next tuesday for the 98th global star
party take care and keep looking up thank you scott thank you
take care
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